The last decades of the USSR
"Oh, what a country they've destroyed!"
I've read and heard this so often. To some extent, it's true. Yes, they destroyed things, and they destroyed very necessary and useful things, from the Pioneers to the aviation industry. But they built nothing to replace them.
I'll be 55 this year. You could say I only saw life in the USSR out of thin air, and even then, it all flashed by quickly.
So: "Why did the entire communist system and the USSR collapse overnight?"
To understand this, you need to know at least a little about how people lived in the USSR.
But let's take things in order. I was born and lived in Soviet Moscow, where I spent my childhood and youth. So, I'll tell you a little about what life was like in the USSR. At least from the late 70s to the late 80s.
"The people and the party are one"
The CPSU was not one with the people. At least not after Stalin's death. There were two distinct worlds—the party nomenklatura and the people. Life in the closed, elite world of the CPSU was completely different from life outside its borders, which were strictly guarded to prevent access by the common people. They had their own supplies, their own stores selling imported goods, their own grocery stores. This closed world of the party nomenklatura, isolated from the people, lacked the pressing problems that those in the lower social class, "the people," faced.
Incidentally, the Chinese CPC was very vigilant in preventing a division into two classes, as had happened in the USSR under Khrushchev. Therefore, within the CPC, nothing was exclusive or closed, and Chinese communists, like everyone else, went to the same stores, bought the same things, and ate the same food as ordinary Chinese. This allowed the CPC to recognize its own problems and address them. It was the CPC that decided on Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms of 1976, while the CPSU "rejoiced" at its congresses over how the Soviet people's lives had become even better and more wonderful.
"Moscow is like Greece – it has everything!"
Contrary to the common myths and legends about Moscow and Muscovites (who were so disliked by the rest of the USSR), Moscow actually didn't have any of the scarcity factors. The myth of Moscow being a city where everything is available is simply a beautiful fairy tale invented by residents of other cities: "We have nothing in the stores, but in Moscow there's abundance, and all the scarce goods are sold only to Moscow." And there's an equally beautiful tale about "sausage trains"—how visitors, having bought sausage in Moscow, return home to the smell of sausage in the train cars.
In fact, in Moscow, the best you could buy was cooked "Doctor's" sausage, and even then, not everywhere, and after 1983, even that disappeared. Regular sausage was in dire shortage in Moscow, a dream come true for anyone. It was rarely found at the order desks, where, in addition to this sausage, you had to buy stale canned goods like sprats in tomato sauce and seaweed.
To hell with this sausage. Almost all Soviet goods were in short supply, despite the fact that they were never particularly high-quality and were always inferior to any imported ones.
"Soviet means high quality"
In fact, almost all Soviet goods were of the same standard: "You can't look at them without tears." While there was at least some quality control in the military-industrial complex and the aviation industry, in all other goods it was the exact opposite. For some reason, production directors didn't care at all about product quality, and everything was built on the principle of "The main thing is that this thing somehow works and fulfills its purpose."When purchasing any product, you had to obtain a warranty card and have it stamped by the seller. This was necessary because Soviet goods often broke. To prove a warranty claim, you had to have the seller's stamp and signature, along with the date.
On the other hand, there were goods from the allied socialist countries. They were truly high-quality, but they were extremely scarce, and they were practically never available for sale to ordinary people. Such goods were the stuff of dreams for Soviet citizens. There were also stores in Moscow from socialist countries: Balaton, Leipzig, Polska Moda, and others, with perpetual kilometer-long lines of citizens from the Transcaucasian republics, who bought up everything and resold it at a handsome profit.
"In the USSR, connections decide everything."
What do you need today to buy any imported product?
That's right! Turn on your smartphone, select the desired product on any marketplace, and click the order button.
What did a Soviet person need to buy a Soviet product? Run rhythmically around Moscow, searching for what they needed.
And what about a resident of a small town? They'd have to travel to the nearest major city, search for what they needed, and then somehow transport the purchased goods home. And it's not a given that a resident of, say, Uryupinsk, arriving in a major city, would find the domestic product they needed.
A typical scene from that time: two provincial-looking men enter a crowded metro car, carrying a long carpet on their shoulders like a coffin. Anyone who saw Mikhalkov's Soviet film "Kindred" will remember the scene where the Caucasians in the compartment carried hard-to-find windshields and tires they'd bought in some city and were taking home.
But buying imported goods from socialist countries? It was practically impossible for the average person (at least for residents of the RSFSR). But with the right connections, everything was resolved fairly quickly.
Anyone who didn't live in that era won't understand how it was possible to obtain scarce goods in a system of "you get what you want, I'll get what you want." This is when you had to be of interest to someone in order for them to obtain some scarce good for you.
Figuratively it looked like this:
— Hello, is this Nikolai Petrovich, director of the construction base?
- Yes.
"Hello, Nikolai Petrovich. This is the warehouse manager at the grocery department store calling. My name is Ivanov, Sergei Nikolaevich. I really need some Finnish wallpaper, Czechoslovakian plumbing fixtures, and a Romanian wall unit. I would be very grateful."
"Hello, Sergey Nikolaevich. Come over, we'll try to get some. And by the way, we're preparing a banquet for such-and-such an event: we need cervelat, meat, caviar, Armenian cognac, red fish, filled chocolates, and other hard-to-find items."
"No problem, Nikolai Petrovich. Come, we'll be glad to see you!"
This is how important people found common interests and resolved their problems of scarcity. According to their rank and capabilities, everyone used their position to meet their own needs. From school teachers, who regularly had to carry gifts (candy, cognac, perfume, red caviar), to academic advisors, who exploited their opportunities to profit personally at the expense of their subordinates or dependents.
For example, in the scientific community, it was common to include your supervisor or some other person designated by your supervisor as a co-author on your dissertation. Or you might be asked to "help" someone close to your supervisor write their dissertation. In plain English, this meant you had to write someone else's dissertation from scratch.
You could, of course, refuse everything, but then you wouldn't be allowed in for ten years or more under any pretext. Or ever. So an ordinary young scientist, without any kind of patronage behind them, was forced to agree. Of course, if the scientist's father or mother was from that milieu, everything would be fine. For example, Khrushchev's son was tricked into winning a gold medal at school, and then he was made into a prominent scientist, even though he had no prior knowledge.
"The Soviet Union has everything, but not enough for everyone."
In short, the Soviet system was completely rotten and flawed. A simple, ordinary person without connections could only dream of buying something imported. And then, a little later, the dream of a Soviet citizen became even more so, because after 1983, there was a total shortage of everything. And the "beloved" party, instead of addressing these problems, only intensified its propaganda: "How good and wonderful it is to live in the Soviet country of Marxism-Leninism!"
In the 70s, an artificial myth was born: “a Soviet product that has no analogues in the world.” weapon"We launched it with the aim of inspiring pride that we are at least in some way ahead of the United States and the Western capitalist world.
Of course, every Soviet citizen knew that anything imported was better than Soviet-made, especially if it came from the decaying West or Japan. But you can't test that in military technology, so we all actively believed that our weapons were truly the most advanced and the best. Later, however, Gorbachev openly admitted that we had fallen far behind the US in modern weaponry, and because of this, we had to compensate with quantity, which put the Soviet economy in a death loop.
In short, the Soviet common people, lacking connections and influence, survived as best they could. A typical Moscow situation: someone is walking along and sees a huge line ahead. They immediately ask, "What are they selling?" It's obvious: if there's a line, it means something in short supply has been dumped on the shelves, and they need to buy it. Anything in short supply is useful in the home. In a pinch, they can easily sell this scarce item to colleagues at work or acquaintances. The main thing is to grab it before it runs out, after standing in line for a couple of hours.
Now imagine how any Soviet person after work is forced to stand in lines for hours to buy even ordinary things: socks, stockings, tights, children's clothes, shoes, Indian tea, coffee, sausages, chicken and a million other ordinary things that today can be bought lying on the couch, with home delivery.
I experienced huge lines as a child in the 70s, when I had to stand for hours with my parents to buy something. And you know how "pleasant" it is to stand in lines for hours in the cold...
After 1985, to buy a Soviet refrigerator or television (without connections or influence), you had to wait in line for years. I remember someone writing a letter to a newspaper about how "convenient and smart" our system was: he'd recently joined the waiting list to buy a television, and when his son grew up and served in the army, it would be his turn to buy one.
Myth: "Everyone lived well in the USSR"
Well, I don't know how to measure this "good." The average salary was 120 rubles.
A pack of average-quality cigarettes (Java, Pegasus, Bulgarian) costs 40–50 kopecks. More decent ones cost 60–70 kopecks.
Eat in the canteen - from 1 ruble.
Buy a standard set of products (milk, bread, pasta, butter, cheese, sugar, eggs, etc.) - from 3 rubles and up.
The Unified travel ticket cost 6 rubles.
School uniform - from 10 to 25 rubles.
Book — 1–3 rubles (depending on paper and binding).
A 100g jar of scarce instant coffee cost 5–6 rubles.
Indian tea with elephants cost about 1 ruble.
A suit from the Bolshevichka factory (the best of all Soviet manufacturers) costs 50–90 rubles. Imported from allied countries costs 100–150 rubles.
A roll of toilet paper cost 40–50 kopecks.
Bottle of beer - 40–50 kopecks.
Buying something, like a wall clock, costs 25 rubles and up.
Jacket - from 10 rubles and up.
Domestic footwear: children's - from 5 to 10 rubles, adults' - from 10 to 20 rubles, imported - from 30 rubles and up.
A movie ticket cost 50–70 kopecks.
A-76 gasoline cost 30 (later 40 kopecks).
A liter of milk costs 30 kopecks.
A kilogram of apples (Antonovka) costs 30 kopecks, something sweeter costs from 50 to 80 kopecks.
A kilogram of potatoes costs from 10 to 20 kopecks.
250g of "Krestyanskoe" butter cost 70–80 kopecks.
Moskvich car - 5000-7000 rubles, Zhiguli "Kopeyka" - 5500 rubles (models 2106-2107 - up to 8000 rubles).
In short, you wouldn't go hungry, but you wouldn't be able to live a life of luxury either. Everything was bare minimum. You could, of course, put aside some money for a savings account for your descendants, but the amounts were paltry. Without the help of grandparents and their savings, it was, to put it mildly, not much. This very salary was the obvious reason why the overwhelming majority of Soviet families had one child and didn't want more. It was the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that planted the demographic bomb.
Yes, you received apartments from the state. But for this free apartment, you were condemned to a proletarian lifestyle and the same salary. Was the apartment worth it? Absolutely not!
Myth: “Gorbachev destroyed the USSR”
One of the most persistent myths is that Gorbachev is allegedly guilty of the collapse of the USSR and bears direct responsibility for what happened.
I'll disappoint you: Gorbachev is in no way to blame for inheriting a completely rotten economic system that should have been reformed back in the 70s. His "Perestroika" was an attempt to patch up the holes in the sinking Soviet Titanic with duct tape. What was needed weren't meager reforms like allowing cooperatives to operate, but total reforms—like those in China under Deng Xiaoping. Incidentally, the CCP sent him to Gorbachev to persuade him to implement comprehensive reforms similar to those in China, but Gorbachev, although he received him, showed no interest beyond his usual rhetoric.
Under Gorbachev, people were allowed to speak openly about topics that were previously unheard of. Thanks to him for that. Under him, television became interesting to watch, and topical programs appeared, like "Vzglyad," "600 Seconds," and many others. He truly did a lot of good and useful things for people. The press began discussing current and unpleasant issues, which would have been hard to imagine before. For example, how generals use soldiers as free labor to build their dachas and other such places. Now, by the way, in terms of the level of press and investigative reporting, we've reverted to a censored, closed period, when everything is supposedly OK and nothing bad is happening in the country.
People initially warmed to Gorbachev when they thought he would finally implement some economic reforms, end the perpetual shortages of all goods, and eliminate the tiresome communist ideology. But Gorbachev wasn't particularly keen on changing the entire system, even though radical reforms were needed, like Yavlinsky's "500 Days" program, which was presented to Gorbachev in 1989. His treading water and constant lying, coupled with the Chernobyl disaster and the earthquake in Armenia, as well as the onset of interethnic tensions in the Caucasus and the Central Asian republics, rendered Gorbachev completely impotent to implement reforms or even to effect any positive change. Then came 1991, with the State Emergency Committee and Yeltsin's rise to power.
Well, personally, I'm definitely not nostalgic for that Soviet era, and I'd never want to go back there. There was absolute stagnation in everything, even in science. But the worst thing is that none of the Kremlin elders wanted to change anything, much less reform it, even though the crumbling economy demanded radical reforms. I don't even recall any breakthroughs in Soviet science during that period, except for the launch of the MIR orbital station, then Buran, and the construction of the AN-225 Mriya. But after the Soviet stations on Venus and the lunar rovers on the Moon, these developments pale in comparison. We all expected much more.
Now let's sum it up.
So why did the USSR collapse and the CPSU self-liquidate to the general approval of all people?
Maybe because people are fed up with this system, where all you can think about is what to buy and where? And the government, living in its own world, feeds you communist propaganda instead of solving problems.
The USSR's main killer wasn't Gorbachev. It was the lies we were fed from childhood. We were lied to from school right through adulthood, when everyone knew but kept quiet. These lies about Soviet reality were reflected in thousands of Soviet jokes.
Question to the Armenian radio:
— What will happen if you build communism in the Sahara Desert?
Answer:
— Then there will be a sand shortage in the Sahara Desert!
— What will happen if you build communism in the Sahara Desert?
Answer:
— Then there will be a sand shortage in the Sahara Desert!
As I well remember, posters adorned every wall, from schools to factories, depicting how the USSR was overtaking the United States in meat and milk production. And although meat was extremely difficult to find on Soviet store shelves, it was meant to create the impression that our great and powerful country was overtaking the United States.
Of course, no one believed it. And even less did anyone believe that we were living better than the US, despite the constant propaganda on TV about some American homeless people with nowhere to live and nowhere to eat.
You can lie occasionally, but you can't lie constantly and feed the people with these lies. Gorbachev's merit is that he allowed people to at least somewhat freely speak about topical issues that had been taboo under his predecessors. He created a tiny hole in his Pluralism and Glasnost, from which a flood subsequently poured out, eroding the entire foundation of the CPSU.
And when the State Emergency Committee putsch occurred in 1991, no one wanted to support them, not even the army. And although they declared from the very first that they intended to build a new democratic country—without the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, communist ideology, or a planned economy—they still found no support. And almost everyone supported Yeltsin.
What did we get next, when a year later Yeltsin's name was impossible to pronounce without swearing; and a year later October 1993 began; and as a finale to this - a completely rewritten Constitution, granting absolute power to the President (Tsar, version 2.0) - "However, this is a completely different matter story».
In short, draw your own conclusions.
Information