River tanks of Stalingrad

32


Stalingrad is different from all cities of Russia - a narrow ribbon of residential buildings stretched down the Volga for 60 kilometers. The river has always occupied a special place in the life of the city - the central waterway of Russia, a major transport route with access to the Caspian, White, Azov and Baltic Seas, a source of hydropower and a favorite resting place of Volgograd.

... if on a warm spring evening you go down a steep slope to the Volga, then on one of the marinas in the central part of the city you can find a curious monument - a flat-bottomed boat standing on a pedestal with hanging "mustache" anchors. On the deck of a strange ship there is a semblance of a deckhouse, and on the bow - oh, a miracle! - installed tower from tank T-34.

In fact, the place is quite famous - this is the BK-13 armored boat, and the monument itself, bearing the name "Heroes of the Volga Military flotilla"- an integral part of the museum-panorama" Battle of Stalingrad. " It offers a beautiful view of the bend of a giant river. Modern “pioneers” come here to “swing at anchor”. Here, on Navy Day, the Volgograd seaman gather.



There is no doubt that the armored boat is a mute witness to that Great Battle: this is clearly indicated by the bronze sign on the wheelhouse with a concise inscription:
The BK-13 armored troop as part of the WWF participated in the heroic defense of Stalingrad from July 24 to December 17 1942

It is much less known that the BC-13 participated in the battles on the Dnieper, Pripyat and Western Bug. And then, the “river tank”, deftly creeping through shoals and obstacles, penetrated through the systems of European rivers and canals to Berlin itself. A flat-bottomed "tin", which even a ship can hardly be called (what kind of ship is without a compass, in whose interior can you not get up to its full height?) Has a heroic historywhich any modern cruiser will envy.

Marshal Vasily Chuikov, the man who directly led the defense of Stalingrad, spoke unequivocally about the significance of the armored cars in the Battle of Stalingrad:
I will briefly say about the role of the sailors of the flotilla, about their exploits: if they didn’t exist, the 62 army would have died without ammunition and food.

The combat history of the Volga military flotilla began in the summer of 1942.
By the middle of July, bombers with black crosses on the wings appeared in the skies of the Southern Volga region — the armored boats immediately began to escort Baku oil carriers and tankers ascending the Volga. Over the following month, they conducted 128 caravans, repelling the Luftwaffe 190 air attacks.

And then the real hell began.

30 August sailors went to explore the northern outskirts of Stalingrad - there, behind the tractor factory, the German units broke through to the water. Three armored boats moved silently in the night mist, engine exhausts at low speed were pulled out below the waterline.
They secretly stepped out to the appointed place and were about to leave when the sailors saw the screaming Fritz screaming with joy, who were drawing water from the Russian river in helmets. Enveloped in righteous anger, the crews of armored boats opened heavy fire from all their trunks. The night concert passed with a full house, but suddenly an unaccounted factor entered into force - tanks standing on the shore. A duel began, in which the boats had few chances: German armored vehicles were hard to detect against the dark coast, while Soviet boats were clearly visible. Finally, the "armored" board, which was only 8 mm thick, protected ships from bullets and small fragments, but was powerless against the might of even the smallest artillery ammunition.

The fatal shot hit the side - an armor-piercing shell pierced the boat through, disabling the engine. Fixed "tin" was pressed over the current to the enemy shore. When the enemy was only a few dozen meters away, the crews of the remaining boats managed to get under tough fire from the shore to take the damaged boat in tow and take him to a safe place.

15 September 1942 of the year the Germans broke into Mamayev Kurgan - the height of 102.0, which offers a great overview of the entire central part of the city (Mamayev Kurgan was captured and again repulsed 8 times - a little less than the Railway Station - he passed from the hands of Russians into Germans 13 times , as a result, there is no stone left on it). From this moment on, the boats of the Volga military flotilla became one of the most important connecting threads of the 62 army with its rear.


Even native Volgograd residents do not know about this rare place. The pole stands on the station square right in front of the traveling crowd - but rarely does anyone pay attention to the ugly scars on its surface. The upper part of the pillar is literally turned inside out - the fragmentation ammunition exploded inside. I counted two dozen marks from bullets, fragments, and several large holes from shells — all this on a pole with a diameter of centimeters of 30. The density of the fire near the station was just terrifying.

In daylight, armored boats were hiding in the numerous backwaters and tributaries of the Volga, hiding from enemy raids aviation and deadly artillery fire (during the day, German batteries from the mound shot through the entire water area, leaving the sailors no chance to stick to the right bank). At night, work began - under cover of darkness, boats delivered reinforcements to the besieged city, while simultaneously performing daring reconnaissance raids along the German coastal areas, provided fire support to Soviet troops, landed troops in the rear of the enemy and fired on German positions.

Fantastic figures are known about the combat service of these small, but very nimble and useful ships: during their work at the Stalingrad ferries, six armored units of the 2 Division were transferred to the right bank (to the besieged Stalingrad) 53 thousands of soldiers and commanders of the Red Army, 2000 tons of equipment and supplies. During the same period, 23 727 wounded soldiers and 917 civilians were evacuated on the decks of armored boats from Stalingrad.



But even the most moonless night did not guarantee protection - dozens of German searchlights and lighting rockets continuously snatched out of the darkness areas of black icy water with "river tanks" rushing along it. Each flight ended with a dozen combat damage — nevertheless, overnight, the armored boats made 8-12 flights to the right bank. All the next day, the sailors pumped out the water that had entered the compartments, sealed the holes, repaired the damaged mechanisms, so that they could take another dangerous flight the next night. The workers of the Stalingrad Shipyard and Krasnoarmeiskaya Shipyard helped the armored boat to repair.

And again the mean chronicle:
10 October 1942 of the year. The armored car БКА №53 transported 210 fighters and 2 tons of food to the right bank, took 50 wounded, got holes in the port side and stern. The BCA No. 63 transported 200 fighters, 1 tons of food and 2 tons of mines, brought 32 wounded fighters ...


Winter 1942-43 it was unprecedentedly early - already in early November on the Volga, the autumn drift began - the ice floes complicated the already difficult situation at the ferries. The fragile wooden hull barracks were broken, ordinary ships did not have enough engine power to withstand the pressure of the ice - soon the armored boats were the only means to deliver people and cargo to the right bank of the river.
By the middle of November, the freeze-up was finally formed - the mobilized ships of the Stalingrad river fleet and ships of the Volga military flotilla were frozen into ice or were diverted to the south, to the lower reaches of the Volga. From this point on, the supply of the 62 Army in Stalingrad was carried out only by ice crossings or by air.



During the active phase of the combat operations of the guns of the “river tanks” of the Volga Military Flotilla, 20 units of German armored vehicles were destroyed, more than a hundred dugouts and bunkers were destroyed, and 26 artillery batteries were put down. From fire from the water, the enemy lost up to three regiments of the personnel killed and wounded.
And, of course, 150 thousands of soldiers and commanders of the Red Army, the wounded, civilians and 13 000 tons of cargo sent from one to the other side of the Great Russian River.

The loss of the Volga military flotilla amounted to 18 steamers, 3 armored boats and about two dozen minesweepers and mobilized passenger boats. The intensity of the fighting in the lower reaches of the Volga was comparable to naval battles in the open ocean.
The Volga military flotilla was disbanded only in June 1944 of the year - when the work on demining the river area was completed (irritated by the actions of river ships and ships, the Germans abundantly “planted” the Volga with sea mines).

River tanks of Stalingrad

Soviet boats on the Danube



Armored in the capital of Austria. Photos from the collection of V. V. Burachka


But the armored boats left the Volga region already in the summer of 1943 of the year - having loaded their “river tanks” onto the railway platforms, the sailors went to the West, following the fleeing enemy. Fighting on the Dnieper, the Danube and Tisza, the river tanks made their way through the territory of Eastern Europe through the narrow channels of King Peter I and Alexander I, landed landings on the Vistula and the Oder ... Ukraine, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia swept over the side of the armored cars. Poland and Austria - up to the very lair of the fascist beast.

***

... The armored car BC-13 was in European waters until 1960, serving as part of the Danube military flotilla, after which he returned to the banks of the Volga and was transferred as an exhibit to the Volgograd State Museum of Defense. Alas, for some unknown reason, the museum staff limited themselves to the removal of several mechanisms, after which the boat disappeared without a trace. In 1981, it was found among scrap metal at one of the enterprises of the city, after which, on the initiative of veterans, BK-13 was restored and placed as a monument on the territory of the Volgograd shipbuilding and ship repair plant. In the 1995 year, on the 50 anniversary of Victory, the grand opening of the monument “To the Heroes of the Volga Military Flotilla” on the Volga Embankment took place, and the armored car on the pedestal took its rightful place. Since then, the "river tank" BK-13 looks at the endlessly flowing water, recalling the great feat of those who under deadly fire brought up reinforcements to besieged Stalingrad.

From the history of river tanks

Despite its curious appearance (the hull, like that of a flat-bottomed barge, a tank tower), the BK-13 armored car was by no means a home-made impromptu, but a well-thought decision made long before the start of World War II — the conflict on the CER happened in 1929 year. Work on the creation of the Soviet "river tanks" began in November 1931, the boats were intended, first of all, for the Amur military flotilla - the protection of the eastern borders was becoming an increasingly urgent problem of the Soviet state.

BK-13 (sometimes found in the literature BKA-13) - one of the 154 built small river armored boats of the project 1125. * "River Tanks" were intended to combat enemy boats, combat support of ground forces, fire support, reconnaissance and combat operations in water areas rivers, lakes and coastal maritime zone.
* Also, there was a project of larger twin-towed boats of the 1124 project (the so-called Amur series, several dozen units were built)

The main feature of the 1125 project was a flat bottom with a propeller tunnel, low draft and modest weight and size characteristics that provide armored carriers with mobility and the possibility of emergency transfer by rail. During the war years, “river tanks” were actively used on the Volga, on the Ladoga and Onega lakes, on the Black Sea coast, in Europe and in the Far East.
Time has fully confirmed the correctness of the decision: a certain need for such a technique persists even in the 21st century. Despite the rocket weapon and high technology, a highly protected heavy armament boat can be useful when conducting anti-guerrilla raids and in low-intensity local conflicts.

Brief characteristics of the 1125 armored launch vehicle:

Total displacement within 30 tons

Length 23 m

Precipitation 0,6 m

Crew 10 people

Full speed 18 nodes (33 km / h - quite a lot for the river area)

Engine - GAM-34-BC (based on the AM-34 aircraft engine) hp 800 *
* Some armored cars were equipped with Packard and Hall-Scott engines of 900 hp with foreign engines.

Fuel supply on board - 2,2 tons

The boat is designed for actions at 3-point waves (in the years of the Second World War there were cases of long sea crossings of boats at the 6-point storm)
Bulletproof booking: mm 7 board; deck 4 mm; cabin 8 mm, roof cabin 4 mm. Board booking was done from 16 to 45 frame. The lower edge of the armored belt fell down to the 150 mm below the waterline.

Armament:
There were a lot of improvisations and an extraordinary variety of designs: tank turrets similar to T-28 and T-34-76, Lender anti-aircraft guns in open turrets, large-caliber DShK and rifle-caliber machine guns (3-4 pcs.). On part of the "river tanks" installed multiple launch rocket systems caliber 82 mm and even 132 mm. During the modernization, rails and butts appeared to fix four sea mines.




Another rarity. The fireboat "Silencer" (1903) - in addition to its intended purpose, was used at the Stalingrad ferries as a means of transport. In October, the 1942 of the year sank from the damage received. When the boat was lifted, 3,5 found thousands of holes from splinters and bullets in its hull.


Armored boats in Moscow, 1946 year



Crossing crossing, rough snow, ice edge ...


Facts and details on the use of armored boats are taken from the article “River tanks go into battle” by I.M. Plekhov, S.P. Khvatov (BOATS and YACHTS No.4 (98) for 1982 year)
Our news channels

Subscribe and stay up to date with the latest news and the most important events of the day.

32 comments
Information
Dear reader, to leave comments on the publication, you must sign in.
  1. +5
    8 May 2013 08: 58
    Coradly Heroes. Workhorses of war.
    1. Captain Vrungel
      +12
      8 May 2013 10: 08
      The picture shows a torpedo boat G-4, tail number 51. My grandfather fought on them and in the last picture on the Moscow River, torpedo boats are behind the armored boats. From Ochakov to Poti. From Poti to Vienna came katerniki. Workers of war. Armored boats, torpedo boats, small hunters.
      1. +1
        8 May 2013 17: 07
        I absolutely agree with you that in that picture there is not an armored boat, here the speaker gave a flap of course, but a torpedo boat of a reed type. But it just seems to me that the name of this model is a torpedo sea boat G-5;)
        1. Captain Vrungel
          +1
          8 May 2013 19: 31
          G-4 was a small series. The difference between engines and wheelhouse. On the G-5, the cutting is more oval and beveled. G-5 in the picture behind the armored boats on the Moscow River. The fastest and lightest boats Speed ​​up to 53 knots. Beauties.
          1. 0
            9 May 2013 19: 53
            thanks for the information, did not know :)
  2. +3
    8 May 2013 08: 59
    ______________________
    1. +4
      8 May 2013 09: 01
      ___________________
      Soviet armored boat No. 214 in the Königsberg Canal after a battle with a German tank (possibly even self-propelled guns Ferdinand / Elephant)
      1. +3
        8 May 2013 09: 02
        ___________________
        1. +6
          8 May 2013 12: 08
          Once, as a kid, I was engaged in a ship modeling group. And my first model was the model of this particular two-tower tank. Thanks for the photo.
  3. +8
    8 May 2013 09: 34
    It hurt my heart. The boys and I spent the whole summer near the "Extinguisher". It was 20 minutes walk from our school to the embankment. It was possible to go down either through the ravine or through the Mayak restaurant. And what is the embankment in Volgograd in the spring. good
  4. +4
    8 May 2013 09: 51
    There is a feature film "Where is 042?" The directors have captured some of the military activities of such BC. Camouflage, methods of warfare, etc. Very interesting boat!
    Happy Victory Day!
  5. avt
    +3
    8 May 2013 09: 54
    As I already wrote, fighting on them is like walking in hand-to-hand combat, and even along a previously known route!
  6. +7
    8 May 2013 10: 31
    Given the experience of the Second World War, it would be nice to create flotillas on the Amur, on the White Sea ... the scope of the tasks is decent: to escort ships, mobile floating batteries / air defense boats, minesweepers, “disguised” carriers of the Club-K container complex ... It’s not for nothing that the Danube flotillas exist in Croatia and Romania. I think an interesting topic for discussion.
    1. 0
      8 May 2013 19: 45
      Quote: knn54
      it would be nice to create flotillas on the Amur, on the White Sea ...


      The Amur military flotilla existed and was impressive. I saw it with my own eyes when I served.
      Then it was crushed by the EBN into brigades.
      Then handed over to the border guards.
      Then ... it seems like quite a few boats remained ...
      Yes, it would be interesting to learn about its current composition and the state of bases and backwater.

      We have saved the Gyurza armored boat in the Caspian Flotilla, well done.
      1. rumatam
        0
        9 May 2013 17: 04
        not correct Gyurza and Bumblebees 4 things
    2. +2
      9 May 2013 02: 07
      Well, about the White Sea, you got excited, my friend, there is nothing for such a shell to do there. Actually, there are ships of the project (I don't remember the number) 70s. So they serve against the Chinese, the "fire support boat" is called.
  7. -1
    8 May 2013 10: 44
    This is Oleg’s first article that deserves a plus.
  8. The comment was deleted.
    1. +4
      8 May 2013 14: 38
      Quote from rudolf
      When the Abkhaz demonstrated their "Navy" even before the war with Georgia, among other "exhibits" a boat with a tank turret mounted on it flashed by.

      In one of the TV reports, a "vessel" (road boat pr. 371) rushed by with installed blocks of aviation NURS

      This is Minigun!
      1. Captain Vrungel
        0
        8 May 2013 20: 20
        In your photo with the installation, the boat "Grif".
        Here is a photo of RK 371 project.
      2. 0
        8 May 2013 20: 31
        Quote: SWEET_SIXTEEN
        This is Minigun!

        Yes, the internet is full of similar pictures
        1. Captain Vrungel
          0
          9 May 2013 07: 09
          So this is the former border patrol boats "Grif".
      3. 0
        8 May 2013 20: 34
        For every taste
    2. rumatam
      +2
      9 May 2013 17: 10
      after the division and transition to Sevastopol, 116 pcs. handed over to the Abkhaz the armament of the bow PT4 aft 76m2m BM3 jet engine eslmi did not take off served on such a Danube river tank.
  9. +5
    8 May 2013 12: 22
    Oleg, thanks for the article! On one of these boats, my grandfather, then still a very young boy, began his military career. And Stalingrad became his baptism of fire. Then there were the light cruisers pr.68-bis, and, as the apotheosis of a career, the battleship Novorossiysk. Grandfather's dreams of thick armor and huge guns came true. It is unfortunate that the life of that battleship was cut short and tragically, like the lives of hundreds of our sailors. Eternal memory to them! And eternal memory to sailors who, under lead showers, honorably and completely did their duty under the fiery shores of Stalingrad, having only modest comfort in the form of 8 centimeters of armor. I take off my hat and kneel before the heroes! hi
    1. 0
      8 May 2013 13: 54
      Not centimeters, but millimeters !!!!! And even then not everywhere ...
      1. +2
        8 May 2013 14: 24
        Yes, millimeters. Mentioned, of course. Thanks for the amendment. Yes
        In general, it is very remarkable that such river artillery boats are the only class of pure artillery ships that has survived to this day. Not counting analogues among patrol boats. Once again, I am convinced of the justice of biological evolution - mastodons (heavily armored cruisers and battleships) died out, and such semblances of gunboats survived, albeit in a slightly modified form. good
  10. +4
    8 May 2013 13: 41
    And the post at the station with the holes must be declared a monument to the defense of Stalingrad, surrounded by a fence so that metal hunters are not cut down, and guided tours, to show the density of fire in Stalingrad. That would be right!
    1. 0
      8 May 2013 14: 28
      Quote: nnz226
      A post at the station with holes must be declared a monument of defense of Stalingrad

      There is a sign, but the locals don’t seem to care - they pasted the whole monument with offers to rent an apartment (and not only the apartment)
  11. 0
    8 May 2013 13: 42
    The photo above the "Extinguisher" at number 51 shows a torpedo boat. Or I'm wrong?
    1. +1
      8 May 2013 14: 23
      Quote: man in the street
      The photo above the "Extinguisher" at number 51 shows a torpedo boat

      Probably it is (already the second comment on this topic). I was looking for a suitable illustration in my archive and could be wrong

      In any case, the exploits of WWII katernikov deserve respect
  12. The comment was deleted.
  13. The comment was deleted.
  14. 0
    8 May 2013 17: 15
    Good articles, especially for Victory Day, thank you very much for the material!
    That's just the ear cuts what in the article the sailors and officers of the Volga river flotilla are called sailors. :) Sailors are those who go to sea, one way or another. And who in terms of GDP, i.e. it moves to rivers and lakes, so it is riverboats however. But the difference in the name of their feat of arms certainly does not beg for a moment !!
    1. rumatam
      0
      10 May 2013 06: 03
      Quote: old man54
      Good articles, especially for Victory Day, thank you very much for the material!
      That's just the ear cuts what in the article the sailors and officers of the Volga river flotilla are called sailors. :) Sailors are those who go to sea, one way or another. And who in terms of GDP, i.e. it moves to rivers and lakes, so it is riverboats however. But the difference in the name of their feat of arms certainly does not beg for a moment !!

      You are mistaken, dear, rivermen are a civilian, a sailor, he and an sailor.
  15. 0
    8 May 2013 20: 47
    Stalingrad river T34 !!!!!
  16. bubble82009
    0
    9 May 2013 01: 17
    we fought as best we could and won.
  17. +1
    9 May 2013 04: 33
    Very interesting. Forced cadets in the river school!
  18. 0
    9 May 2013 18: 44
    Glorious river boat! Soviet still 70s film "Where 042?" dynamically shows an armored boat on the Dnieper in 41 years. With all the censorship and ideological strains of that time, it looked interesting.
    1. rumatam
      0
      9 May 2013 21: 00
      and what is censorship, the Danube steamer played and the sailors played in episodes, it’s not a bad set.
  19. 0
    9 May 2013 19: 05
    then distributed them on river shipping companies ... sawed first
  20. The comment was deleted.
  21. +4
    9 May 2013 19: 49
    In one of my club’s underwater expeditions (in 2006), in the Kerch Strait, we found an armored boat of Project 1124 (with two towers). BK-073. During the war years, there weren’t enough towers for tanks, and even more so for boats. And then on 15 of them were installed Lender guns (76,2 mm caliber).

    A detailed report on the expedition is here http://www.neptun-pro.ru/e_17.htm
    At our suggestion to the mayor of Tamani, one of the cannons was raised, restored, and now it stands as a monument to the commandos on the Tuzla Spit.
  22. Chebyran
    +2
    9 May 2013 22: 25
    Thanks to the author for the article. I didn’t know that in my city there are such monuments because I live on Spartanovka, far from the center.
  23. smershspy
    +3
    13 May 2013 15: 11
    My grandfather lived there and my grandmother lives there! The guard's grandfather senior sergeant - a participant in the "Battle of Stalingrad" was seriously wounded, has many awards! The President of Russia personally awarded my grandfather and presented an OKA car! I am very proud of him and dream of visiting all the historical sites of Stalingrad and laying flowers to the heroes who broke the enemy and changed the course of the war! Glory to the heroes! Hooray! I have the honor!
    1. +1
      13 May 2013 18: 10
      Quote: smershspy
      I am very proud of him and dream of visiting all the historical places of Stalingrad and laying flowers to the heroes who broke the enemy and changed the course of the war!

      Motherland (esplanade, square of those who stood to death, a pantheon with the names of the fallen (a terrible sight - tens of thousands of names on the walls in small print to the ceiling, "mother who did not wait", the main monument of the Motherland)), Panorama of the Battle of Stalingrad (complex on the upper terrace of the embankment, the so-called "panorama" with all the obelisks and samples of military equipment due), nearby are the ruins of the mill (EMPIP Gergard) and the wall of Pavlov's house, Square of the Fallen, Alley of Heroes, a monument to the civilian population - victims of the barbaric bombing of 23.08.42/XNUMX/XNUMX , tank towers at every corner, the extinguisher boat, the monument to the Heroes of the Volga Flotilla, a pillar on the Railway Station Square - purely what I know in the central area
      Quote: smershspy
      I have the honor!

      And here you are definitely wrong. A completely senseless and stupid phrase. In the old days, officers used to say "I have the honor to introduce myself," "I have the honor to take leave," but what does it mean simply, "I have the honor"? A fragment of a phrase that distorts its entire original meaning. "I have the honor", "I have money", "I have a wife", "I have a car." Absurd. It was not customary to display honor. If you hear such a phrase somewhere, tell me that it sounds stupid and wrong.

      Names of heroes on the walls of the pantheon on Mamaev Kurgan (part of the path to the Motherland passes underground)
      1. shura.mekishin
        +1
        13 June 2013 15: 49
        SWEET_SIXTEEN (1) .... "I have the honor to take my leave", but what does it mean simply "I have the honor"? ...
        The same thing means! Just briefly. Read all comments. There was even a discussion about this! Once again I want to add, read better all articles and comments! No need to pester people, but you need to think!
        ps I put you +! Please be careful!
  24. +2
    13 May 2013 18: 13
    And here is the interior of the Hall of Fame. on the other side the same. names on all walls xnumx degrees
  25. 0
    April 13 2015 11: 37
    Quote: stasdolgov
    In one of my club’s underwater expeditions (in 2006), in the Kerch Strait, we found an armored boat of Project 1124 (with two towers). BK-073. During the war years, there weren’t enough towers for tanks, and even more so for boats. And then on 15 of them were installed Lender guns (76,2 mm caliber).

    A detailed report on the expedition is here http://www.neptun-pro.ru/e_17.htm
    At our suggestion to the mayor of Tamani, one of the cannons was raised, restored, and now it stands as a monument to the commandos on the Tuzla Spit.

    The site has changed its domain and now the page can be seen at: http://www.epron-pro.ru/expedition-17.html

"Right Sector" (banned in Russia), "Ukrainian Insurgent Army" (UPA) (banned in Russia), ISIS (banned in Russia), "Jabhat Fatah al-Sham" formerly "Jabhat al-Nusra" (banned in Russia) , Taliban (banned in Russia), Al-Qaeda (banned in Russia), Anti-Corruption Foundation (banned in Russia), Navalny Headquarters (banned in Russia), Facebook (banned in Russia), Instagram (banned in Russia), Meta (banned in Russia), Misanthropic Division (banned in Russia), Azov (banned in Russia), Muslim Brotherhood (banned in Russia), Aum Shinrikyo (banned in Russia), AUE (banned in Russia), UNA-UNSO (banned in Russia), Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People (banned in Russia), Legion “Freedom of Russia” (armed formation, recognized as terrorist in the Russian Federation and banned)

“Non-profit organizations, unregistered public associations or individuals performing the functions of a foreign agent,” as well as media outlets performing the functions of a foreign agent: “Medusa”; "Voice of America"; "Realities"; "Present time"; "Radio Freedom"; Ponomarev; Savitskaya; Markelov; Kamalyagin; Apakhonchich; Makarevich; Dud; Gordon; Zhdanov; Medvedev; Fedorov; "Owl"; "Alliance of Doctors"; "RKK" "Levada Center"; "Memorial"; "Voice"; "Person and law"; "Rain"; "Mediazone"; "Deutsche Welle"; QMS "Caucasian Knot"; "Insider"; "New Newspaper"