"Krasnoyarsk Uncertainty." The History of the Rebellion on the Banks of the Yenisei
Despite the small number of the Russian population, passions in Siberia in the 17th century were also running high. In the cities and forts, service people rebelled against the governors. The geographical factor played a major role in these events. On the one hand, the remoteness from Moscow contributed to corruption and other abuses of the governors. Complaining about them was not easy, because the petition had to be sent to Moscow. On the other hand, the remoteness of the Siberian forts from the central government contributed to the independence and autonomy of the service people, who were not very accustomed to discipline. And the Siberians themselves were desperate people: prisoners of war, exiles, adventurers, runaway serfs and criminals.
Revolts against the governor's rule took place in Tomsk, Irkutsk, Tobolsk. However, our city stands out against their background. The Krasnoyarsk revolt, called the "Krasnoyarsk Shastast", lasted three years. It all began with the arrival of a new governor, Aleksey Ignatyevich Bashkovsky, in the prison in 1694. The Bashkovsky family name was well known in Krasnoyarsk. Eight years before these events, our city was governed by his father, Ignatiy Vasilyevich. Apparently, Bashkovsky Sr., while governing the prison, did not "go too far". His son, unfortunately, lacked wisdom and diplomacy. He quickly turned a significant part of the service people against himself. In addition to the usual bribes and extortions from merchants, the new head of the city took up trade weapons and ammunition with the Yenisei Kyrgyz, who regularly raided Russian villages and besieged Krasnoyarsk more than once. Less than a year had passed before complaints – petitions – began to be written against the governor.
Perhaps the arrogant voivode would have been removed from office over time, but the townspeople did not wait long. The opposition to the voivode was made up of respected people in the city: Trifon Yeremeyev, Dmitry Tyumentsev, Konon Samsonov, Grigory Yermolayev and Aleksey Yarlykov. They all had one thing in common: they were local natives. But the people who came from outside the city mostly remained loyal to the voivode. The voivode's party was headed by Vasily Mnogogreshny, an exiled Zaporozhian Cossack, a Chernigov colonel, and the brother of the hetman of the Zaporozhian Host Demyan Mnogogreshny.
The open uprising against the government began on May 16, 1695. Those dissatisfied with the governor gathered in a crowd in front of the order hut and announced to the governor who came out that “refuse the voivodeship" Instead of trying to calm the dissatisfied, Alexei Bashkovskoy began to threaten them. As a result, the heated crowd began to rob the governor's court and destroy the houses of people loyal to Bashkovskoy. Those who tried to defend their property were "beaten to death". Fearing for his life, Alexei Bashkovskoy fled to Yeniseisk.
The rebels, having taken power into their own hands, began to form new governing bodies: Trifon Eremeev and Dmitry Tyumentsev were elected "judges" whose powers included not only the court, but also the governance of Krasnoyarsk. The power of the "judges" was limited by a "council" of senior service people and a national "Duma". The first thing the new authorities did was stop the looting and even return part of the plundered voivode's property to the order hut. True, under pressure from the crowd, they were forced to give the townspeople three barrels of wine.
Soon after the flight of the voivode, a boyar's son (as one of the military classes of the Muscovite kingdom was called) Stepan Ivanov arrived in Krasnoyarsk, having served for a year in the Udinsky prison. Being a supporter of Bashkovsky, he refused to submit to the rebels and was killed by the Krasnoyarsk Cossacks.
When passions had calmed down a little, the rebels realized the seriousness of the situation. Wanting to avoid the Tsar's wrath, they sent a petition to Moscow in which they repented of what they had done and justified themselves by saying that "It is impossible to live with a wicked commander"They asked the Tsar to send to Krasnoyarsk"good commander».
Apparently, the Bashkovsky family, whose representatives served as governors in many forts, had good connections in the Siberian Prikaz, the institution that was in charge of governing all of Siberia. Therefore, Miron Bashkovsky, the brother of the deposed governor, was appointed the new governor in Krasnoyarsk.
The Bashkovsky brothers arrived in Krasnoyarsk in August 1695. Alexei was supposed to officially hand over the city, the sovereign's treasury, and service people to Miron, that is, to give a "list". Seeing the discontent of the Krasnoyarsk people, Alexei got scared and fled again, not having time to officially hand over power to his brother.
Initially, the instigators of the rebellion were afraid of the new governor, some even hid in the surrounding villages. However, by October, unrest began in the city again. The threat of a new governor added fuel to the fire.burn and cut down the city" On November 14, an open uprising began. Having sounded the alarm, servicemen and townspeople, peasants and yasak Tatars began to gather. A few days before these events, the governor with fifty of his supporters locked himself in "in a small town" (from the second half of the 1696th century, the Krasnoyarsk prison was divided into two parts: the "large" and "small" city, each of which was separated by a wall). They remained under siege until the end of August XNUMX. Before the rebels were able to blockade the fortress, the governor managed to write to Moscow, Tomsk and Yeniseisk asking for help.
In February 1696, Fyodor Stepanovich Tuttolmin, the new governor, was sent to Krasnoyarsk. With his arrival, a triumvirate was effectively established in the city. Bashkovskoy, who was sitting in the fortress, did not want to give up power to his successor, and the "judges" elected by the townspeople did not obey the new governor. The new governor Tuttolmin behaved unusually in this situation. Instead of fighting for power, he peacefully settled in the outskirts of Krasnoyarsk in the village of Ladeyskaya and took up moonshine distillation, or, as it was called in those days, distillation.
While one governor sat under siege, and another manufactured and sold alcohol, Krasnoyarsk was governed by representatives elected by the people – “judges”. As soon as the governor Bashkovsky hid in the prison, seven judges were elected. Later, one of them was deprived of his powers, and the city began to be governed by six. The judges took on the functions of the governor: they collected yasak from “foreigners”, taxes from the Russian population, and customs duties from merchants. Not only the residents of Krasnoyarsk, but also the entire district submitted to the new authorities. This continued until the summer of 1696, when news that the governor Semyon Ivanovich Durnovo, appointed personally by the tsar, was arriving in Krasnoyarsk. The new head of the city had a reputation for being a very cruel man. Therefore, most of the city's residents decided to submit to the tsar's governor. It must be admitted that Durnovo was a man of no timidity. He calmly rode into the rebellious city with a small retinue and demanded that Bashkovsky, who was sitting in the fortress, leave the fortification. As soon as Bashkovsky and his supporters left the gates, a crowd of townspeople attacked them. Fearing for his life, Bashkovsky quickly left Krasnoyarsk, never officially handing over his powers, the treasury, and the city itself to his successor.
Another violation of tradition was the new governor’s refusal to inspect service people, “gracious sovereign's favored word" and distribution of state wine. The service people took this as an insult. Nevertheless, for the time being, they obeyed the new governor. Semyon Durnovo dealt harshly with those who complained about him to the Siberian order - "Batog beat many to within an inch of their lives","many people's heads were mutilated and broken with sticks" The governor beat one Cossack, Aleksey Smolyanyanov, to death with his own hands. Later, during the investigation, Durnovo stated that the deceased, having come to the governor's court, suddenly died a natural death.
The voivode acted not only by brute force, but also by bribery. Having paid out the salary that had accumulated over three years, he paid his loyalists more, cutting the salaries of his opponents. Durnovo also attracted the exiles to his side, to whom he paid money from customs duties and the sale of alcohol, that is, state funds.
Not only the Russians, but also the natives were dissatisfied with the voivode. For example, Durnovo was too picky in accepting the yasak, rejecting many of the sable skins that the locals brought to pay the tax. After the Tatars paid the yasak, the voivode, instead of the traditional treat of the sovereign's wine and bread, ordered "knock out with a club"Tatars from the city. It got to the point that the governor began sending armed detachments of service people to destroy the uluses that were not pleasing to him.
As a result of such a policy, many Tatars and other indigenous people began to scatter, hide in the forests or move away from Krasnoyarsk. Complaints and petitions were sent one after another to Yeniseisk, Tobolsk, Moscow. Yakov Elagin, a boyar's son, was sent from Yeniseisk to our city to investigate the circumstances of the rebellion against the Bashkovsky governors and complaints against Durnovo. In this situation, Durnovo did not lose his head and quickly found a common language with the investigator. In order to divert suspicion from himself and intimidate the opposition, the governor began to collect incriminating evidence and conduct investigations against the opposition. For this purpose, Durnovo actively attracted his supporters, who wrote denunciations of the governor's opponents.
To sort out the mutual denunciations, a new investigator was appointed – the governor Fyodor Tuttolmin, to whom Bashkovsky had never transferred power over the Krasnoyarsk prison. However, Tuttolmin was not given the opportunity to complete the investigation. Bashkovsky, with his intrigues and denunciations, achieved that Tuttolmin was recalled.
Although the new governor managed to suppress the discontent with harsh measures, after some time the number of oppositionists began to grow. If the first petition against the governor Durnovo was signed by 16 people, then the fifth was already signed by 223 residents of Krasnoyarsk. In this situation, Semyon Durnovo, like his predecessor, locked himself in a small prison together with his loyal people and the entire Krasnoyarsk artillery. For example, on the orders of the governor, his supporters attacked the guards at night, fought them off and took them to prison.a large crowbar cannon».
At the end of 1696, Krasnoyarsk residents, dissatisfied with the despotic governor, began to gather at night in the houses of the ataman Mikhail Zlobin, the Cossack Ivan Kuznetsov and the brothers Ilya and Pyotr Surikov (ancestors of the artist Vasily Ivanovich Surikov).
At these night gatherings, the like-minded people developed a plan for a rebellion. The voivode's opponents were going to come to the Christmas church service in the small prison with weapons hidden under their clothes. However, at the last moment, under pressure from the moderate majority, who did not want to shed blood on one of the most important Christian holidays, the most determined conspirators abandoned this plan. Nevertheless, these plans reached the voivode, who sent a messenger with a message about the plot to Moscow. The Krasnoyarsk residents failed to intercept the courier, and then they decided to act more decisively. On January 4, 1697, the Cossack Yemelyan Smolyanov was going to kill the voivode. However, when he met him, he became embarrassed and dropped the knife from his hands.
The situation with the unsuccessful assassination attempt was aggravated by the betrayal of the two main conspirators, M. Zlobin and Trofim Eremeev. On their denunciation, the governor arrested many of the participants in the conspiracy. Once in prison, the Cossack conspirators began to behave in a less than ideal manner. While the young people tried to remain silent, the old Cossacks gave evidence even against close relatives, such as Zlobin, the elder, who testified against his son Ivan. The old Cossack Konon Samsonov, against whom there was much evidence, began to testify against his comrades, especially against the Zlobins.
Although in the Krasnoyarsk prison itself, the governor Durnovo was able to curb the opposition for a while, discontent was spreading in the villages and towns of the Krasnoyarsk district. Service people actively agitated the peasants to rise up against the Krasnoyarsk governor. Durnovo did not react to this news. He was absorbed in the investigation and revenge on his enemies. The violence perpetrated against anyone suspected of conspiracy once again exacerbated the situation in Krasnoyarsk and replenished the ranks of the opposition with new participants.
Although there were no open outbreaks of discontent at first, the Krasnoyarsk residents' anger against the governor grew. Even the guards guarding the prison sympathized with the opposition. With their help, 30 resistance members escaped from prison, including Ivan Zlobin and Matvey Eremeyev.
In the summer of 1697, the Krasnoyarsk people organized a blockade of the small fort where the governor lived with his supporters. Durnovo managed to send a message to Yeniseisk, in which he wrote that “siege inmates die of starvation" Thanks to the intervention of the Duma clerk D. L. Polyansky, who was appointed to investigate the abuses of the Siberian governors, the Krasnoyarsk residents lifted the siege of the small fort after some time. However, after the governor began to commit lawlessness again, a whole delegation of "petitioners" left for Yeniseisk. As a result, it was possible to agree that Durnovo would be replaced by governor Stepan Lisovsky, and the petitioners would remain in Yeniseisk as witnesses in the investigation that had begun. The residents of our city were happy with the appointment of Lisovsky as governor, because although he was originally from Moscow, he had served in Siberia for many years and was considered one of our own. Nevertheless, Semyon Durnovo, in all likelihood, had influential patrons. The fact is that the investigation was "put on the back burner", and the petitioners were forced to retract their testimony under pressure.
On July 25, 1698, detectives sent Lisovsky an order to "surrender" power in Krasnoyarsk to the former governor Durnovo. With the arrival of the hated chief in the city, events began to develop rapidly. The governor arrived in Krasnoyarsk on August 2, 1698. By that time, almost all residents of our city had come out against him.
Semyon Durnovo, having found himself in the city, first of all put on the "sovereign seal". This was a clear violation of the order. The fact is that the new governor had to publicly read out the order of his appointment, take over the affairs of the previous leader and only then assume his powers.
After the solemn prayer service, Semyon Durnovo went to the voivode's court, where he met the former voivode Lisovsky. When Lisovsky asked where he got the seal, Durnovo replied that he took it from the box. In a hurry to meet with his supporters, Durnovo did not want to accept the affairs of Lisovsky. However, only 10 residents of Krasnoyarsk came to congratulate the voivode with bread and salt. Unlike the voivode's hangers-on, the voivode's opponents gathered in a large crowd of about 300 people. At this meeting, they decided not to allow Durnovo to govern the city.
Around 4 o'clock in the afternoon, a crowd of townspeople came to the bathhouse where the new governor was washing himself. After mutual accusations and squabbles, Durnovo returned to the bathhouse, but the rioters burst in. The governor, who was lying in his underwear, was pulled by the leg and dragged outside. In the courtyard, the crowd began to beat the governor and pull his hair. The former governor, Lisovsky, tried to defend Durnovo, but was pushed out of the crowd by the angry townspeople.
From the voivode's court, Durnovo was taken to the cathedral, where they gathered a circle and began to decide what to do with the hated chief. The Krasnoyarsk citizens almost unanimously decided to "put in the water", that is, to drown Semyon Durnovo. Lisovsky did not give up trying to save his successor, but the enraged crowd had already taken Durnovo to the Yenisei. On the way, Lisovsky still managed to convince the Krasnoyarsk citizens not to kill the hated voivode. Durnovo was put in a boat, where four servants and several supporters got on. Lisovsky intended to accompany his unsuccessful successor in order to protect him. However, the Krasnoyarsk citizens began to demand that Lisovsky return to the city and continue to rule. The voivode, beloved by the Krasnoyarsk citizens, replied that only bound would he return to the prison. Then the townspeople forcibly dragged Lisovsky to the shore, and sent the boat downstream, throwing stones after him.
The Krasnoyarsk residents began to rejoice at the fact that they had driven out the tyrant, but the governor Lisovsky did not share the general jubilation. He noticed that the sovereign's seal remained hanging around Semyon Durnovo's neck. This meant that any new governor was illegitimate. The cautious Lisovsky did not immediately tell the city's residents about this, fearing that the Krasnoyarsk Cossacks would go in pursuit of Durnovo and could kill him in the heat of the moment. The next day, Lisovsky sent a clerk with two reliable Cossacks to Yeniseisk for the seal, and he himself remained in the city. A few days later, passions in the city finally died down, and power completely passed to the governor Lisovsky.
At this time, Semyon Durnovo arrived in Yeniseisk, who placed all the blame on his savior Lisovsky, who saved him from the enraged crowd. Probably, the beatings of the Cossacks did not go in vain, and the governor no longer sought to return to Krasnoyarsk. Under the pretext of illness, Semyon Durnovo left for Moscow.
By order of Polyansky, who was investigating the rebellion, Yakov Afanasyevich Beyton was sent to Krasnoyarsk as the new governor. The new governor was given the task of interrogating Lisovsky about the circumstances of the rebellion. Upon arrival in the city, Beyton encountered great difficulties. A crowd of Krasnoyarsk residents told him that they did not like anyone except Lisovsky. In response to the sovereign's seal being presented, our fellow countrymen told the new governor: "The sovereign's seal is not needed on the city" With great difficulty, the next day, Beyton, with the help of Lisovsky, who calmed the townspeople, managed to take over the affairs and officially take over the management of Krasnoyarsk. In his first letter, Beyton wrote to Yeniseisk that he was very afraid of the rebels. However, later the new governor did not complain about his subordinates, which means that the situation in the city stabilized.
Beiton sent the text of Lisovsky's interrogation to Yeniseisk, which completely refuted the version of Governor Durnovo. However, not all active participants of the rebellion were sent to Yeniseisk. Some were away on official business, while others were in hiding. In the current situation, Duma clerk Polyansky and Governor Berestov, who were conducting the investigation, went to Krasnoyarsk themselves to interrogate the participants of the rebellion on the spot. 40 miles from Krasnoyarsk, the investigators were met by a group of Krasnoyarsk Cossacks led by Artem Smolyaninov. The Krasnoyarsk residents did not allow Polyansky and Berestov to enter the city for five days, threatening them with reprisals. Having finally arrived in Krasnoyarsk, the investigators did not work in our city for long. They were soon recalled, since an investigation was launched against them for abuses during the Siberian investigations.
The investigation into the circumstances of the Krasnoyarsk Cossacks' rebellion remained unfinished. Our city calmed down and peacefully accepted the father and son Pyotr Savich and Fyodor Musin-Pushkin who replaced Beyton. The father had already ruled Krasnoyarsk before the instability began and was liked by the townspeople. The father and son Musin-Pushkin managed to finally pacify the Krasnoyarsk rebels.
History The history of Krasnoyarsk instability is interesting to us, distant descendants, first of all because it conveys well the customs that reigned in Siberia. Krasnoyarsk was not just a prison that collected tribute-yasak from the subject peoples, but also a border fortress that protected Yeniseisk, Tomsk, Kuznetsk from attacks by nomads. Therefore, brave and dashing people served in the city, accustomed to risking their lives, fighting with an external enemy, and ready to defend their interests before the authorities. The history of Krasnoyarsk instability has been well studied, but there are still blank pages. For example, we know that the rebellious Cossacks maintained contacts with their Irkutsk comrades. But whether any similar uprising was being prepared in Irkutsk, we do not know. Since the investigation conducted by the authorities has not been completed, it is no longer possible to answer these questions.
Novoselov M. Yu. Krasnoyarsk unsteadiness / M. Yu. Novoselov // Krasnoyarsk newspaper. 2024. No. 7 (2990). P. 3
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