"White Army, Black Baron"

В previous article We discussed the origins and early military career of Pyotr Wrangel, how and why he acquired the nickname "Black Baron" in 1918, and how he became Denikin's successor, "Ruler and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in Southern Russia." Today, we'll continue that story.

Poster "Red and White Armies"

1920 year

The difficult year of 1920 for our country was also marked by great victories for the Red Army.

We remember that on January 4, Kolchak handed over the title of Supreme Ruler of Russia to A. I. Denikin, and power in Eastern Russia to the bloody ataman G. Semenov, about whom Major General William Sidney Graves (commander of the US Army Expeditionary Force in Siberia in 1918-1920) wrote the following in his book, America's Siberian Adventure:

Semyonov organized what were known as "kill stations" and openly boasted that he could not sleep peacefully unless he had killed at least someone during the day.

On January 8, 1920, Kolchak disbanded the last remaining units loyal to him and placed himself under the protection of the Allies and Czechoslovak legionnaires. And on January 15, 1920, in the village of Kaitul, the legion command, with the consent of French General Maurice Janin (commander of the Entente forces in Siberia and the Far East), handed over the now-unwanted former admiral to representatives of the Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee in exchange for free passage to the East via the Trans-Siberian Railway. The deal was highly advantageous to the new government, as Kolchak also received the remainder of the gold stolen by General Kappel in Kazan in August 1918: 5143 crates and 1578 sacks of gold and other valuables, weighing 311 tons.

It should be noted that Kappel seized a total of 640 tons of gold and 480 tons of silver in bars and coins, expensive church utensils, as well as the royal family's jewelry – 154 items, including the necklace of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and the diamond-studded sword of Heir Alexei.

Let's return to Kolchak, who left a deep and unkind mark on Siberia: he was executed on February 7, and Demyan Bedny wrote about the inevitable end of this bloody cocaine-admiral:

It was a joy to the enemy
Seeing corpses in the snow
In the middle of the Siberian space:
The corpses of poor peasants
And working superfighters.
But for these dead people
Kolchak received the award:
We told him, the dashing bastard,
Knocking him into a snowdrift,
They also put a bullet in his forehead.

In February, the British interventionists were forced to leave Arkhangelsk.

And, as was described in the previous article, on April 4, Denikin, who had lost the respect of his troops, left Russia on an English destroyer, and Wrangel, who replaced him, arrived in Sevastopol on the battleship Emperor of India.

Wrangel in Sevastopol, 1920

On April 6, the Far Eastern Republic was created on the territory of Transbaikalia, the Amur Region, and Primorye, and on the same day, a successful offensive began against the troops of Kolchak’s successor, Ataman Semyonov.

The war with Poland, which began on April 25, 1920 and lasted until August, was a blow in the back for the victorious Red armies.

Wrangel in Crimea: Ruler and Commander-in-Chief

What was happening in Crimea at this time?

Arriving on the peninsula, Wrangel brought a deeply unpleasant message from the British government: disillusioned and no longer believing in a White victory, the British declared their support for the White movement in Russia to be ended, but Denikin personally and "his closest collaborators" were guaranteed political asylum in England. Already in exile, the baron would write in his memoirs:

The British's refusal to further aid us dashed our last hopes. The army's situation was becoming desperate. But I had already made my decision. Upon assuming the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of South Russia, recognizing the full extent of Crimea's vulnerability, I immediately took a series of preparatory measures in the event of an army evacuation, to avoid a repeat of the disasters of the Novorossiysk and Odessa evacuations.

Wrangel's first order of business was to demand a receipt confirming that he would not be required to immediately organize an offensive against the Reds. The "Governing Senate" agreed, and two days later it was announced that Wrangel, as the "new people's leader," was now in charge. "belongs to all the plenitude of power, military and civil, without any restrictions".

The Baron asked the British to extend their aid for two months, as well as to protect Crimea from the sea, and received a positive response.

Five days later, on April 11, 1920, Wrangel officially declared himself “Ruler and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia,” which, however, were soon renamed the Russian Army.

Ruler of the South of Russia, Baron P. Wrangel

On May 29, the head of the British mission in Sevastopol informed Wrangel that Britain was ceasing to provide equipment, but on June 5, Admiral de Robeck informed him that British warships, although ceasing to participate in offensive operations, would still continue to defend White Guard Crimea from the sea.

France's aid was anything but selfless. In July, its government persuaded the Romanian authorities to hand over to Wrangel the Russian military equipment from the World War II era stored in that country. And from August 10, 1920, the French themselves began supplying Crimean troops with military supplies. In exchange, the "Russian patriot" Wrangel acknowledged the financial obligations of all "Russian governments" to France in full and guaranteed repayment of the debts over 35 years at 6,5% annual interest. He promised France all grain exported from Ukraine and Kuban, three-quarters of all oil produced in Russia, and a quarter of the coal produced in the Donbas. Even many Whites were outraged by this deal; G. Rakovsky, for example, wrote while already in exile:

According to this project, the entire south of Russia with all its industrial enterprises, railways, customs, etc., was placed under direct bondage to France for many years.

Fortunately for our country, on November 14, 1920, the self-proclaimed “ruler” Wrangel followed Denikin.

But let's not get ahead of ourselves. Wrangel stated:

We are in a besieged fortress, and only a single, strong government can save the situation... all parties must unite into one, doing non-partisan business work... For me, there are no monarchists or republicans, but only people of knowledge and labor.

Struggling to find support in society, he feverishly attempted to implement long-overdue reforms that his predecessors had abandoned. His government was headed by the former Minister of Agriculture, A. V. Krivoshein, and its members included the legal Marxist P. B. Struve and the former Minister of Finance of the Provisional Government, M. V. Bernatsky.

Government of Southern Russia. Crimea, Sevastopol, July 22, 1920.

As early as April 8, 1920, discussions on peasant reform were initiated, and on May 25, the "Land Law" was adopted. Peasants could obtain vacant land (not cultivated by landowners) for a "fair purchase," with the state acting as an intermediary in the settlements.

A Zemstvo reform was planned, which implied the creation of grassroots self-government bodies – volost and district Land Councils.

Trying to win the favor of the Cossacks, he promised them complete independence in internal structure and governance.

Wrangel was even prepared to grant autonomy to Ukraine—but only within the framework of a single state. However, he rejected General Slashchev's idea of ​​creating a separate Ukrainian army and a representative body—the Ukrainian People's Community.

Attempts were also made to establish ties with the Caucasus highlanders and the Menshevik government of Georgia. Wrangel even tried to win Makhno over to his side, but the famous "father" hated the Whites and wanted nothing to do with them. As early as 1919, he declared:

Communists are revolutionaries after all. We can settle accounts with them later.

Makhno fought three times on the side of the Soviet regime and even received the Order of the Red Banner, No. 4. Moreover, Batka's forces, then led by Semyon Karetnikov, joined forces with Blucher and Frunze in storming Wrangel's Crimea and, in November 1920, waded across the Sivash Bay. And three times, Makhno was declared an outlaw by the Bolsheviks.

N. Makhno and P. Dybenko, photograph, 1918

The war between Soviet Russia and Poland did not help Wrangel much, since Józef Piłsudski did not trust the Whites and considered them more dangerous than the Bolsheviks.

Poster by V. Denis

On May 20, 1920, Wrangel published a manifesto entitled “What We Are Fighting For”:

For the desecrated faith and its desecrated shrines. For the liberation of the Russian people from the yoke of communists, vagabonds, and convicts who utterly devastated Holy Rus'. For an end to internecine strife. For the peasant, acquiring ownership of the land he cultivates, to engage in peaceful labor.

But everyone – both the Reds and the Whites – immediately noticed other words:

So that the Russian people themselves would choose their own master.

And Emperor Nicholas II, hated by the people, liked to call himself "master of the Russian land." And many (both Reds and Whites!) immediately decided that Wrangel not only wanted to restore autocracy, but also wanted to take the throne himself.

Poster "Tsarist Gendarme Baron Wrangel"

Demyan Bedny responded to Wrangel's manifesto with the following poem:

Their fange en. I sew.
Es ist dlya all sovetskikh mesto (means of Soviet places).
For Russian people from edge to edge
Baronsky untser manifest.
You all know my surname:
Their bin von Wrangel, Herr Baron.
I'm the best, the sixth
there is a candidate for the royal throne.

(In fact, of course, Wrangel spoke without a German accent.)

But Pavel Gorinstein wrote much better – forever, as he stamped it:

White army, black baron
They are preparing the royal throne for us again.

And Samuil Pokrass set this poem to beautiful music. The result was a march on the level of "La Marseillaise." Interestingly, neither Pavel Gorinstein, who remained in the USSR, nor Samuil Pokrass, who emigrated to the United States (unlike his younger brother Dmitry), ever wrote anything worthwhile—just like Rouget de Lille.

On the eve of the disaster

Despite the Whites' defeats and the enormous losses suffered during the Odessa and Novorossiysk evacuations, Wrangel still had significant military forces in Crimea in April 1918. They were organized into three corps—the Crimean, Volunteer, and Don Corps—with a total strength of approximately 35 men, although their morale left much to be desired. They had 500 machine guns, 100 artillery pieces, but very few horses. Nevertheless, on April 13-14, the White Guards managed to repel an assault on the Perekop (Turkish) Wall, but an attempt to launch a counteroffensive was unsuccessful. By summer, the Whites had amassed sufficient forces in Crimea to launch an offensive on June 6, 1920, capturing the lands between the Dnieper and the Sea of ​​Azov. The situation seemed favorable: the war between Soviet Russia and Poland was not yet over, and soon, on August 15, a rebellion of Tambov peasants began under the leadership of A.S. Antonov (which would be suppressed only in June 1921).

But after the Soviet government concluded a peace treaty with Poland, the situation changed dramatically, and on October 28 (November 8) the Red Army began its offensive.

Beginning of the End

As we recall, during the summer offensive of 1920, Wrangel's forces captured vast territories between the Dnieper and the Sea of ​​Azov. The Trans-Dnieper Operation was planned, which entailed encircling and destroying the Red Army's Kakhovka group, and then breaking through to Right-Bank Ukraine. To combat Wrangel, the Southern Front was formed on September 21, 1920, and M. Frunze was appointed its command on the 27th. This Soviet commander managed to reach an agreement with Makhno, who renewed his alliance with the Bolsheviks on October 2, 1920. And Batka's forces were quite impressive – he sent approximately 12 soldiers to the front with 500 machine guns and 10 cannons. Meanwhile, on October 8, the White Guards crossed the Dnieper, capturing Nikopol and the important railway station of Apostolovo. General Vikovsky's units began the assault on Kakhovka.

The situation at the front in September-October 1920

From October 12 to October 14, the Battle of Nikopol–Aleksandrovsk took place, in which the Whites suffered heavy losses—up to half of their entire force. The Second Cavalry Army, led by the now little-known Red commander Filipp Mironov (a rival of Budyonny, also greatly disliked by Trotsky, Voroshilov, and Stalin), broke through the enemy's lines and reached the Dnieper.

F. Mironov in a photograph from 1921.

Panic broke out in the White units; the retreating cavalry mixed up the infantry units and crushed their own soldiers, while Red aircraft attacked the crossings. The situation worsened after rumors of Budyonny's First Cavalry Army's approach spread among the White Guard units—the fleeing White Guards were already abandoning their rifles and machine guns. artillery On October 14, General Vitkovsky, unaware of this catastrophe, launched an assault on the Soviet fortifications at Kakhovka. He managed to capture only the first line, then was forced to retreat. In 1935, M. Svetlov wrote a famous poem (set to music by I. Dunaevsky), in which Kakhovka was placed on a par with Irkutsk (where Kolchak was executed) and Warsaw:

Kakhovka, Kakhovka –
native rifle –
Hot bullet, fly!
Irkutsk and Warsaw,
Orel and Kakhovka -
Stages of a long journey.

The song is half-forgotten, but one line is still remembered:

We are peaceful people, but our armored train
Standing on the siding!

I. Vladimirov. "Capture tanks near Kakhovka ". 1927 g.

Red Army soldiers on a British tank captured near Kakhovka, October 1920.

Wrangel's forces were weakened and weakened, but Wrangel, underestimating the Reds, refused to immediately withdraw them to Crimea. This allowed Frunze to plan an operation to encircle the White Guard forces. The northern group of forces was to advance from Nikopol to the Chongar Peninsula, defeat the enemy cavalry corps and three divisions (Kornilov, Markov, and Drozdov), and then break into Crimea through the Chongar Isthmus. The western group was ordered to attack the enemy from Kakhovka to the Crimean isthmuses and Sivash, take Perekop and Chongar, cutting off Wrangel's forces from the peninsula. The eastern group was ordered to tie down the enemy forces with a supporting attack on Tokmak and Melitopol.

The main battle of this part of the military campaign began on October 20 with the White offensive on Pavlodar. Wrangel's operation ended in complete failure. The First Cavalry Army nearly broke into the peninsula, and at one point the White Guard troops found themselves encircled, cut off from Wrangel's headquarters in Dzhankoy. However, the uncoordinated and arbitrary actions of the Red Army commanders, who frequently violated Frunze's orders (in this regard, Budyonny's First Cavalry Army proved no more disciplined than Makhno's forces), allowed the Whites to withdraw from Tavria to Crimea in late October and early November, constantly snarling. However, on November 3, Red Army units finally occupied the Chongar Peninsula, and the Whites retreated, blowing up all the bridges to Crimea. This battle cost the White Army dearly, which again lost up to 50% of its soldiers – killed, wounded, frostbitten, and captured.

In the next article, we'll continue the story. We'll discuss the Red Army's liberation of Crimea, the "exemplary" evacuation of White Guards and their civilian supporters from the peninsula, the pitiful situation of Russian soldiers and officers in Constantinople, Wrangel's life in exile, and his death in 1928.

Comments

[Uncle lee]

White Army, Black Baron
They’re preparing the royal throne for us again
But from the taiga to the British seas
The Red Army is the strongest.

So let the Red
Compresses powerfully
Your bayonet with a calloused hand
And we all must
Uncontrollably
Go to the last mortal battle!

[Reptiloid]

Good afternoon, Vladimir Vladimirovich!

but very few horses

I didn't understand why. After all, they robbed the population, took everything they could – horses, cows, supplies. Or did they not know how to take care of horses?
I remember an old Soviet film about the Whites' predatory, disregard for horses—they showed no mercy, ran them to death, and shot them at the slightest provocation. When they fled Crimea, many horses also died. Including breeding stock.

[bober1982]

Quote: Reptiloid

It's just about the predatory, disregardful attitude of the whites towards the Horses -- they didn't spare them, they drove them to death, and at the slightest provocation they shot them

Dima, rewatch the good old film "Two Comrades Were Serving." The film clearly showed the Whites' attitude toward Horses (like you, I'll capitalize it), and who and how shot themselves in Crimea over Horses.
By the way, the film shows a Bolshevik commissar who is a typical cocaine addict.

[cpls22]

Quote: Reptiloid

I didn't understand why. After all, they robbed the population, took everything they could – horses, cows, supplies. When they fled Crimea, many horses also died. Including breeding stock.

Maybe because they needed to be fed? What was it like in Crimea? There was nowhere to graze them, you couldn't get much hay, and forage was expensive and had to be brought in.

[Reptiloid]

there was a need to feed the pado

Of course so It's precisely a lordly attitude.

[cpls22]

Quote: Reptiloid

This is a truly lordly attitude.

It is hard to say
Horses were prized. Most likely, there really was nothing to feed the large number of horses. A horse needs to eat even when you're not riding it. An army trapped on the peninsula essentially had nowhere to gallop. Again, the scene from the film "Two Comrades Were Serving" comes to mind—how Vysotsky's character wrests his horse from a high-ranking officer. Horses were prized, but in those conditions, their excess was a burden. Even draft horses were no longer needed, as the only way out of Crimea was to the pier—to the steamship, where there wasn't even enough room for people. In general, it would be interesting to trace the military actions in Crimea from this perspective in historical perspective—how much cavalry was there? I recall the famous attack at Balaklava—was it because they were so generously thrown under the Russian army's fire that cavalry wasn't really needed there? A seditious thought, of course.

[iva12936]

My dad made me study, then I was the lead singer at the training camp. '87. Then I realized the power of song.

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: Uncle Lee

White Army, Black Baron
They’re preparing the royal throne for us again
But from the taiga to the British seas
The Red Army is the strongest.

So let the Red
Compresses powerfully
Your bayonet with a calloused hand
And we all must
Uncontrollably
Go to the last mortal battle!

There's certainly a lot of pathos. But the war with Poland demonstrated the Red Army's worth.
Well, the Whites had no chance of winning at that time, given the Red Army's tenfold superiority.

[VLR]

Do you remember that it was the Red Army that defeated the Third Reich? Not the Soviet Army yet.
As for the numerical superiority of the Red Army over the Whites, this clearly shows on whose side and for whom the Russian people fought in the civil war.

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: VlR

Do you remember that it was the Red Army that defeated the Third Reich? Not the Soviet Army yet.
As for the numerical superiority of the Red Army over the Whites, this clearly shows on whose side and for whom the Russian people fought in the civil war.

In 43, it was already a different Red Army. And we're talking about the 20s.
Well, the losses of the "invincible and legendary" speak for themselves. Both in the Finnish War and in World War II.

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: VlR

This clearly shows on whose side and for whom the Russian people fought in the civil war.

No, this demonstrates the varying capabilities of mobilizing the population. Initially, the Volunteer Army consisted of officers, cadets, and Cossacks, whose numbers were significantly smaller. Later, the size of the force was determined by the size of the territory under its control and the industrial capacity to produce weapons, which the Whites simply lacked.

[north 2]

That gray poster at the beginning of the article sums up the entire narrative. Everything is gray there except for two flags. The Red Army under the red flag, the White Army under the white-blue-red flag. And all the people on both sides are the same, even like a gray mass. Perhaps a commissar in the Red Army is in the front ranks, and a priest in the White Army is in the back ranks. So what color flag flies over Russia today? And no one writes articles about how the counter-revolutionaries played the long game, and the White Guard flag ultimately won in 1991. Enough about those White Guards of the 1920s, let's write articles about the White Guards of the 1990s. About their leaders and commanders. Their flag flies over Russia today. After all, they ultimately won...

[know]

gray poster at the beginning of the article

On which only the flags are distinguished and highlighted - in my opinion - has great symbolic significance, emphasizing the tragic nature of the events of that war, when brothers fought to the death, and any White Guard, under slightly different circumstances, could have found himself in the ranks of the Red Army, including officers, of whom there were many among the Reds

[know]

Let's have articles about the White Guards from the nineties of the same century.

The oligarchs are actively participating with their grants, funding commissioned articles about the "holy 90s." After all, someone paid for all these years the anti-Soviet and Russophobic films, plays, "analytical programs," books and articles, the erection of monuments to Kolchak and Solzhenitsyn, the renaming of streets; someone pushed through Solzhenitsyn's inclusion in school programs, and is protecting the Yeltsin Centers. Someone is fiercely defending Kolchak here in the comments. The monuments to Kolchak, Solzhenitsyn, and the Yeltsin Centers are links in the same chain.

[Reptiloid]

Quote: vet

Let's have articles about the White Guards from the nineties of the same century.

The oligarchs will actively participate with their grants, paying for commissioned articles about the "holy 90s". ...... .

As for exposés and articles about the "saintly" 90s, I don't think that will happen. But writing more about the Civil War and the White Guard atrocities is right and necessary. We need to explain what the Reds promised the people, and what slogans the Whites had. In other words, none.

[Per se.]

Quote: Reptiloid

What slogans did the whites have?

Remember the slogans of 1991? The people were promised democracy and a renewed Union. No one mentioned capitalism, but that's precisely what was quietly imposed, and instead of a renewed USSR, a sham CIS was created. The events in Kyiv (2014) were called an unconstitutional coup d'état. But wasn't the Moscow "Maidan" of 1991 an unconstitutional coup d'état, when both the Constitution and the results of the All-Union referendum for the preservation of the Soviet Union were trampled upon? They're the same thing, the same pro-Western putsch. Interestingly, Gorbachev didn't bring the three traitors who voluntarily declared the dissolution of the USSR from Belovezhskaya Pushcha to trial, but instead meekly lowered the red flag in the Kremlin. What else? Who came up with the idea, with the State Emergency Committee, to send an army to Moscow, to botch everything and discredit it? Wasn't the US State Department and the CIA even needed for such a "good" cause? And finally, members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union—how could it be, the second-largest party in the world (after China)—couldn't find a single brain among its millions of members? They all merged, became renegades and traitors, or, like Gennady Andreyevich, remained to puff out their cheeks to the old dogmas. We squandered a great country, but got our fill of Coke and rubbed our scrotums with our jeans.

[Reptiloid]

I agree with you. But it seems to me that now it is more important to talk about the successes of the USSR and the Reds. The events of the 90s are not clear to everyone, except for those who clearly witnessed everything at a conscious age (and even then, not everyone immediately understood what was happening or had happened). Otherwise, if we conduct such revelations, we will get a continuation of the theme of "pay and repent." And this is unacceptable. Young people will only understand the repentant tone and then will attack. But they will not delve into it. For example, I find it very difficult to understand the Soviet intrigues of perestroika, or post-perestroika. Despite how much I would like to and how many times I have read and listened to them. To talk and remember only the achievements and successes of the USSR, the victory over the fascists, the restoration of the country, industrialization. Since after the catastrophe there are no achievements, there are losses in everything.

[Per se.]

Quote: Reptiloid

But it seems to me that now it is more important to talk about the successes of the USSR

The current government is already exploiting things it essentially has nothing to do with. On the one hand, they pompously celebrate the victory over Hitler, while on the other, they shamefully close the Mausoleum where our soldiers threw the banners and standards of the defeated Wehrmacht divisions. Past achievements and successes are being appropriated by our bourgeoisie. If in 1922, when the USSR was created, it was a technologically dependent and semi-literate agrarian country devastated by the First World War and the Civil War, then 34 years later (1956), it was a nuclear superpower, launching the world's first satellite into space a year later (1957). What have newly minted billionaires created during the years of capitalism, developing only what brings short-term profit, eating into the Soviet Union's reserves, and trading raw materials for semi-finished products. Domestic science, healthcare, education, design bureaus, research institutes, everything has been optimized, distorted, or even closed down and bankrupted.
The SVO litmus test is that you can't lie forever, you can't endlessly pass off isolated successes as serial achievements, especially when blood has been spilled, and quite a bit of it. Here, either the country will be turned into an outright colony, or the renegades will face bayonets and pitchforks, or even a shameful capitulation. Unfortunately, optimism here only works in the sense that "things are still far from over."

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: Reptiloid

Quote: vet

Let's have articles about the White Guards from the nineties of the same century.

The oligarchs will actively participate with their grants, paying for commissioned articles about the "holy 90s". ...... .

As for exposés and articles about the "saintly" 90s, I don't think that will happen. But writing more about the Civil War and the White Guard atrocities is right and necessary. We need to explain what the Reds promised the people, and what slogans the Whites had. In other words, none.

It would be better to write how many people died from 30 to 53.

[VLR]

These figures have been known for a long time.
The Commission for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression, established during Perestroika by Gorbachev's Politburo member Yakovlev, determined that during the entire existence of Soviet power, from 1919 to 1990, 3,786,094 people were convicted of political offenses, of whom 642,980 were executed. Moreover, 90% of these arrests and executions occurred in just two years – 1937 and 1938. Nikolai Yezhov was the head of the NKVD at the time. To get rid of him, Lavrenty Beria had to be summoned to Moscow.
Incidentally, the infamous Article 58 had 14 clauses. Only three of them were "political" (like "counterrevolutionary agitation"). The rest were espionage, terrorism, banditry, and so on. So, not everyone convicted under this article "suffered for telling jokes."
Despite all efforts, only about 800 thousand people managed to rehabilitate Yakovlev's commission: the rest (almost three million) were justly convicted and no grounds for rehabilitation were found.
At the time of Stalin's death in March 1953, there were 2,526,402 prisoners in prisons and camps. Political prisoners constituted 221,435 (8,76%). Moreover, many of them at the time were Banderites, SS men from the Baltics and Western Ukraine, Vlasovites, and policemen.
Disappointed?

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: VlR

These figures have been known for a long time.
Victim Rehabilitation Commission
Disappointed?

No. For starters, we can compare how many people were executed by the corrupt tsarist regime since the Decembrist uprising, for example.
Well, Nikolai Yezhov is a typical product of the system with minimal education, just like the other Agranovs, Frinovskys and other scum of society.

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: VlR

These figures have been known for a long time.
The Commission for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression, established during Perestroika by Gorbachev's Politburo member Yakovlev, determined that during the entire existence of Soviet power, from 1919 to 1990, 3,786,094 people were convicted of political offenses, of whom 642,980 were executed. Moreover, 90% of these arrests and executions occurred in just two years – 1937 and 1938. Nikolai Yezhov was the head of the NKVD at the time. To get rid of him, Lavrenty Beria had to be summoned to Moscow.
Yakovlev's commission managed to rehabilitate only about 800 thousand people: the rest (almost three million) were convicted fairly
Disappointed?

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: VlR

These figures have been known for a long time.
The Commission for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression, established during Perestroika by Gorbachev's Politburo member Yakovlev, determined that during the entire existence of Soviet power, from 1919 to 1990, 3,786,094 people were convicted under political articles, of whom 642,980 were executed. Moreover, 90% of these arrests and executions occurred in just two years – 1937 and 1938. Yakovlev's commission managed to rehabilitate only about 800,000 people.

And before Yezhov there was Yagoda.
After Frinovsky's arrest, before his execution, his wife and 18 son were shot.
Or will you claim that Bukharin, Blucher, Rychagov and others were shot correctly?
Truly, there were more than enough people in the USSR.

[know]

Blucher was executed correctly, unfortunately, too late. He destroyed the entire Far Eastern Military District. The shells lay rusting under the birch trees in the forest for years. The soldiers didn't know how to throw grenades. Division headquarters were housed in huts in the open field, and the privates in winter lived in dugouts rather than barracks.

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: vet

Blucher was executed correctly, unfortunately, too late. He destroyed the entire Far Eastern Military District. The shells lay rusting under the birch trees in the forest for years. The soldiers didn't know how to throw grenades. Division headquarters were housed in huts in the open field, and the privates in winter lived in dugouts rather than barracks.

It was possible to send them to construction sites of the national economy.

[Reptiloid]

Better yet, write down how many people suffered from the disaster. Actually, it's already been written. Academician Gundmrov wrote an article called "LIBERAL REPRESSIONS." It's online.

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: Reptiloid

Better yet, write down how many people suffered from the disaster. Actually, it's already been written. Academician Gundmrov wrote an article called "LIBERAL REPRESSIONS." It's online.

What does catastrophe have to do with this? We're talking about a confrontation between two systems—the Russian Empire and the USSR.

[Reptiloid]

So the catastrophe was a confrontation between two systems: Socialism and Capitalism. Only few understood this at the time.

[Uncle lee]

Quote: north 2

So what color is the flag flying over Russia today? And no one's writing articles about how the counter-revolutionaries played the long game and the White Guard flag ultimately won in 1991.

[Foul skeptic]

I also always remember and remind people about the staff captain's chevron, as a marker of the country's preferred development.

[Obi-Wan Kenobi]

Directly from the "Message to the Federal Assembly" of our guarantor, the best president of our galaxy.

For the desecrated faith and its desecrated shrines. For the liberation of the Russian people from the yoke of communists, vagabonds, and convicts who utterly devastated Holy Rus'. For an end to internecine strife. For the peasant, acquiring ownership of the land he cultivates, to engage in peaceful labor.

[tatra]

That's how the enemies of the USSR and the Soviet people seized the USSR, justifying it by saying they wanted to "liberate" the Soviet people from the Communists. And before them, Hitler and the Nazis attacked the USSR and the Soviet people, justifying it by saying they wanted to "liberate" the Soviet people from the Communists.
The enemies of the USSR generally love to "liberate".

[bober1982]

It seems to me that it is inappropriate to reproach Kolchak for being a cocaine addict...... the logical outcome of a cocaine-admiral
Initially, cocaine was not prohibited in Tsarist Russia, and while before the First World War cocaine was popular among bohemian circles, after the introduction of prohibition during the war, this whole drug became widespread among ordinary people.
After the February Revolution, the country, and all levels of society, were literally mired in cocaine and morphine addiction. These sniffers were everywhere (almost everyone), even among the revolutionary pride of the Baltic sailors and even among the working class. There was even a recipe for "Baltic tea" from the Baltic sailors—a mixture of cocaine solution and strong alcohol, the effect of which, of course, was incredible.
Of course, the White officers, the Bolsheviks, and the previously mentioned General Slashchev, who according to psychiatrists was a confirmed cocaine addict, were not far behind.

[VLR]

Yes, you're right about that. The Soviet authorities later had a hard time stopping the drug epidemic provoked by the Tsarist government. Besides "Baltic tea," there was also "malinka"—an opium-laced alcoholic drink. Drugs were generally very accessible at the time, sold in pharmacies, and even heroin, the famous Bayer company, was produced as a cough medicine. As for cocaine, A. Vertinsky (another drug addict) recalled:

"Cocaine was initially sold openly in pharmacies in sealed brown jars... Many people were addicted to it. Actors carried bottles in their vest pockets and "loaded up" before each appearance on stage. Actresses carried cocaine in compacts... I remember once looking out the window of the attic where we lived (the window overlooked the roof) and seeing that the entire slope beneath my window was strewn with brown, empty jars of Moscow cocaine."

[VLR]

Incidentally, drugs were also treated quite calmly abroad at the turn of the century. One might recall Sherlock Holmes, who not only smoked or snorted, but even injected morphine intravenously—and none of his readers seemed bothered by it. How about this excerpt from "The Sign of Four":

“What today,” I asked, “morphine or cocaine?”
Holmes lazily looked away from the old book with Gothic script.
“Cocaine,” he replied. “Seven percent. Would you like to try it?”

[know]

By the way, that same Freud actively prescribed cocaine to his patients, whom he proposed to treat depression, sexual dysfunction, as well as morphine and alcohol addiction!
Bayer heroin was also used to treat morphine addicts.

[know]

What do you think of this truly pastoral cocaine advertisement?

[know]

In fact, when you read the unpolished history of medicine, the recommendations of recognized "luminaries" sometimes make your hair stand on end. Indeed, it was WHO officials who recently killed countless people with their recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic, who were stricken with what was essentially a common cold (ARI). Now, no one's paying attention to this COVID-19 anymore, and by God, no one's trying to treat it by "shooting sparrows with cannons."

[Alexey RA]

Quote: vet

What do you think of this truly pastoral cocaine advertisement?

Alaverdi is a cough syrup.

But there was also "Radiator":

The composition included only three components:
1. Distilled water.
2. Isotope Radium 226.
3. Isotope Radium 228.
The drink's slogan was "Eternal Sunshine" or "The medicine that raises even the dead."

[3x3zsave]

There was also "Solutan", also a cough syrup.

[Alexey RA]

Quote: 3x3zsave

There was also "Solutan", also a cough syrup.

Oh yes... childhood medications: Solutan cough drops and Sunoref nasal ointment. Ephedrine in both.

[know]

Well, ephedrine isn't cannabis, cocaine, or opium. It's an alkaloid with psychoactive properties, but not in the doses found in Solutan.

[Reptiloid]

Hello Valery! I really enjoyed the article, thank you.

Quote: VlR

........the same heroin was produced by the famous company "Bayer" as a cough medicine.......

Dmitry Peretolchin wrote about this in his book "New Farben Order: The History of the Synthesis of the New World Order", in the collection "DE SECRETO"The book is dedicated to the global chemical concerns -- IG Farben and others, who started with synthetic indigo and later became famous for aniline dyes, explosives, rubber, penicillin, and sarin, along with mustard gas.
As for Vertinsky, he wrote a whole romance about how all his roads were covered in silver dust from cocaine; my grandmother heard this when the poet himself was still alive.

[know]

He also has a funny little song called "Cocainet":

Why are you crying here, you lonely, stupid child?
Crucified with cocaine in the wet boulevards of Moscow?
...
You have already been poisoned by the autumn boulevard slush
And I know that by screaming you can jump out of your mind.
And when you die on this bench, nightmare
Your lilac corpse will be shrouded in darkness...

[Reptiloid]

Quote: VlR

....... A. Vertinsky (another drug addict) recalled

...the entire slope under my window is strewn with brown empty jars of Moscow cocaine."

I was really surprised, apparently, where did all this come from? and not remember

[Sergey Ermakov]

The conditions of assistance from the "bright Western allies" have not changed from century to century.

[Korsar4]

And, unfortunately, the eastern ones too. In our resource trade with China, the Chinese side is a tough negotiator.

He can afford it now.

[know]

China and India, under the guise of "friends," are now simply robbing Russia, literally twisting its arms and demanding ever-increasing discounts for non-renewable resources. The Indians have been particularly reckless, having, thanks to the stupidity of our rulers, been able to pay for oil and gas with worthless rupees. This is the price of the irresponsible policies of the Russian authorities, who naively believed that without Russian oil and gas, Europe would "freeze" and therefore be stuck. They amused themselves with all sorts of cartoons and KVN skits, convincing both themselves and us that Europe was stuck.

[know]

And it all turned out like this, unfortunately:

[bober1982]

Quote: vet

like this, unfortunately:

Interestingly, this is a picture from a Ukrainian Russian-language foreign broadcasting channel (!)
There is also a logo in the picture, unfortunately.
From the joke... Stirlitz made a mistake on trifles

[know]

A picture from the internet—just that. But if it's true—what else can you do? All hopes for "General Frost" were, alas, dashed this time. Of course, there was a chance to strike hard—if gas supplies had been cut off outright in 2014. But they played it safe, giving us time and the opportunity to establish alternative supplies. Yes, it's more expensive, but considering they're not paying in gold, or even paper, but virtual euros, which are just pixels on a computer screen, it's not a big deal. The US budget deficit isn't exactly a concern: like Popandopoulos, they'll just draw up whatever dollars they need.

[bober1982]

Quote: vet

Like Popandopulo, they'll draw as many dollars as they need.

The song "Popandopulo" from the film "Wedding in Malinovka"
---- on the sea sand - I met Marusya, in pink stockings........
There it is.

[Sanya Terek]

Maybe we ourselves allow China to do this?

[Korsar4]

In any transaction there are two parties.

[bober1982]

Heal me, O Lord, forget about the abomination that I wrote in a fit of madness, drunk, on cocaine.......
M. Bulgakov (The White Guard)
Mikhail Afanasyevich, he himself was carried away.

[Songwolf]

The author clearly lacks the impartiality so essential to a historian! The Soviet cliches of the past are clearly evident.
I'd like to ask, from whom did General Kappel steal the gold reserves? Should he have nobly left it to the Red thieves?
If we talk about the transfer of Russian wealth into the hands of French businessmen, then for the sake of balance we cannot fail to mention the concessions that Lenin was ready to grant to the West, who wrote that he was ready to sell half of Russia to help in the fight against the Whites.
With this approach to historical events, the war between the Whites and the Reds will never end!
Finally, I would like to present to the author, a lover of the poems of this insignificant drunkard and coward, the true proletarian poet Demyan Bedny, poems from a collection of proclamation poems of that time.
Arise, oppressed comrade,
No more slavery on earth!
Semen Mikhailovich Budyonny
He rode on a red mare!

[bober1982]

Quote from Songwolf

With this approach to historical events, the war between the Whites and the Reds will never end!

This "war" between the Whites and the Reds is being artificially maintained; any calls to stop this whole squabble, any words about the civil war being a fratricidal war, are met with hostility.

[tatra]

Why did the anti-Soviet forces steal the gold reserves from the RSFSR? And what a cowardly way to shift the blame onto others every time it comes to something you yourself have done. Learn to take responsibility for what you yourself have done.

[qQQQ]

Quote from Songwolf

to the red thieves?

It was as if the Reds were the legitimate government at that moment. More legitimate than they weren't.

[Olgovich]

Quote: qqqq

It was as if the Reds were the legitimate government at that moment. More legitimate than they weren't.

who recognized her in 1918, except German occupiers? And who in Russia? They lost the elections, let me remind you.

The legitimate authority is KOMUCH and VSYUR, which did not recognize the thieving invaders.

[qQQQ]

Quote: Olgovich

Who recognized it in 1918, except the German occupiers?

Considering the outcome of the Civil War in Russia, the people recognized it, but for the rest it was all the same.

[Olgovich]

Quote: qqqq

Considering the outcome of the Civil War in Russia, the people recognized it

The result is GV-cm out the window, except for clowns, there are no more.

[qQQQ]

Quote: Olgovich

The result of GW-cm out the window

Those who seized power in '17 are completely different people from those of '91. Neither in intelligence nor in convictions. Don't confuse a gift from God with scrambled eggs.

[Olgovich]

Quote: qqqq

Those who took power in '17 are completely different people from those of '91. Neither in intelligence nor in convictions.

A significant recognition—big one. The government was only able to raise Yeltsin/Gorbatykh to lead—complete degradation...

[qQQQ]

Quote: Olgovich

The authorities were only able to raise EBNv/gorbatykh

There's some truth to this. But no government can guarantee a sufficiently wise and competent successor. Tsarism degenerated into Nicholas II and the aristocracy, who wasted the country. The fact that this is happening now isn't the Communists' doing, but rather a consequence of bourgeois politics. And there are plenty of examples of incompetent and downright stupid leaders abroad.

[Olgovich]

Quote: qqqq

Tsarism degenerated into Nicholas II

During Nicholas's 22 years, Russia "degenerated" growth the number of citizens by 50% - by 60 million people.
Under the Bolsheviks it came to extinction.

And who degenerated?

[qQQQ]

Quote: Olgovich

And who degenerated?

Under Nicholas, Russia sold its best men for rifles and shells, and hundreds of thousands periodically died of starvation. And without the communists, it's unlikely they would have won WWII, let alone the atomic project.

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: qqqq

Quote: Olgovich

And who degenerated?

Under Nicholas, Russia sold its best men for rifles and shells, and hundreds of thousands periodically died of starvation. And without the communists, it's unlikely they would have won WWII, let alone the atomic project.

And under the USSR, without any sales, the best people fought in Spain, Vietnam, Egypt, Syria... And they even got paid extra.

[qQQQ]

Quote: Panin (Michman)

the best people fought in Spain

The most developed countries almost always project their policies onto other countries. And in many cases, this involves sending their troops. The USSR and Russia are no exception. But selling out their people was the preserve of the Tsarist Empire in the Russian Empire, a sign of economic backwardness.

[VLR]

The Romanovs' sale of Russians has a long history. Peter the Great, for example, in 1716 exchanged 55 tall soldiers with Friedrich Wilhelm I for the unnecessary and even unfinished Amber Room, which then gathered dust for a long time and was not installed until 1743.
After his father's assassination, Alexander I sold soldiers to England at a profit. According to the agreement of March 30, 1805, the British paid 12,5 million rubles for 100 soldiers (125 rubles per head), plus a quarter of that amount for mobilization. This meant that the price of one soldier reached 156 rubles 25 kopecks. Meanwhile, "revisionist souls" in Russia at the time cost between 70 and 120 rubles. A "profitable" deal, to be sure.

[know]

The dynasty cursed by Marina Mnishek, in which "sons will kill fathers, and wives will kill husbands," and which "having begun its reign with the death of an innocent child, will end it with the death of its innocent children,"

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: VlR

The Romanovs' sale of Russians has a long history. Peter the Great, for example, in 1716 exchanged 55 tall soldiers with Friedrich Wilhelm I for the unnecessary and even unfinished Amber Room, which then gathered dust for a long time and was not installed until 1743.
After his father's assassination, Alexander I sold soldiers to England at a profit. According to the agreement of March 30, 1805, the British paid 12,5 million rubles for 100 soldiers (125 rubles per head), plus a quarter of that amount for mobilization. This meant that the price of one soldier reached 156 rubles 25 kopecks. Meanwhile, "revisionist souls" in Russia at the time cost between 70 and 120 rubles. A "profitable" deal, to be sure.

Wait, what do you mean they sold soldiers to England? Who commanded these soldiers? Where did they fight? Russia was at war with Napoleon. Do you believe in the possibility of peaceful coexistence with him? Just like you believed in peaceful coexistence with Germany during WWI? Do you seriously think Napoleon and Wilhelm, having defeated England, wouldn't have gone to Russia? Alexander managed to pull off the trick by having the English foot the military bill.

[VLR]

Alexander also managed to successfully arrange for the British to pay for the military expenses.

But Russia didn't need this war at all. France didn't even have a common border with our country. And Bonaparte wanted to fight England, which he sincerely hated, not Russia. But the British simply bought the Russian army, and Alexander I acted as a banal mercenary. And what happened? Alexander, having killed countless Russian peasants, literally dragged the French Empire to Russia's borders.

[Panin (midshipman)]

Quote: VlR

Alexander also managed to successfully arrange for the British to pay for the military expenses.

But Russia didn't need this war at all. France didn't even have a common border with our country. And Bonaparte wanted to fight England, which he sincerely hated, not Russia. But the British simply bought the Russian army, and Alexander I acted as a banal mercenary. And what happened? Alexander, having killed countless Russian peasants, literally dragged the French Empire to Russia's borders.

He couldn't fight England on land in principle. And he couldn't land on the island because of the English fleet. The evacuation from Egypt clearly demonstrated this.
And so, Napoleon conquered all of Europe. Just like Hitler.

[Songwolf]

Both the Reds and the Whites are one people! All references to the concept of "people" are manipulations!

[Korsar4]

And these manipulations are still being used. And people are falling for them. That's what's surprising.

[Old electrician]

Olgovich
The legitimate authority is KOMUCH and VSYUR, which did not recognize the thieving invaders.

– I have no doubt that with such views you will sell Russia for 5 non-denominated kopecks.
On June 8, 1918, in the territory controlled by the Czechoslovak Corps, the Committee of Members of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly (abbreviated KOMUCH) was established by order of British General Alfred Knox and French General Maurice Janin. As we can see, democracy is a representative form of occupation administration appointed by the US State Department, England, and France.
On August 7, 1918, the Czechoslovak Whites seized the Tsar's gold reserves, which had been given to the Bolsheviks by Kerensky. According to Russian émigré S.G. Petrov, as of November 1917, the reserves of the Central Bank of Imperial Russia, taking into account the 38,75 tons of gold obtained from mines during the war, worth 50 million rubles, amounted to 852,97 tons of gold, worth 1101,69 million rubles.
Since Tsarist times, the Russian Empire's gold reserves had been under the control of the Council of Governing Departments—the Bolsheviks left them untouched. On December 3, 1918, all 35 to 45 members of the Council (the noble Kolchakites even destroyed the lists) were arrested by General V.O. Kappel and subsequently executed. Kolchak and his gang had no need for witnesses; no one was left to interfere with the great "tyring." Moreover, the exact amount "stolen" will likely forever remain a mystery. Numerous articles on Kolchak's gold claim that the gold reserves seized in Kazan amounted to 650 million gold rubles, or 503 tons at the pre-war ruble exchange rate. This is slightly incorrect.
The Great "Tyring" began with a telegram from August 9, 1918, in which Kappel telegraphed the head of the occupiers, the White Czech Chechek, about the capture of Russia's gold reserves:

…The trophies are beyond counting; Russia’s gold reserves amount to 650 million…

The key word in this telegram is "The spoils are beyond counting." That's why Kolchak's men and the White Czechs began lying from the very beginning. They counted the looted goods in train cars, trucks, crates, and poods (weights) along with their containers, converted the pre-war gold exchange rate to the current one, and employed other fraudulent tactics to conceal the real figures. Because of this, all historical sources contain different figures, which are not particularly reliable.
In May 1919, a group of Omsk Bank employees began a gold count, after which a report dated May 10, 1919, established that Omsk held a total of 651,532,117 rubles worth of gold. This means that of the original 852,97 tons of gold reserves, only 504 tons remained at the pre-war ruble exchange rate. These 651 million gold rubles are now referred to as those seized in Kazan in August 1918. According to the report, by that time, one hundred million rubles in banknotes, the Tsar's platinum reserves, and at least 30000 poods (492 tons) of silver coins had already completely evaporated. To the credit of the bun-crunchers, it must be said that by May 10, 1919, gold not included in the state reserve had not yet been stolen—gold parts of instruments belonging to the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures, gold icon frames, along with the icons, other religious objects made of gold and precious stones, etc. These were stolen later.
White émigré and lieutenant colonel of Kolchak's army, Kotomkin, wrote:

…But what is extremely interesting is the following circumstance: Dr. Kudelya announces that the former Minister of Finance of the Samara “Komuch” I.M. Brushvit himself, in a report on the Kazan gold, stated that officials of the State Bank estimated the value of the Kazan gold reserves at one billion one hundred million rubles (Czechosl. magazine “Przherod”, No. 3, year of publication 1).
Apparently, officials of the Kazan State Bank valued the platinum, silver, and other valuables listed in Vl. Lebedev's telegram [Lebedev, commander of the Volga Front, announced the seizure of gold reserves worth six hundred and fifty-seven million rubles in a telegram to the KOMCh] at no more or less than half a billion rubles, i.e., they constituted almost half of the entire gold reserves exported from Kazan; in addition, the aforementioned eighty million rubles sent to Samara must be added to this.
But, as we see from the figures of the Omsk Treasury, the entire gold reserve brought to Omsk amounted to only: 651.535.834 rubles 64 kopecks, i.e. a little more than half of what was exported from Samara to Ufa in September 1918.

What's interesting is how Kotomkin insists on the absolute honesty of the White Czechs in guarding and transporting the gold reserves and their non-involvement in their looting. What's especially amusing is that he doesn't even offer a guess as to where the gold, silver, platinum, and jewelry, weighing a total of five hundred to six hundred tons, went.
Gold from the state reserve was stolen by the ton by anyone and everyone. On November 9, 1919, the evacuation of gold reserves from Omsk began. En route, Ataman G.S. Semyonov stopped it and, despite Kolchak's cries, telegraphed 711 six-pood boxes of gold coins from the train at his own expense, worth between 70 and 90 million rubles in gold (between 54 and 70 tons). Such a wide range of weights is explained by the fact that some of the boxes had already been emptied. Instead of gold coins, the boxes contained cobblestones. It is unknown how and where the Pepeliaev brothers' steamship "Permyak" disappeared, carrying gold from the tsar's treasury. Ataman of the Ussuri Cossacks, Yesaul I.M. Kalmykov took 36 poods (590,4 kg) of gold to Manchuria, etc., etc. According to the inventory of the White Guard Minister of Finance V.I. Moravsky, the atamans alone transferred 10 million gold rubles, 170 thousand US dollars, 25 thousand pounds sterling, 424 thousand gold francs, 450 thousand Mexican dollars (silver Mexican dollars were the official currency of China and circulated in Russia) to Japan.
To this day, enthusiasts are looking for Kolchak's gold throughout Siberia. In vain chores. About 200 tons were transferred to Japan, which then waived any debt obligations. After the civil war, about 3 million pounds sterling (22 tons) were credited to the accounts of the Kolchakites in London in the name of K.E. von Substitution, in New York $ 22,5 million (37,6 tons) - on the account of S.A. Ugeta, over 6 million yen (9 tons) in Tokyo - K.K. Miller. This is only part of the list that the USSR tried to return.
Ultimately, of the 852,4 tons of gold reserves seized by Kolchak (we forgive him the other "red gold," platinum, and silver), the Czechs returned only 316,7 tons to the Bolsheviks for the cost of transit via the Trans-Siberian Railway. Of the "evaporated" gold reserves, the fate of only 150 tons is known; Kolchak officially donated them to his "allies." Essentially, this was a bribe for international recognition of Kolchak's government, which never materialized. The rest, including hundreds of tons of unaccounted-for jewelry, was simply stolen.
I'd like to point out that Kolchak didn't buy weapons with gold, but on credit, which Kerensky had already arranged. Moreover, Kolchak didn't simply guarantee the "allies" payment of the debts of the Tsarist government and Kerensky, totaling 18,5 billion gold rubles, equivalent to 23895 tons of gold. He also renegotiated a new loan agreement for these debts, paying off the loans at double interest. Naturally, these debts were to be paid by the Russian population, already robbed by the Whites and the interventionists. The funniest thing is that the Entente demanded that the loan Kolchak used to fight the Bolsheviks be repaid to Lenin along with the Tsar's debts. Lenin replied: "Volobuyev! Take that for yourself..."
By 1929, of the 316,7 tons of gold returned by the Czechs to the Bolsheviks, only about 150 tons remained. The remainder was spent on purchasing steam locomotives, various railway equipment, breeding stock, and so on. For example, the Treaty of Versailles prohibited Germany from maintaining a submarine fleet. Taking advantage of this opportunity, the Bolsheviks used the Tsar's gold to purchase the latest German submarine diesel engines. To create a false front, they installed a few in locomotives, and the rest were used to build submarines. These diesel engines laid the foundation for domestic diesel engine manufacturing. They were the origin of the V-2 and V-2-34 tank diesel engines for the T-34 tank, the V-2K for the KV-1 and KV-2, and all of our tank engine manufacturing.
From 1929, Stalin began accumulating the USSR's gold reserves. By the day of Stalin's death on March 5, 1953, they amounted to 2804 tons of gold.
By the end of 1953, Khrushchev, the foreman of the first perestroika, had squandered over 700 tons of gold. What wouldn't you do to promote universal human values! Like, for example, the rehabilitation of Banderov's followers. Therefore, by January 1, 1954, the USSR's gold reserves already stood at 2051 tons. According to other sources, the balance at the end of 1953 was 2049 tons—a discrepancy of two to three tons of gold used for the fight against Stalinism.
In total, the USSR sold 8,2 tons of gold on the world market between 1953 and 1991. The culmination was Gorbachev's Perestroika. Therefore, as of October 1991, the USSR's gold reserves stood at 290 tons. Finita la comédia.

[Olgovich]

Quote: Old electrician

m British General Alfred Knox and French General Maurice Janin Was assigned Committee of Members of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly (abbreviated KOMUCH).

order to the barrel, lover of lies.
The Komuch government was formed under illegal conditions in the spring of 1918.

Quote: Old electrician

The gold reserves of the Russian Empire were under the control of the Council of Governors of the departments; the Bolsheviks did not touch them

Where did the bandits give the Germans hundreds of tons of gold from?

[Songwolf]

Why is this? This power was obtained through a criminal coup and was not recognized by anyone.

[Old electrician]

Forgive this indiscreet question! Who was supposed to recognize Soviet power? Hitler and other universalists? Soviet power was self-sufficient and wasn't dependent, unlike today, on international crooks. Tell me! Who in the West now recognizes the legitimacy of power in the Russian Federation? The ICC, for example, issued an arrest warrant for Russian President Putin. What is this?! International recognition of Russian power? No one issued arrest warrants for Lenin and Stalin.

[Songwolf]

Any power gained through a coup while the country is at war cannot be considered legitimate. And the leaders' calls to transform the "imperialist war into a civil war" are nothing short of treason!

[Old electrician]

Any power obtained through a coup while the country is in a state of war cannot be considered legitimate.

– golden words! Our autocrat, Nick II of Holstein-Gottorp, was overthrown as a result of a conspiracy orchestrated by the British ambassador to Russia, the ardent Russophobe Sir Buchanan, with the support of the French government. The list of members of the "Provisional Government," dubbed the "Government of Confidence," was published by the British embassy back in 1916. What's more, England and France denied political asylum to the martyr Nick II and his family. It was a death sentence. Whoever carried it out doesn't play the piano.
The Bolsheviks accomplished a sacred task – they overthrew the puppet, Russophobic Provisional Government, which had been selling out Russia's national interests during the war. Honor and praise to them for this. I appreciate your loyalty to the governments of England, France, and the United States, but I do not share it. Just don't let this nonsense about allied duty fill your ears. From the first days of the war, Russia received nothing from its so-called "allies" except betrayal. Therefore, it owes them absolutely nothing.

[gsev]

Quote from Songwolf

I would like to ask, from whom did General Kappel steal the gold reserves?

The gold stolen by Kappel was mostly seized by the Czechs. This means Kappel fought for foreign powers.

[Songwolf]

Well, yes! Why know geography if there are cabbies!

[oleg Pesotsky]

A very good series of articles. Interesting, accessible, and accurately documented. Without any abstruse explanations or a convoluted style of presentation. My sincere respect to the author.

[Non-fighter]

Wrangel recognized the financial obligations of all "Russian governments" to France in full and guaranteed repayment of the debts over 35 years, with interest accruing at 6,5% per annum. He promised France all grain exported from Ukraine and Kuban, three-quarters of all oil produced in Russia, and a quarter of the coal produced in Donbas.

I always suspected that foreign aid to the Whites was not without merit; it was most likely an investment. They traded the remnants of military equipment from the First World War for resources.

[tatra]

Churchill, in his memoirs, wrote about Britain's aid to Deninkin's troops: "It would be a mistake to think that throughout this year we fought on the fronts for the cause of the Russians hostile to the Bolsheviks. On the contrary, the Russian White Guards fought for our cause."

[Volga-1980]

Thus, the situation in the former Ukrainian SSR at the moment completely repeats what happened after the October Socialist Revolution in this territory, only in darker tones.

[Olgovich]

Major General William Sidney Graves (commander of the US Army Expeditionary Force in Siberia in 1918-1920) wrote the following in his book "America's Siberian Adventure":

Semenov organized what were known as "killing stations"

Semenov sued Graves for libel in the United States, and the court ruled that Graves was a liar and a slanderer.
For discrediting the army, a demand was put forward to dismiss him from the army.

January 8 1920 Mr. Kolchak disbanded the last units remaining loyal to him

The author should have gone to school, there he learned about the Great Siberian campaign of the Russian army and the storming of Irkutsk... by a "disbanded" army with 24 January with the aim of freeing Kolchak.
Fearing the liberation of Irkutsk, the Ulyans ordered the destruction of the Ruler.

The "disbanded" army, including the Izhevsk Proletarian Division, marched 2500 kilometers under the most difficult conditions and reached Chita. The units that emerged were ready to continue the fight.

It should be noted that the necklace of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and the diamond-studded sword of the heir Alexei were seized.

That is, the Bosheviks robbed the woman and child they had torn to pieces, taking their personal belongings.

Etc. etc.

The article is biased, with many errors, a minus.

There is a monument to Wrangel in Crimea, Kappel is buried with honor in the heart of Russia, and the Russian flag is above Russia.

[VLR]

Semenov sued Graves for libel in the United States, and the court ruled that Graves was a liar and a slanderer.

I would advise you to finally stop using Korotich's perestroika-era Ogonyok as a source. In fact, Semenov had no time to go to court in the US, as he was immediately arrested there on war crimes charges, and American newspapers quite rightly called him a "butcher" and a "degenerate." Semenov managed to get released on $25 bail—a huge sum at the time, raising the question: where did this White émigré get it? He stole it in Siberia; he had nowhere else to get that kind of money. Upon his release, he immediately fled to Canada. From there, he moved to Japan.

The "disbanded" army, under the most difficult conditions, made a 2500 km march and reached Chita.

Graves:

“The Reds (Bolsheviks) are supported (in Siberia) by about 45%, the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) by about 40%, about 10% is divided between other parties, and 5% remains for the military, officials, and supporters of Kolchak... right up until the fall of the Omsk government, Kolchak’s army was a retreating band.”

[VLR]

General Graves and his deputy, Colonel Charles Morrow, officially declared in the US Senate:

"Semenov is responsible for the extermination of entire villages, unleashing a deliberate campaign of murder, rape and pillage that cost the lives of 100 men, women and children."

Graves retired only in 1928. The trial was based on his claim that American officers were also executed on Semyonov's orders. This claim has not been confirmed. Everything else about Semyonov's atrocities against the civilian population of Siberia has never raised, and still does not raise, the slightest doubt.

[Olgovich]

Quote: VlR

I would advise you to finally stop using Korotich's perestroika "Ogonyok" as a source

Throw away the Bolshevik manuals, you're in trouble, because they lie. always.

In the spring and summer of 1922 in Vancouver and New York under oath Graves testified against Ataman Semyonov, accusing him of shooting American soldiers. Semyonov won the court case, refuting with the help of General Knox the accusations of Graves and having convicted him of slanderAfter Graves lost his trial, a number of high-ranking American military officials demanded the disgraced general's removal from the armed forces (c).

The Bolshevik servant lied under oath, his actions speak for themselves:
In their area of ​​responsibility, the Americans did not oppose the Red partisans and Bolshevik workers of the Suchan coal mines. As a result, large Red gangs formed in Primorye.

When rifles purchased by the Kolchak government in the United States began arriving in Vladivostok on American ships in the fall of 1919, Graves refused to send them further by rail

Quote: VlR

General Graves and his deputy, Colonel Charles Morrow, officially appeared in the US Senate

LIED under oath.
The servant's attempt to hold Semenov accountable for his "crimes" failed.

Quote: VlR

Graves:
“The Reds (Bolsheviks) are supported (in Siberia) by about 45%, the socialists-

this liar was in Primorye and had no idea about Siberia.

[Volga-1980]

Olgovich, you are an enemy, but an enemy whose presence is visible; your monarchist, White Guard stench gives you away.

[know]

Olgovich is so predictable that he practically doesn't waste time writing comments. He just needs to write, as in the joke about Lieutenant Rzhevsky, "Comment No. 1" or "Message No. 3." And everyone will understand—praise for Kolchak, or praise for Nicholas II.

[tatra]

Well, you, enemies of the USSR and the Soviet people, both under the rule of the Bolshevik-Communists, and especially after your seizure of the USSR during your totally false anti-Soviet Perestroika, with everything you did, said and wrote, that you were for the external and internal enemies of the USSR and the Soviet people, you all together unleashed two wars against the Soviet people.
And yet you still have the audacity to rant and rave that you and others like you were repressed by the communists for absolutely no reason, that you are all such “innocent victims.”

[tatra]

With the freedom Gorbachev gave the enemies of the USSR and the Soviet people from the communists, they not only, at the expense of the labor of others, at the expense of their country and people, OBTAINED everything for which they had been thirsting to take the country from the Bolshevik-communists and their supporters throughout the entire period after the October Revolution, but also completely proved everything about themselves, and proved that there is nothing good or useful for the country and the people in them, but even more or less normal and rational.
Here, they simultaneously praise the White Guards, the White Cossacks, who unleashed the war against the Bolsheviks and their supporters, erect monuments to them, and at the same time create the myth that “the Bolsheviks unleashed the Civil War.”
They are simultaneously for the separatists who during the Civil War seized parts of the territory of the RSFSR and created their own separate states on them, for the White Finns and White Poles who unleashed wars against the Bolsheviks with the aim of seizing parts of the territory of the RSFSR, and at the same time they crucify themselves by saying that "the Bolsheviks destroyed Russia."
And there is nothing normal about their seizure of the USSR either; they simultaneously slandered the Soviet communists to justify the seizure of the USSR, and at the same time shifted the blame for the seizure and dismemberment of the USSR to their evil anti-Soviet-Russophobic States onto them.

[know]

Three times Makhno fought on the side of the Soviet government and even received the Order of the Red Banner, number 4... And three times Makhno was declared an outlaw by the Bolsheviks.

Still, Batka apparently had some kind of psychopathy that interfered with his adequate perception of the situation. Other popular heroes of the civil war somehow adapted to the changing circumstances. Kotovsky, for example, was no less charismatic and passionate, and was also the leading authority figure in Odessa and Chisinau, but it was only by a strange coincidence that he didn't become Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, Mikhail Frunze.

[deddem]

Quote: Olgovich

Quote: VlR

I would advise you to finally stop using Korotich's perestroika "Ogonyok" as a source

Throw away the Bolshevik manuals, you're in trouble, because they lie. always.

In the spring and summer of 1922 in Vancouver and New York under oath Graves testified against Ataman Semyonov, accusing him of shooting American soldiers. Semyonov won the court case, refuting with the help of General Knox the accusations of Graves and having convicted him of slanderAfter Graves lost his trial, a number of high-ranking American military officials demanded the disgraced general's removal from the armed forces (c).
.

Are you an idiot? Or can't you read English?
The commission (there was no trial) merely took the evidence into consideration and came to the conclusion that there was insufficient evidence regarding the circumstances of the death of American servicemen and left the case without action.
Those. swept under the carpet.

Graves was later awarded and promoted, but you keep talking nonsense, otherwise some people might develop illusions about the presence of conscience and brains in our "monarchists".

[Olgovich]

Quote: deddem

Are you an idiot? Or can't you read English?
The commission (there was no trial) merely took the evidence into consideration.

What, you're not an idiot? , did you refute it?
Nothing - Graves LIED under oath, that's a fact, and achieved nothing.

No shame, no conscience...

[gsev]

Quote: Olgovich

Nothing - Graves LIED under oath, that's a fact, and achieved nothing.

One American accused Gaves of killing Americans, another did not confirm this. You are using some kind of twisted logic to try to turn the sadists and murderers Kolchak and Semyonov into innocent lambs.

[Grossvater]

As they used to say about the Bourbons:
"Nothing has been forgotten, nothing has been learned."

[Alexey RA]

Even many Whites were outraged by this deal; G. Rakovsky, for example, wrote, already in exile:

In exile, you can write whatever you want. But General Slashchev told Wrangel to his face that the Whites were no better than the Reds now:

My friction with Wrangel continued, it came to a reproach on my part that it seems that we are beginning to dance to the tune of the French, and we raised a rebellion against the Soviet power, as against the power set by the Germans. Why are the Germans worse than the French?

[bubalik]

there were only Kappel

A meeting of General Staff officers residing in Samara was held to discuss who would lead the volunteer units. No one volunteered for the difficult and responsible role. Everyone remained silent, embarrassed, their eyes downcast. Someone timidly suggested drawing lots. Then, a modest-looking, unknown officer who had recently arrived in Samara stood up and asked to speak. "Since there are no volunteers, then temporarily, until a senior officer is found, allow me to lead the units against the Bolsheviks," he said calmly and quietly.
A modest-looking, unknown officer who recently arrived in Samara, this is Vladimir Oskarovich Kappel.

[bubalik]

Someone wrote "Samara Group Headquarters" on the train car door.

[glock-17]

It takes a genius to use the phrase "choose a master" instead of "form of government." Once again, I'm convinced that the Whites were warriors, not politicians. The war was fought primarily for the minds of the masses, and the Bolsheviks excelled here. How quickly they used the carelessly uttered phrases of their opponents against them, through slogans and rhymes.
Wrangel's failure to reach an agreement with Makhno speaks volumes about his incompetence as a diplomat. He could have promised him Crimea as an autonomous region, and then, after victory, explained that he had misunderstood him. In the event of an attempted armed rebellion, hang him from the first birch tree he saw.

[Alexey RA]

Quote: Glock-17

Wrangel's failure to reach an agreement with Makhno speaks volumes about his incompetence as a diplomat. He could have promised him Crimea as an autonomous region, and then, after victory, explained that he had misunderstood him.

To do this, you have to be Vladimir Ilyich, who could bend the party line from War Communism right into the NEP.

[Seal]

Quote: Reptiloid

After all, they robbed the population, took everything they could -- horses, cows, supplies.

The Wrangelites had nothing left to plunder. Everything (meaning the entire population) had been robbed before them. And more than once. The Cossacks had gone to the First World War with their horses. Furthermore, during the First World War, a corresponding process of horse requisitioning for the army was carried out. The Ministry of Internal Affairs' Directorate of Military Service and its subordinate military headquarters system, as well as the General Staff's Mobilization Department and military district headquarters, local brigade commanders, and district military commanders were responsible for supplying horses. And then, after the revolution, anyone who felt like it took the remaining horses from the population. Provided, of course, that those who felt like it were armed. As the characters in the film "Chapayev" put it: "I'll send the Whites to rob. The Reds have arrived...."
Especially in the south, where, as the character in the film "Wedding in Malinovka" said - "Power is changing again" - Power changed quite frequently. So, when Wrangel came to power in southern Russia in 1920, there was nothing left to plunder. .

[Andre-2128]

On August 16, 1918, American troops under the command of General Graves entered Vladivostok. They included soldiers from the 27th and 31st Infantry Regiments, who had arrived from Manila, as well as volunteers from the 13th, 62nd, and 12th Infantry Regiments. British researcher J. Bradley wrote of the disappointment of the French and British with the Americans' behavior in the Far East: "They landed and remained passive in Vladivostok until further instructions were received. For some reason, such instructions never arrived, and the Americans remained inactive in Vladivostok throughout the entire period of the Siberian Civil War. Only a few small units ever left the city; American intervention consisted mainly of meddling in economic matters."
So why did they come? It was unclear to his contemporaries, and some still aren't. American policy from 1913 to 1921 was determined by "Colonel" House, who wasn't a military man at all, but a hereditary entrepreneur with ties to shadowy structures. "The Colonel" was his nickname. House helped Wilson win the presidential election and became his "gray eminence," deciding all important issues. Edward House participated in the creation of the Federal Reserve System in December 1913, and he also initiated the United States' entry into the war, having to persuade President Wilson, who was unwilling to drag the country into a military conflict that ran counter to the country's national interests. House was the head of the US delegation to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, where he proposed the creation of the League of Nations. In 1918, the "Colonel," with the support of GPMorgan senior partner T.W. Lamont organized a group of foreign policy experts called "The Inquiry." This group was tasked with formulating a U.S. position on the postwar European order. Many of its proposals were adopted by the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. House developed a plan that would transfer some sovereignty of European and American countries to the League of Nations (a prototype of the New World Order). But President Wilson unexpectedly rebelled and removed him from further work. Given his lack of competence in public affairs (in this respect, he resembles President Joe Biden), House's removal was the work of conservatives. Subsequently, many members of the group moved to the newly created Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), which exists to this day.
A well-known diary entry by House, written shortly before the end of World War I (September 19, 1918), reads: "I do not agree with the President about leaving Russia intact. It is too homogeneous for the safety of the world. I want to see Siberia as a separate republic, and European Russia divided into three parts..."
The emergence of the Far Eastern Republic can be seen in connection with House's plan for Russia. Let's recall the chronology of events. On August 16, 1918, American troops entered Vladivostok. The timing was opportune: Ataman Semyonov's units had by then been driven out of Transbaikalia by the Reds. One supporter of a "united and indivisible Russia" was eliminated. The Americans, by agreement with the Allies, took control of the section of the Trans-Siberian Railway from Vladivostok to Ussuriysk and the area around Verkhneudinsk. Why Verkhneudinsk? Because it was planned to establish the capital of an independent Siberian state there. The American consul reports to President Wilson and is unaware of House's plans. Therefore, General Graves, the "colonel's" confidant, periodically clashed with him over this matter. President Wilson instructed Graves to guard the Trans-Siberian Railway and assist in the evacuation of the Czechoslovak Legion from Russia. At the same time, he was supposed to maintain strict neutrality and not interfere in Russia's internal affairs. Instead, Graves supported the Reds: in the fall of 1919, he detained a shipment of rifles purchased by Kolchak in the United States. Ultimately, they never reached their intended recipients, and they failed to impede Bolshevik propaganda, thereby contributing to the growth of the Red military. However, he came into conflict with Ataman Semyonov, accusing him of cruelty. In November 1919, he participated in R. Gaida's conspiracy against Kolchak, providing a link between the Czechoslovaks and the Socialist Revolutionary underground. General Janin would hand Kolchak over to the Socialist Revolutionaries along with the Czechoslovaks. Kolchak would be arrested by them, handed over to the Bolsheviks, and executed on February 7, 1920. The second supporter of a "united and indivisible Russia" was removed from the political arena. Jan Syrovy, who handed over Kolchak and R. Gaida, after returning home, would not only make a career in the Czechoslovak armed forces, but both would also receive the British Order of the Bath for their services.
House's plan would be put into practice after the execution of A. Kolchak and the expulsion of Ataman Semyonov's troops from Western Transbaikalia. On April 6, 1920, the Far Eastern Republic was proclaimed in Verkhneudinsk, and on April 23, 2020, the American corps was withdrawn from Russia, as its need had disappeared. A close confidant, A.M. Krasnoshchyokov, a member of the American Federation of Labor, a member of the Socialist Party of America, an ally of Leon Trotsky, and a graduate of the University of Chicago, founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1890, was appointed Chairman of the Far Eastern Republic Government. Krasnoshchyokov diligently carried out House's instructions, conveyed to him through Graves. According to his communist comrades, he took the "independence" of the Far Eastern Republic seriously and began placing Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks in government positions, for which he was accused of having mysterious secret plans by the perplexed local Bolsheviks. Only the intercession of Lenin and Trotsky helped him retain this position. Only after Lenin suffered a third stroke were his party comrades able to charge him with embezzlement of state funds. His subsequent fate was tragic: two arrests and execution in 1937.
A curious section of The Inquiry's report at the Paris conference, devoted to the former Russian Empire, stated that if Russia were to become a truly federal and democratic state, the Baltic states, with the exception of Lithuania, and Ukraine should strive to reunify with Russia, as this would be in the economic interests of all parties. If the Bolsheviks retained control of Russia, the report proposed recognizing the independence of the Baltic states and Ukraine and holding a referendum on reunification with Russia in the future, when conditions were more favorable. The borders proposed by the Commission for Ukraine, Latvia, and Estonia were very similar to their 1991 borders. Moreover, the Commission even proposed transferring Crimea to Ukraine. The Commission expressed support for the independence of Finland and Poland, and East Prussia, despite its Germanic population, was also to be transferred to Poland. This part of the plan was only implemented in 1945, after the Yalta Conference. In the Caucasus, the Commission endorsed the idea of ​​a future union of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan in the form of a Transcaucasian Federation. As is known, such a state was created and existed until 1936.
House's bet within Russia was on the Mensheviks and Right Socialist Revolutionaries. The Whites had to be ousted from power unconditionally. A deal with the Bolsheviks was possible only if the Trotskyist wing of the Communist Party won (or, alternatively, if the left communists were to act as his agents of influence, even if the opponents of Trotskyism were in power).
President Wilson was dissatisfied with the American delegation's performance in Paris. His feelings for House cooled, and the "Colonel" resigned. He had come too early for his time. In retirement, House devoted himself to literary work. As early as 1912, he wrote the political novel "Philip Drew, Administrator: A History of Tomorrow (1920-1935)." In it, he projects his own socio-political project onto the near future. The novel's hero, Philip Drew, helps Senator Selwyn become president and becomes his administrator. The president is not independent and reports to the administrator, voicing his decisions. Philip Drew rewrites the US Constitution; henceforth, the president cannot rule for more than one term. Thanks to Philip Drew, a new socio-economic system is born in America, which Drew calls "the socialism dreamed of by Karl Marx." Philip Drew limits private property, places private corporations under state control, and establishes land banks (incidentally, A. Krasnoshchekov, after being removed from his position as chairman of the Far Eastern Republic, voluntarily becomes the first chairman of the board of the USSR Industrial Bank—a clear reflection of House's thinking). The administrator nationalizes healthcare, nationalizes the telegraph and telephone service, and introduces universal insurance. The hero of Drew's novel is also concerned about Russia; he "wanted to know when its liberation would come. He understood that in that despotic country, a great job awaited someone." The enormous work of "Colonel House's" handlers—financial injections from Bernard Baruch, Paul Warburg, and Jacob Schiff, and the creation of cadres for the Bolshevik Party—led to no lasting results. A second October Revolution was necessary. And it occurred in the 80s, thanks to the proponents of "new thinking" within the Communist Party.

[gsev]

Quote: Andre-2128

And it happened in the 80s thanks to the proponents of “new thinking” within the Communist Party.

If the House had succeeded in destroying Russia, the Far Eastern Republic would have been captured or taken under Japanese control in 1939. Under these circumstances, Russia would have been unable to resist Germany, and by 1943, Eurasia would have been under the control of Japan and Germany, both of whom possessed nuclear weapons. Today's Houses are leading Russia to become a Muslim state, that is, to the de facto collapse of European and Christian civilization. Moreover, these Houses have even made the Greeks and Bulgarians, former obedient slaves of Turkish Muslims just 180 years ago, active proponents of this policy.

[Andre-2128]

American troops were deployed to Primorye to prevent the Japanese from entering, as the Americans considered Eastern Siberia to be their zone of influence. Colonel House was dismissed by President Wilson under pressure from American conservatives. House's resignation diminished the influence of the financial circles that backed him (B. Baruch, J. Schiff, and other bankers who supported the Bolsheviks). Consequently, House's plan for Russia failed. Wilson subsequently paid the price for his attitude toward the "global conspiracy." After attending the Paris Peace Conference, he fell ill, and on October 2, he suffered a stroke. Apparently, harsh criticism of the newly created League of Nations, which the puppeteers were pushing through, played a role. The 14-point "Wilson Plan," created by a commission led by House, largely echoes Lenin's peace decree. Apparently, both had the same curators.

[deddem]

Quote: Olgovich

Quote: deddem

Are you an idiot? Or can't you read English?
The commission (there was no trial) merely took the evidence into consideration.

What, you're not an idiot? , did you refute it?
Nothing - Graves LIED under oath, that's a fact, and achieved nothing.

It's a lie.
Until there is a different court decision, what you are doing is a pure libel case.

No shame, no conscience...

Are you talking about yourself? Or the Lviv political officers who wrote all sorts of books, disguised as "patriots" and "monarchists," and you happily gobbled them up?

[pussy_wanting]

Przeraża mnie to uwielbienie dla czerwonych i bolszewików. W ten sposób nie zbuduje się żadnej współpracy Słowian, którzy przecież najbardziej ucierpieli od komunistów.

[Marlin]

the remains of gold stolen by General Kappel in August 1918 in Kazan: 5143 boxes and 1578 bags of gold and other valuables weighing 311 tons.

Not stolen, but won in a fair fight.

[Marlin]

Arriving on the peninsula, Wrangel brought an extremely unpleasant note from the British government: disappointed and no longer believing in the victory of the "Whites," the British declared an end to their support for the White movement in Russia.

This is what the hope for Anglo-Saxon support is worth.