How a Russian engineer led an anti-colonialist rebellion in Indonesia
By chance, our compatriots have more than once become active participants in events that took place in countries seemingly far from Russia. Risking their lives, they voluntarily went into the thick of things and with weapons in their hands helped the peoples of distant countries defend their independence. Many of them became national heroes there, but were forgotten in their homeland. Today's story is about one of them.
Spy, adventurer, adventurer, rebel - as soon as they did not call the mining engineer Vasily Mamalyga. Having left a bright mark in stories Indonesia, while he remained completely unnoticed in his homeland. Today, we know only a few of the brightest years of his life, and most of his biography remains hidden in the mists of history.
The future hero of the anti-colonialist struggle was born on March 20, 1865, in the village of Pashkany, Chisinau district, Bessarabian province, to the family of a local church clerk. At that time, Bessarabian province was a multinational region, inhabited by Russians and Ukrainians, Moldovans and Jews, Turks and Gagauz. Therefore, disputes about the nationality of Vasily Panteleimonovich Mamalyga continue to this day. Ukrainians, Russians and Moldovans consider him to be one of their own.
We know nothing about Vasily's childhood and youth. In Dutch and English sources, he appears as an adult man. It is only known that he took the more sonorous surname Malygin and mastered the profession of a mining engineer. It is worth understanding that training as a mining engineer had much in common with the training of officers, because in addition to specialized disciplines, future mining engineers also mastered the basics of military affairs and several foreign languages. Malygin himself perfectly mastered English, Dutch and Chinese.
The only surviving photo of Malygin
The first information about "Mr. Mulligan" appears in 1891 in the notes of a certain Englishman, Craigley, who met a Russian engineer on a ship sailing from China to Singapore. He explained the purpose of his visit to Singapore as a desire to get a job in an English oil company.
But Craigley convinced the engineer to go to the island of Bali, assuring him that he would be able to obtain a mining concession without difficulty. During the conversation, the Englishman accidentally mentioned that the neighboring island of Lombok was ruled by a rajah who was unhappy with the strengthening of the power of the Dutch East India Company. After a short stop in Bali, under the pretext of geological surveys, Malygin went to Lombok, where his tracks were quickly lost in the jungle.
The Dutch colonization of the Indonesian archipelago began as early as 1596. But until the mid-XNUMXth century, the Dutch, while actively developing the coast, did not interfere in the internal life of the natives and were content with the oath of allegiance of local rulers.
The situation changed by the end of the 1894th century, when expeditions discovered deposits of oil, gold and other minerals in the jungle. Taking advantage of the feuds between local rulers, the Dutch subjugated local states one after another. The island of Lombok was no exception, which in XNUMX the Dutch, taking advantage of the uprising of the Sasak people against the local raja Ragu Agung Gde Ngurah, decided to take over.
But the raja, not intending to submit to the colonizers, began preparing for war. His main trump card was a new adviser who arrived from a distant northern country.
Raja Ragu Agung Gde Ngurah
As early as 1891, rumors began to reach the Dutch authorities that a strange Russian named Maligan had appeared on the island of Lombok, who had mastered the local language in a few weeks, could see the future, set water on fire, and was considered a respected and authoritative person by the locals, who nicknamed him Orang Rusia – “the man from Russia.”
According to legend, in order to gain the trust of the raja, Maligin promised to set water on fire. When a vat of water was brought to him, distracting everyone with spells and waving his arms, he was able to discreetly throw a piece of sodium into the water. Flames burst out of the vessel. After which the frightened raja announced that he was appointing Maligan his first adviser.
Having received gold from the Rajah, Malygin went to Singapore to buy weapons to arm the population. In Singapore, he bought an old ship, the Pride of the Ocean, as well as weapons and gunpowder.
On the way to Lombok, the ship encountered a terrible storm and only thanks to the bravery of the crew remained afloat. As it approached Lombok, the ship was detained by a patrol. But, having shown remarkable cunning, Malygin managed to convince the Dutch that he needed the ship for a trip to New Guinea for pearls, and the weapons for protection from pirates.
For over a month, Malygin was forced to search for a way to get to the war-torn island. Having miraculously broken through to the island, Malygin learns the terrible news.
Several years ago, following Maligin's advice, the raja stopped paying tribute to the Dutch. The last drop of patience was broken by the raja's son's refusal to accept representatives of the East India Company on the island. On July 30, 1894, a Dutch military squadron of 9 ships dropped anchor in the harbor of the Lombok capital of Mataram.
Mataram was taken practically without a fight. Despite the destruction of the capital, the rajah raised a rebellion and, waiting for Malygin with weapons, together with other rebels retreated into the interior of the island.
The indigenous population of Lombok today
The arrival of Orang Rusii inspired the Indonesians, and by the end of August 1894, military units from almost all the island's tribes, many of whom had previously fought against the Rajah, had gathered under his leadership. The common danger united everyone.
Under Malygin's leadership, the raja's country palace, the Chakranegara fortress, was prepared for a long-term defense, and an operation was developed for a surprise attack on the main forces of the colonizers.
Finally, on the night of August 26, the Dutch camp was attacked from different sides. The Dutch, confident in their superiority over the natives, did not even post sentries, which allowed Malygin's detachment to immediately break into the camp. The colonizers fled from the camp to the port in panic, but death awaited them behind every building and every wall...
By morning, the camp and its surroundings were littered with the bodies of Dutch invaders. The commander of the Dutch forces on Lombok, General van Ham, 12 officers and more than 500 Dutch soldiers and sailors were killed in the battle. The surviving Dutch fled Mataram and took refuge in coastal trading posts. In addition to several dozen prisoners, Malygin's detachment got four cannons and a treasury of 4 thousand guilders.
The news of the complete defeat and destruction of a third of the Dutch expeditionary corps dealt a sharp blow to the prestige of the Dutch Empire. Against the seemingly backward natives led by a Russian engineer, the Dutch were forced to deploy several thousand people and more than 10 ships.
Mataram was subjected to a barbaric bombardment, during which more than 2000 Lombok people died, and the city itself was practically wiped off the face of the earth. The further advance of the Dutch was hampered by the active resistance of the local residents, who, following Malygin's instructions, turned their villages into real fortresses.
According to the Russian consul Modest Bakunin, when the Lombok people ran out of gunpowder and did not have enough guns, they resorted to spears, arrows, and stones. Women and teenagers fought alongside men.
But in the end the Dutch managed to encircle the main forces of the natives in Chakranegara. The siege of the small fortress lasted for two months. Under the leadership of Malygin, the Lombok people not only fired back from the captured artillery, but also made sorties and raids on the enemy's rear. But the forces were not equal. On November 20, the Dutch took the fortress in a bloody assault. The assault on the fortress cost the Dutch soldiers more than a hundred lives, and almost all of the Lombok people died. Many, not wanting to surrender, committed puritan - ritual suicide.
Maligin, for whose head a huge reward was set, managed to escape from the fortress with a small detachment and decided to "lay low" for a while. But after a few days, one of the noble Lombokians, with whom he was hiding, handed him over to the Dutch soldiers.
In January 1895, Orang Rusiya was taken to a prison in the city of Surabaya on the island of Bali. But under the pretext of feeling unwell, the enterprising engineer managed to get transferred to the infirmary, from where he made a daring escape. The night guard, making the rounds of the wards, noticed a sawed-off grate. Suspicion of complicity in the escape fell on the Balinese women working in the infirmary, but it was not possible to prove the guilt of any of them. However, Malygin was quickly caught and sent to prison, shackled.
The picturesque beaches of Lombok attract the attention of Europeans even today
The investigation into Malygin's case dragged on for several months. The adventurer tried his best to prove that he had not pursued any personal gain by raising the rebellion, and it was also impossible to convict him of treason, since he was a citizen of the Russian Empire.
Thanks to the efforts of the lawyer, the death penalty was commuted to 20 years of imprisonment. The leader of the rebellious Lombok people spent 2 years in the Surabaya penal prison, until he was released under an amnesty in 1898 and sent from the East Indies to Russia.
Upon arrival in Pashkany, the potential rebel was placed under covert police surveillance. For the next two years, Malygin lived with his brother Dmitry, doing nothing and surprising fellow villagers with stories about distant lands. All this relaxed the vigilance of the local gendarmes, who practically stopped spying on Vasily.
Suddenly, in April 1901, Malygin disappears. The police search for him all over Bessarabia. Only six months later, information arrives that, having got a job as a cook on the steamship Diana with false documents, Malygin arrived in Singapore. The alarmed Dutch demanded that Russia take back their restless subject.
The Ministry of Internal Affairs instructed the Russian consul to convey to Maligin an order to return to Russia within three months under threat of being brought to trial. He evasively promised to return to his homeland when he had resolved his affairs with the Dutch colonial administration, which had not returned his documents and funds.
And again, after some time, Malygin disappears from the sight of Russian diplomats and Dutch intelligence officers. A year later, information appears about the appearance of a "Russian bandit" in the rebellious Sultanate of Kelantan, whose ruler was trying with all his might to maintain independence from the British. Vasily Panteleimonovich's trip to Kelantan was unsuccessful, so in June 1902 he returned to Singapore, where he bought a small canning factory. At this time, he applied to the consulate to restore his passport to return to Russia, but unexpectedly left for Siam, after which information about him was lost...
Dutch colonial troops in Indonesia
Later, there are fragmentary accounts of a mysterious Russian participating in anti-colonialist uprisings in Sumatra. Malygin is also seen in Surabaya, where he spent several years in prison. But what made him return to the city where he almost died in prison?
Probably, the reason for such an unexpected act was love. On January 5, 1961, an Indonesian newspaper published a note about the death in Surabaya of 90-year-old Mrs. Siti Johan Maligan, the supposed wife of Vasily Panteleimonovich. Most likely, the wife of Malygin-Maligan was the same Balinese woman who helped him escape from the prison hospital back in 1895.
What happened to Orang Rusia himself? Perhaps the clue to his fate lies in the archives of Holland, the country he so much troubled.
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