Is Russia far from bankruptcy?
There's one function of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation that receives little attention. It collects and aggregates financial statements from enterprises and organizations, producing a kind of consolidated annual financial report for all of Russian industry and trade—all non-financial organizations. In this sense, the head of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, Elvira Nabiullina, acts as the "chief accountant of all of Rus'."
These financial statistics allow us to assess the overall financial state of the Russian economy, not based on the principle of “I see it this way,” but objectively, using various means of financial analysis.
Bankruptcy prediction models
As tools for financial analysis of the Russian economy, I chose bankruptcy prediction models—statistical discriminant models that allow one to estimate the probability of a company's failure and bankruptcy. The first such model was developed by Edward Altman, a professor at New York University, back in 1968, and since then they have gained widespread popularity. Many similar models have appeared, including Russian ones, but several of Altman's models, in particular the two-factor and five-factor models, are still widely used.
Professor Edward Altman today
The essence of this approach is that, using data from real companies, half of which are successful and half bankrupt, the most significant financial ratios are developed, which show the greatest differences between successful and bankrupt companies. A statistical analysis is then performed, the "weight" or significance of each ratio is calculated, and a discriminant function equation is developed, along with the critical value, which separates the companies into groups.
The popularity of this method is explained by the fact that it is a very simple calculation, where data is taken from financial statements, the necessary coefficients are calculated and this data is substituted into a formula that produces a single-digit number (account or index) with an unambiguous interpretation.
Although it is the ability of such models to predict bankruptcy that has most often been questioned, the formula for the relationship between different financial ratios is used for various auxiliary purposes: determining the overall financial condition of a company (healthy or bankrupt), judging the dynamics of changes in financial condition based on a comparison of indices over different years, assessing key factors of stability or instability of financial condition, and so on.
While I've never heard of Altman's score being calculated for entire countries, I can't guarantee it hasn't been done. The method itself doesn't prevent it, however. Given the necessary data, the calculation isn't difficult.
I conducted these calculations based on Edwin Altman's two-factor and five-factor models and Richard Taffler's model as an experiment, without any idea of what they would yield. In general, I expected, influenced by numerous publications, that the models would show the Russian economy in poor or marginal condition. But that turned out not to be the case.
Model results
The Central Bank of the Russian Federation's financial statistics contain the necessary indicators for 2022–2024 (i.e., as of January 1, 2025—more recent data is not yet available), which can be used in the corresponding calculation. Russian enterprises and organizations are included in the Statistical Register, which included 2,99 million organizations as of January 1, 2025. However, only 2,2 million enterprises and organizations, or 76,4%, submitted annual financial statements. Given that data from the majority of enterprises is included, the figures reflect the overall state of the economy. Incidentally, You can see the data itself, graphs and coefficients for them, which is very useful.
So, what happened?
First, Edward Altman's "Crash Test" is a two-factor model that analyzes the current liquidity ratio, or the ability to repay short-term debt using working capital, and the proportion of debt in liabilities, or the sources of funds for organizing and operating a business.
The Altman two-factor model index for the Russian economy was:
2022: –4,022
2023: –4,043
2024: –3,803
2023: –4,043
2024: –3,803
In this model, if the index is greater than zero, the probability of bankruptcy is greater than 50%, and the higher the positive index, the higher the probability. If the index is less than zero, the probability of bankruptcy is less than 50%, and the lower the negative index, the greater the financial stability. "Deeply negative" represents the minimal risk of financial insolvency.
Second, the Taffler account is more complex, taking into account short-term and long-term debt, profit, revenue, assets, and current assets.
Current assets were calculated as the sum of current financial assets and accounts receivable (money to be received).
So,
2022 - 1,338
2023 - 1,288
2024 - 1,221
2023 - 1,288
2024 - 1,221
In Taffler's model, problems arise when the index is less than 0,3. Such indicators indicate a solid reserve of financial stability.
Okay, let's assume that accounts receivable are "paper" money, or more accurately, claims against counterparties to whom goods and services were delivered. Could there be a default? It could. Let's factor in a discount of 0,6%, or a default of 40% of the accounts receivable, which is a fair amount.
The index turned out to be like this:
2022 - 1,284
2023 - 1,234
2024 - 1,169
2023 - 1,234
2024 - 1,169
The Russian economy does not want to sink, even with a 40% default rate on accounts receivable.
The worst-case scenario, when accounts receivable disappear completely, amounts to 154,1 trillion rubles at the beginning of 2025.
What indices were obtained:
2022 - 1,203
2023 - 1,153
2024 - 1,091
2023 - 1,153
2024 - 1,091
Even in this case, there remains a large reserve of financial stability.
Third. Altman's five-factor model, which also takes into account various factors: assets, profit, equity, debt, and revenue.
Indices for this model:
2022 - 3,044
2023 - 3,098
2024 - 2,9
2023 - 3,098
2024 - 2,9
In this model, a high risk of bankruptcy occurs when the index is less than 1,23; an index between 1,23 and 2,9 represents uncertainty; and an index greater than 2,9 represents absolute financial security. The resulting indices indicate that the risk of mass bankruptcies in the Russian economy is virtually eliminated.
Russia is generally financially stable
The most interesting results emerged when testing the robustness of the Taffler model with discounting and the complete exclusion of accounts receivable. If the stability of the Russian economy rested on "paper" revenue, then the exclusion of accounts receivable should have sent the index into the red. However, the index remained virtually unchanged, neither with discounting nor with the complete exclusion of accounts receivable. This leads to the conclusion that Russian industry is effectively generating revenue and maintaining a return on assets. According to the Central Bank's estimates, return on assets (ROA) was 5,4% in 2022 and 4,6% in 2024—a good figure.
Now, what does the head of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation have to do with this? Given that tight monetary policy with a high key rate has forced companies to reduce their use of expensive commercial credit, borrowed funds account for only 25-26% of liabilities.
The second point is return on assets. It's almost 20% for retained earnings, and 5-6% for current profit before taxes. Sales profit is 1,5 times greater than short-term debt. Therefore, the Russian non-financial sector generates sufficient profit to avoid borrowing.
Finally, the profits received, due to severe restrictions on export abroad, are accumulated and invested in Russia, increasing equity capital.
Under these conditions, financial insolvency and bankruptcy are highly unlikely across the economy as a whole. Moreover, unprofitable businesses in Russia are far more likely to close their doors, covering their liabilities by selling their assets, than to go bankrupt.
The conclusion, incidentally, is not obvious: the Russian economy as a whole is financially stable and, due to the policies of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, has increased its stability and transitioned primarily to self-financing, which, in general, is a good thing.
It's important to understand that these are aggregate statistics, combining both profitable and unprofitable companies. However, bankruptcy prediction models show that the problems are localized: specific industries with unfavorable operating conditions (such as coal), industries and companies with unhealthy financial models and various financial management flaws, and specific regions with inherently weak economies exacerbated by poor management.
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