False victories and false heroes

During the Great Patriotic War, Soviet naval sailors made a significant contribution to our common Victory. However, in stories Many myths and even falsifications arose during the war at sea. Images of false heroes were created, and the real heroes remained unknown. Let us dwell on just a few episodes of the creation of false heroes.
Baltic submarine fleet L-3 was considered one of the most successful submarines of the Soviet fleet, it was credited with sinking 22 transports and 5 ships. But in reality, its successes were much more modest. Confirmed victories: 1 German ship (transport "Goya") and 1 neutral Swedish transport were sunk by torpedoes; 2 German transports were sunk by mines laid by the submarine. The total tonnage of these ships was 19 GRT. Possible victories of the submarine include 772 German transports, 3 Swedish tanker and 1 German sailing and motor schooners (a total of 3 GRT). In this case, 3693 torpedoes were used.

Model L-3 (A.I. Marinesko Museum)

One of the L-3 commanders P.D. Grishchenko
Things are even worse with the Northern Fleet's D-3 Krasnogvardeets submarine, which received the titles of Guards and Red Banner. It was credited with sinking three enemy transports and one tanker. But in fact, it failed to achieve a single victory.

Model D-3 (A.I. Marinesko Museum)
In the book by L.A. Yemelyanov “Soviet submarines in the Great Patriotic War” (Voenizdat, 1981) he wrote:
In fact, the attacked transport "Hanau" was not hit, and one of the torpedoes ran ashore and was used by the Germans for study.
The same book claims that in the first three months of 1942, Northern Fleet submarines destroyed 34 enemy transports. But only 12 ships and vessels have been confirmed to have been sunk.
Captain 3rd rank N. A. Lunin, commanding the submarine "Shch-421" of the Northern Fleet, carried out 1941 combat missions from June 1942 to February 5, carrying out 7 torpedo attacks on enemy ships and vessels. According to his statements, "Shch-421" sank 7 enemy transports with a total displacement of 49 thousand tons (fantastic accuracy). For this, N. A. Lunin was nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and the submarine "Shch-421" was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. However, the sinking of only one vessel is confirmed - the German steamship "Konsul Schulte" (2975 GRT).

N.A. Lunin
On March 4, 1942, Lunin took command of the large submarine K-21. And again a series of victorious reports. He carried out 7 combat missions on this ship, carried out 13 torpedo attacks, reported the sinking of 10 German ships, and laid several dozen mines. In addition, he reported a torpedo attack and damage to the battleship Tirpitz.

Submarine "K-21"
In the book by V.M. Mostseev, M.I. Khametov, L.A. Vlasov, I.N. Revenko “In the Cold Depths” (Voenizdat, 1980) it is written:
In fact, all four of Lunin's torpedoes missed their target, as they were used at a distance exceeding their range, and the Germans did not even notice this attack. It is also interesting to note that the K-21's logbook was forged.

Battleship Tirpitz

Reconstruction of the attack on the Tirpitz by the submarine K-21
In reality, while commanding the K-21, Lunin only achieved one victory, and that was over defenseless Norwegian fishermen. This is how it is described in the book In the Frozen Depths:
This is all a complete lie. In reality, these were the motorboats “Frøy”, “Havegga”, “Baren” and “Øistein” engaged in fishing, flying Norwegian flags and with Norwegian crews. “K-21” fired at the motorboats with a 100 mm cannon, and their crews shot at them with small arms. weapons, in which Lunin personally participated.
The report of the head of the political department of the submarine brigade, Captain 2nd Rank Boldyrev, stated:
Lunin reported four sunken motorboats. According to the Norwegians, one was sunk (Frøy, 40 GRT) and two were damaged, nine fishermen were killed and several more were wounded. The entire crew of one of the motorboats – seven people – were forced to go to the boat at gunpoint. They were taken to the shore, where three of them died in Soviet camps.
At this time, Red Navy sailor Alexey Labutin was washed overboard. The boat's commander did not take all necessary measures to save him, considering him drowned. Labutin was picked up by the motorboat "Baren" and taken to a Norwegian village, where he was handed over to the German occupation authorities and placed in a concentration camp.
Right after the war, Labutin wrote a letter to his former commander, asking why he had not been saved, abandoned to his fate. Lunin did not answer, and Labutin carried the grudge throughout his life. Only in the early 90s did he come to the Northern Fleet. He told journalists with tears in his eyes about how he floundered in the sea, and the boat went further and further.
The incident provided ample fodder for German propaganda and the Norwegian newspapers controlled by the Nazis, who accused the Bolsheviks of inhumanity. "They ignored all the cries for help from drowning and wounded Norwegians, and even abandoned their own comrade to his fate," wrote the Oslo newspaper "Nationen." The Germans provided medical and material assistance to the victims and relatives of the dead, and laid wreaths on the graves.
In 1979, the captain of the motorboat Havegga, Alfred Alver, described the behavior of the K-21 crew to a correspondent from the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten:

Motorboat “Øistein” (right)
The "hero submariner" A. I. Marinesko, who emerged on the turbid waves of perestroika, was not above falsifying his facts either. On August 14, 1942, as the commander of the M-96, he attacked the SAT 4 Helene floating battery (400 BRT) that was part of a convoy. The torpedo missed, but the commander of the "baby" reported the sinking of a 7000-ton transport. The "sinking" of the transport was worthily rewarded: the commander of the M-96 was awarded the Order of Lenin and was promoted to captain of the 3rd rank. Marinesko was again accepted as a candidate for the party (he was excluded from the candidates in October 1941 "for systematic drunkenness, for the collapse of discipline, for the lack of educational work among the personnel...").

A.I. Marinesko
On October 9, 1944, Marinesko, commanding the S-13, attacked the single fishing trawler Siegfried (563 GRT) with four torpedoes, but missed. The boat surfaced and fired 39 100-mm and 15 45-mm shells at the enemy. Marinesko announced the sinking of a 5000-ton armed transport, but the trawler was only damaged. Nevertheless, the "hero submariner" was again awarded - this time with the Order of the Red Banner.

Submarine "C-13"
But Marinesko became famous for the “attack of the century” – the sinking of the transport “Wilhelm Gustloff”, as well as “Steuben”, with a total tonnage of 40 GRT.
On January 30, 1945, in the Southern Baltic, the S-13 sank the Wilhelm Gustloff (25 GRT) with three torpedoes, which was escorting the only destroyer with a non-working hydroacoustic station. The enemy did not pursue the submarine, but the logbook contained entries about an innumerable number of enemy ships that dropped 484-13 depth charges on the S-250.

"Wilhelm Gustlow" at the Gotenhafen pier during the evacuation
Soviet propaganda did not lag behind Marinesko. It turns out that high-ranking Nazi bigwigs, SS men, and most importantly, “about 3700 officers and submarine specialists” were evacuated on board the Wilhelm Gustloff.
The myth of 3700 submariners (including 100 submarine commanders) and thousands of high-ranking SS officers and Nazi bigwigs was savored in the Soviet press for decades. They even went so far as to say that the attack by the S-13 saved England from defeat, since the submariners from the Gustloff were supposedly supposed to man the crews of the super-new submarines capable of bringing Britain to its knees. And this was in January 1945, when the effectiveness of German submarines was practically zero, and the Reich itself was already in its death throes! Among the 406 naval sailors who died on board the Wilhelm Gustloff, there were only 4 officers of the ship's service, and the overwhelming majority of the rest were cadets who had only completed a basic training course and were not yet fit for service on combat submarines.
In fact, there were 10 people on board the liner (582 died):
There are 2 servicemen in the 918nd training division of the Navy
Marinehelferinnen (women of the auxiliary naval units) - 373
Crew - 173
Wounded - 162
Refugees - 8.
At the same time, the media admiringly called the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff "the attack of the century," and Marinesko - submariner number one. And this about the attack on a ship that was following a straight course at a moderate speed, with navigation lights on and symbolic protection.

Scheme of maneuvering of the S-13 during the attack on the Wilhelm Gustloff
Marinesko's next victory was the sinking of the medical transport Steuben on February 10, which was escorted by a destroyer and a torpedo boat. In Marinesko's reports, the transport was transformed into a light cruiser, escorted by three destroyers.


Sanitary transport "Steuben"
Thanks to the efforts of domestic propagandists, the Steuben was transformed into a troop transport with 3000 tankers, traveling from Courland to help Berlin, and then into an auxiliary cruiser.
In fact, there were 4267 people on board the transport (659 were rescued):
• 2800 wounded
• 800 refugees
• 100 armed soldiers
• 282 medical workers
• 64 anti-aircraft gunners
• 61 naval specialists (communications specialists, signalmen)
• 160 members of the civilian team.
But let's not touch on the moral aspects of this case. After all, Marinesko could not have known about the composition of the passengers of the Gustloff and the Steuben.
As a result of this campaign, “for the sinking of a liner with 3700 submariners and a light cruiser,” Marinesko was nominated for the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, but, given his past sins, he was awarded only the Order of the Red Banner.
Later, his activities became the subject of a party investigation and Marinesko was charged with fraud, lying, etc.
On October 14, 1945, the People's Commissar of the USSR Navy N. G. Kuznetsov signed the following order:
Admiral of the Fleet Kuznetsov."
In the first post-war years, based on reports compiled from the reports of ship commanders, it followed that submarines alone sank more than 400 ships. But in fact, the loss of only 127 enemy ships was confirmed. Thus, in the Northern Fleet, the number of successful torpedo attacks according to submarine commanders' reports was 223, but of these, only 35 (13,5%) were confirmed. The data are based on the research materials of M.E. Morozov.
The situation is similar with the victories of Soviet torpedo boats. Thus, it was claimed that on August 19, 1944 alone, during an attack on a convoy at Cape Kibergnes by boats of the Northern Fleet, the enemy lost 12 transports and escort ships. In fact, 1 German transport (the former Soviet Volgoles) and 1 patrol ship (an armed trawler) were sunk.
On October 12 of the same year, torpedo boats attacked an enemy convoy off the Norwegian coast, claiming to have sunk two transports and damaged one. In fact, one minesweeper (M-303) was sunk.
The pilots were not far behind them. Thus, on October 14, 1944 aviation The Northern Fleet attacked a German convoy in the Tanafjord area. It was reported that two transports, a minesweeper and a patrol ship had been sunk. In fact, on that day, Soviet aviation only sunk a floating workshop in Hopsfjord.
In the book by I.A. Kozlov and V.S. Shlomin “The Red Banner Northern Fleet” (Voenizdat, 1977) it is written:
But in fact, the entire coastal artillery of the Northern Defensive Region during the entire war, having conducted about 300 firings and fired almost 20 thousand shells, destroyed 3 transports, 1 rescue vessel, 1 self-propelled barge and 1 drift boat.
In the USSR Navy, from June 3, 1943, by order No. 0408 "ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CASH REWARDS TO THE PERSONNEL OF SUBMARINES, TORPEDO BOATS, HUNTER BOATS AND AIRCRAFT CREWS OF THE NAVAL AIR FOR SINKING ENEMY SHIPS" cash payments were introduced to the crew members of ships and aircraft, the amount of which depended both on the position they held and on the type of ships and vessels they destroyed. Below is one of the points of the order:
A. TO THE PERSONNEL OF THE NAVY SHIPS:
a) for the sinking of an enemy battleship
To the ship's commander - 25 rubles.
Middle and higher command personnel - 5 rubles each
Junior command staff - 1 rubles each
Red Navy sailors - 500 rubles each
b) for sinking an enemy cruiser
To the ship's commander - 20 rubles.
Middle and higher command personnel - 3 rubles each
Junior command staff - 1 rubles each
Red Navy sailors - 500 rubles each
c) for the sinking of an enemy destroyer or submarine
To the ship's commander - 10 rubles.
Middle and higher command personnel - 2 rubles each
Junior command staff - 600 rubles each
Red Navy sailors - 300 rubles each
d) for sinking enemy transport
To the ship's commander - 3 rubles.
Middle and higher command personnel - 1 rubles each
Junior command staff - 200 rubles each
Red Navy sailors - 200 rubles each
d) for the sinking of an enemy patrol ship or minesweeper
To the ship's commander - 2 rubles.
Middle and higher command personnel - 500 rubles each
Junior command staff - 200 rubles each
Red Navy sailors - 100 rubles each
e) for sinking an enemy barge, tugboat or armed schooner
To the ship's commander - 1 rubles.
Middle and higher command personnel - 300 rubles each
Junior command staff - 100 rubles each
For Red Navy sailors - 50 rubles each.
According to the author of the article, such a system contributed to the falsification of the results of their attacks by a number of commanders. Naturally, it was more profitable for Marinesko to pass off the sunken transport "Steuben" as a cruiser, which promised him 3000 rubles instead of 20, and other crew members also benefited.
The author of the article knows nothing about similar methods of stimulating morale in the German Navy. However, there was a system of payments for the uninterrupted time spent by submariners at sea. An officer received 4 marks for each day, a non-commissioned officer, depending on his rank, from 3 to 2,5, and a sailor, 1,5. The record was set by U-181, which spent 220 days at sea uninterruptedly. Each officer received 880 marks in addition to his salary, whereas before the war a Volkswagen passenger car cost 1000 marks.
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