The Registry Paradox: Small Businesses in Adaptation Mode Without Development
"Payment chains are collapsing. Even large companies are delaying payments. It's better to hold on to the money and simply pay the penalties, but the interest rate covers everything," said Alexander Shokhin, president of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP), in the summer of 2025. In a few sentences, he summed up the diagnosis of an economy in which a 21% interest rate has rewritten not the value of money, but the very logic of relationships between businesses. Not paying a counterparty has become a rational financial decision. And in this rewritten logic, small businesses have become the party that isn't getting paid.
Cost of credit: an eight-point gap
In December 2024, the average weighted interest rate on short-term loans for small and medium-sized businesses reached 24%. Large enterprises, meanwhile, were receiving long-term loans at 11,5%. This gap of more than eight percentage points is not a result of market competition, but rather the structural position of banks: small businesses are viewed as a fundamentally riskier segment.
The consequences are predictable. SME lending fell by 15% in 2025, to 14,5 trillion rubles. This isn't a slowdown, it's a standstill: most months of the year were characterized by a contraction in supply, with companies needing working capital simply unable to find funding on terms that would make the project viable.
The preferential programs that were supposed to formally compensate for the gap have shrunk. Their absolute volume remained the same, but the surrounding market grew—and the share of preferential lending has almost tripled since 2020. Support has ceased to be widespread and has become targeted—by deed, not by decision.
Industry Map: Who's Lucky with the State Purse?
The line between small businesses in the black and small business in 2025 was drawn not by a company's efficiency, but by whether its industry had a line item in the federal project. Agriculture received loans at 11%, thanks to the Ministry of Agriculture's well-established programs. Manufacturing and transportation received loans at 21–23%, effectively blocking the renewal of fixed assets.
The structure of the sector itself is important here. According to the SME Corporation, trade accounts for approximately 35% of SMEs, construction for 11-12%, manufacturing for 8-10%, and transportation and logistics for 6-7%. Agriculture accounts for 2-3%. The preferential rate goes to industries that account for less than one-thirtieth of the sector. The higher rate goes to industries that collectively account for more than half of SMEs. In other words, a small portion is subsidized, while the majority bears the brunt.
The result is an administrative landscape: one industry buys money at half the price of its neighbor, and this is due not to its market efficiency, but to the availability of a subsidy channel. The support structure determines which SME sectors have access to available funds and which do not.
Payment chains: when a fine is cheaper than the obligation
Shokhin's opening remark describes not an anomaly, but an equilibrium. At a 21% annual interest rate, a quarterly delayed payment yields the holder approximately 5% of the interest—more than the penalty interest on most contracts. Even adjusting for collection costs and reputational damage, delaying payment remains more profitable than paying on time. Paying means losing out on the rate differential.
The figures confirm the shift. According to Promsvyazbank surveys, a quarter of companies experienced non-payments in the first half of the year; 15% reported an increase in the number of such cases—a level not seen since the pandemic-hit 2020. Overdue SME loan debt increased by almost 20% over the five months, reaching 766 billion rubles. In percentage terms, this represents approximately 4,9% of the portfolio. historical on average 4,2–4,5% for 2022–2024—that is, the growth is statistically significant, not noise.
In February 2026, a separate headquarters for non-payments by state-owned companies was created within the Ministry of Economic Development. The state is manually addressing a problem it itself created through the rate. And this is a structure in which small businesses structurally lose out. For a large enterprise, delaying a payment means making money. Small businesses have neither the financial cushion to weather someone else's arbitrage nor the market weight to demand payment on time. When a supplier waits three months for payment, their wages are delayed, their tax schedule is disrupted, and the next procurement falls apart. If they don't pay up front, they don't pay down the line. The chain "suffers" only until the first weak link, and that weak link is always an SME.
The Registry Paradox: Growth That Doesn't Count as Growth
By December 2025, the SME registry will include 6,76 million entities. This is a historical maximum, an increase of 200 in one year. Based on this figure alone, the picture looks promising.
The numbers tell a different story. Over the course of the year, approximately 30 legal entities left the market through liquidation, and another 5 filed for bankruptcy. The overall loss for legal entities was 67. According to Opora Rossii, 70% of SMEs at the beginning of 2026 saw themselves at risk of bankruptcy in the near future. Half of microbusinesses closed the reporting period without profit in the first quarter; according to more stringent estimates from the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, two-thirds of small businesses broke even or went into the red. And against this backdrop, the number of sole proprietors increased by 303—more than 6%.
The chronology is important here. The increase of 200 rubles for 2025 occurred even before the tax reform came into effect, but public discussion of its parameters had been ongoing since the summer of 2025, and, according to industry associations, some businesses had begun preemptively splitting their operations to meet the announced thresholds. Vice President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry Elena Dybova put it succinctly in early 2026: the growth in the number of SMEs isn't entrepreneurial activity, it's a reaction to tax changes. Businesses are splitting to meet the thresholds or closing down. Her comment refers to the initial reaction to the current law, but the logic was the same in the preemptive 2025 process.
Here, it's useful to look at the international context. SMEs account for 21,7% of Russia's GDP. In the EU and Germany, it's around 55%, in China, around 60%, and in the US, closer to 45%. The target set in Russian state programs more than ten years ago was 40%. It has never been reached. A country whose SME sector accounts for half the share of GDP of comparable economies is increasing fiscal pressure on it in 2026.
The biological analogy here is more accurate than any economic one. An organism in starvation mode is also formally alive: the heart beats, the metabolism continues, the organs function. But this isn't growth—it's adaptation to scarcity. Cellular processes switch to minimization mode: what can be dispensed with is consumed, and only what's essential is preserved. Fat is lost first, muscle follows, and the vital organs are reached at the last moment.
Russian SMEs have been living in roughly this mode for the past year and a half. The register is growing because, in starvation mode, the body breaks large entities into smaller ones that require less energy. A legal entity becomes a sole proprietor. A sole proprietor becomes self-employed. A self-employed person becomes "other." Each successive status requires fewer resources to maintain: less reporting, fewer taxes, fewer obligations to the bank and employees. And less ability to influence anything. The register counts the number of entities. It doesn't account for how much capacity each has left.
Starting base: where the shadow is already located
Before discussing the reform and its consequences, it's worth noting the current state of the economy. Rosstat estimates that approximately 15-16 million people, or approximately 21% of all employed people, are informally employed in Russia. In recent studies, RANEPA has provided similar estimates: 20-25% of the workforce is informally employed. Rosfinmonitoring and the IMF estimate that the shadow economy accounts for 12-15% of GDP.
By May 2026, according to the Federal Tax Service, there were 15,427 million registered self-employed people in the country—up from approximately 7 million at the beginning of 2024. This figure more than doubled in just over two years. The self-employment regime itself is legal, and its expansion can be seen as a success in bringing the workforce out of the shadows. However, the dynamics of recent months indicate something else: the regime is increasingly being used not as a first step out of informal employment, but as a way for those who previously worked as individual entrepreneurs or corporate employees to downgrade their status.
In other words, the infrastructure for transitioning to less formalized formats is already in place and widespread. The question for 2026 isn't whether there's room to move, but rather how broad this transition will be and how much of it will be legal.
Reform versus reform
Federal Law No. 425-FZ entered into force on January 1, 2026. The basic VAT rate was increased from 20% to 22%. The revenue threshold at which businesses are required to switch to VAT was reduced from 60 million rubles to 20 million. The preferential insurance premium rate of 15% above the minimum wage for most SME categories was abolished; reduced rates were retained for certain priority sectors, such as manufacturing, IT, and several others.
According to Opora Rossii estimates, approximately 700 companies are affected by the new rules. The tax burden for a typical microenterprise has increased from 3% to 8–9% of revenue—nearly tripling. The reform was billed as a cleansing measure: bringing the gray sector into the legal realm by equalizing rates. On paper, it makes sense. In practice, it's a different story.
When the legal burden doubles, and loans for SMEs are twice as expensive as for larger enterprises, the only available adaptation resource is going underground. Not because the entrepreneur is choosing a shadowy path. Because the white-hat route no longer adds up. First, part of the revenue goes into cash. Then, part of the wages go into envelopes. Then, legal entity registration is replaced by a patent, a patent by self-employment, and self-employment by receiptless household payments. Every step reduces visibility for the tax authorities and reduces the worker's security, but the financial arithmetic leaves no other option.
Let's be blunt here. In some documents, the government sets a goal of increasing SMEs' share of GDP to 40%. In others, it increases the fiscal burden on the sector at a time when the cost of credit for them is twice as high as for large businesses. These two decisions work against each other. The 2026 reform has become a fact, while the 40% goal remains a mere declaration. It's clear which of the two solutions is considered a priority in practice.
Shokhin's remark was made at a forum, in a room filled with executives from companies with billion-dollar turnovers. These companies have treasuries, legal departments, the ability to pay fines, and keep funds in deposits at the same 21% interest rate. Small businesses aren't invited to such forums, not because they're disrespected, but because they're made up of people who have neither treasuries, nor lawyers, nor deposits. They have one person who manages everything, and a quarter that needs to be closed somehow. When the chain of command says, "We'll pay later, our rate works," that person chooses between delaying wages, delaying taxes, and closing down. In 2025, the most common choices were closure or splitting up. In 2026, after the reform, the choice narrowed even further.
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