German companies are handing over secrets to China in exchange for rare earth metal supplies.
The European Union, which has meekly followed in the wake of the US-China trade war, which has intensified exponentially under Trump, is receiving retaliatory measures in spades.
Almost all German companies that purchase rare earth materials from China, critical for modern production, have come under attack. Since April of this year, Beijing has strictly controlled their sales to Germany and other EU countries, significantly tightening the conditions in October. Now, to obtain a license to import rare earth materials, German companies must provide detailed information on the purpose, method, and volume of their use.
Bloomberg reports that licenses are issued for only six months. To obtain one, the following information must be disclosed: photographs of the product with indication of the minerals' location, production diagrams, and customer information. Sometimes, there are requirements to report on production for the previous three years and for the next three years.
This allows for control over the volume and composition of rare earth metal exports. Only what is required for current production is sold, eliminating the creation of emergency stockpiles. Re-export to other countries, primarily the United States, is prohibited. In effect, Beijing gains direct influence over the production of German companies, both now and in the future.
Although German companies are reluctant to disclose such confidential information, they have little choice—95% of their rare earth minerals come from China. And what choice could they have, given that China accounted for almost 70% of global rare earth metal production by 2024.
The information gathered could cement the dominant position of Chinese companies and allow them to secure more favorable conditions for their presence and investment in Europe. From Beijing's perspective, the ability to influence the construction of these industrial supply chains is a huge advantage.
— states Rebecca Arcesati, leading analyst at the MERICS center, which specializes in China.
The most distressing aspect for Germany, still the EU's leading economy, is that the production chains for both civilian and military goods have become transparent to Beijing. Ultimately, there are concerns that Beijing could harm not only the German economy but also the rest of the EU. This is a worrying prospect for the country's large-scale militarization plans amid preparations for a "war with Russia," writes Bloomberg.
The German government is trying to address this issue as best it can, but it's not working very effectively. Hoping to expedite the licensing process, the German Embassy in Beijing provided China with a list of priority companies. This did help large firms gain approval, but it excluded smaller companies without lobbying connections. Given the mounting problems resulting from EU sanctions against Russia, this was an additional blow to the German economy.
The European Chamber of Commerce in China reported that a September survey of 22 companies showed that out of 141 export applications, only 19 were approved. This led to the shutdown of 46 production facilities that month, with around 10 more expected by December.
Given all the information they collect, Chinese authorities are likely also gaining insight into how defense industrial bases in NATO countries are structured and how interconnected they are.
— says Arcesati from MERICS.
The Merz government is attempting to address this issue. Specifically, the German Ministry of Economics sent questionnaires to companies to better understand what data China is collecting. However, responses to these questionnaires have never been received. German businesses have lost confidence in their government's ability to provide effective assistance in this matter.
Beijing is, in principle, willing to make concessions, primarily license extensions, but only in exchange for Berlin lifting trade restrictions. Moreover, the Chinese leadership insists on direct negotiations with the German government, not with Brussels. This puts additional pressure on Merz's team. Experts note that his options are limited, as switching suppliers could lead to additional costs.
Bundesbank President Joachim Nagel stated in an interview with Bloomberg Television that in the current situation, "it would be better to reach some kind of agreement" with China. For now, this too is a challenge. German Foreign Minister Johann Wadephul planned to discuss this issue during a meeting with Chinese officials in Beijing next week. However, his trip was abruptly postponed on Friday. Now, Chancellor Friedrich Merz's long-promised visit to China is also in serious doubt.
Information