Apaches: Tigers of Mankind
Apaches, group photo, 80s
Among American historians, the Apaches are considered the best guerrillas in the world. The subjugation of these Indians required the US Army to wage long and exhausting "Apache Wars" that began in 1849 and finally came to an end only in 1906.
Apaches went to work
The Apache tribes lived in what is now Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, northwestern Texas, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora. Well, how did they live... It was a territory where all the locals were regularly terrorized by the tribe's warrior squads. Even though whites made no difference between a robbery raid and a major war, for the "people" themselves (and that is what the Apaches call themselves: t'inde - "people") there was a difference: a simple theft of horses, even if accompanied by the murder of their owners, was not considered a war - just part of everyday life...
The Plains Indians formed three powerful confederations of tribes: the Blackfeet and their allies in the north, the Sioux with the Arapaho and Cheyenne in the central part, and the Comanches with the Kiowas in the south. These were powerful peoples whose camps could stretch for kilometers and consist of hundreds of tipi tents. But their conquest did not cause the Americans half the trouble that the Apaches could cause.
Compared to their neighbors, the Apaches were poor. They did not have huge herds of horses like the Sioux or Cheyenne. When using the word "tribe" in relation to the Apaches, all writers are stretching the point. These Indians lived in the mountains in small tribal groups (of which there are about 30), with an average of 20-30 people. The fact is that the land that the Apaches inherited was extremely harsh even by Indian standards - a desert with rare rains and a small number of water sources, large groups simply could not feed themselves there.
Nalto - Chief of the Western Apaches. Arizona 80s
But this land produced excellent warriors!
"The adult Apache is the embodiment of physical endurance - lean, slender, of medium height, with sinews like steel, insensitive to hunger, fatigue and physical pain... The nature of the Apache differs little from that of the wolf or the coyote. From his earliest childhood he is accustomed to defend himself against enemies as cruel and vindictive as himself. The Apache does not need our supplies or our equipment..."
— wrote "Apache expert" George Crook.
If you prepare a fighter from childhood, there will be results!
How did such fearsome fighters grow up? Let's start with the fact that Apaches never beat children. A guilty boy could be forced to run to the top of the nearest mountain and back - and he would feel his fault and train his endurance. However, not only a boy: up to 10-11 years old, Apaches made no difference in the upbringing of boys and girls. Then boys began to be taught hunting and war, and girls - housework (however, Apache women could also take the case weapon).
In archery, a teenager was required to be able to shoot seven arrows: when the first one hit the ground and the last one left the bowstring, there had to be five more in the air. Since the Apaches had no hereditary leaders, they tried to instill in each boy leadership qualities and the ability to organize military actions; for example, a boy who found a wasp nest could gather a "war council" of his peers: "We heard that vile creatures live there, let's declare war on them!"
The knife on this squaw's belt isn't for cutting bread...
However, life among their fellow tribesmen prepared Apaches to become warriors. When an Indian from a hostile tribe, an American or a Mexican, was captured, the fate of the captive was sad: he was given with his hands tied behind his back to women who, even against the background of their merciless fathers, husbands and brothers, were distinguished by their sophisticated cruelty. On the other hand, the return of a military detachment from a successful raid was a celebration: with dancing, singing and abundant feasting.
Young Apache warrior
At the age of 16, a young Apache was taken to war... as an apprentice. During his first four campaigns, he carried water, chopped firewood, looked after horses, cooked food and made beds for the warriors, stood guard while the elders slept. And he learned. Travel at night (Apaches slept during the day during the war), run dozens of kilometers with a small stone in his mouth (so that his mouth would not dry out), find water in the driest places, and set up ambushes around fires lit in the prairie. After four "training" campaigns, the young Apache became a warrior, "the tiger of the human race" - in the opinion of General Crook.
Apache tactics did not involve large battles. They were based on excellent individual training and the intelligent initiative of each individual warrior: each Apache was an "army of one." Apaches usually carried out a surprise raid, stole horses, slaughtered cattle, killed settlers, and burned farms. Their cruelty was beyond all bounds and was monstrous even by the standards of the Indians of the Great Plains, who were far from angels in this regard. Having attacked a traveler in the middle of the prairie, Apaches usually cut his tendons and left him to die. After which they demonstrated miracles of resourcefulness and ingenuity in escaping from pursuit by a cavalry detachment of the U.S. Army or local militia.
When escaping pursuit, an Apache detachment would suddenly change direction, could drive or slaughter their horses, and cross a mountain range on foot to steal new ones on the other side. The Apaches were also aware of the weaknesses of the American army: for example, dependence on a supply train. As a result, a common tactic was to go behind the pursuers, cut out and plunder the supply train, thereby forcing the soldiers to return - the Apaches themselves did not need supplies: anyone could catch a rabbit or a rat even in the desert, roast it and eat it, and if not, well - an adult warrior could go without food for up to 15 days.
Ambush in the mountains is a favorite Apache tactic
If the chase caught up with them, the Apaches retreated to the mountains. No one risked fighting them in the mountains. In 1885, during the pursuit of Geronimo's band of 11 people, a detachment of 30 Navajo scouts, who boldly pursued the Apaches across the prairie, categorically refused to pursue them in the mountains: the US Army could not come up with a more terrible punishment for them than the Apaches would have provided in the mountains.
And the Navajo's actions were completely justified: the Apaches were at home in the mountains. They were very good at setting up ambushes in the ravines - a squad that had carelessly entered the mountains would be hit by bullets from both sides of the ravine, and soldiers retreating from the trap would be ambushed at the entrance. Incidentally, the Apache morale in matters of retreat was quite... flexible. They never accepted a fight with superior forces if they had the opportunity to escape. But at the same time, having caught an enemy who decided not to accept a fight with superior Apache forces, they would torture him like a coward - a typical "that's different!"
Wandering Coyote - US Army Apache Scout
The US Army, having suffered enough failures while fighting the Apaches "according to regulations", began to form mobile units to fight them, equipped "in the Indian way" - without a supply train, with a small supply of water and food on pack horses. These units often included scouts from other Indian tribes, but... There was little sense in this. The use of the old principle - "divide and rule" allowed them to achieve victory. They set their fellow tribesmen against hostile Apache groups: fortunately, wars between Apaches themselves were commonplace and it was not easy, but very easy to find those willing to defeat the enemy with the help of palefaces.
The process became especially active after some of the groups were placed on reservations. The Americans played on the Apaches' warrior culture. The Apaches placed on reservations received food from the US authorities, who tried to turn the "tigers of the human race" into farmers, whom the "tigers" openly despised. When American officers offered the Apaches living on reservations to take part in a military event, there was no end to the number of volunteers! After all, only in war could a young warrior gain glory, without which his position in society was below the level of the city sewer.
Equestrian portrait of Geronimo, according to contemporary artist David Graham
In 1886, Geronimo surrendered to the mercy of the authorities. After that, Arizona and other areas of Apache activity experienced peace. Relative, of course: it is impossible to wean a people who have lived by robbery for centuries from this fascinating pastime. Therefore, isolated episodes of antisocial behavior on the part of the "tigers of the human race" occurred until the beginning of the XNUMXth century. But these episodes clearly did not qualify as "Apache wars" - they were ordinary crimes.
The real Geronimo is less pathetic. But very dangerous! Photo from 1886 - after surrender.
What was the Apaches' strength? Oddly enough, it was their weakness and disunity. Large tribal confederations, capable of fielding thousands of horsemen, were easier to defeat on the battlefield, but the main thing... The chiefs, who had smoked the pipe of peace with the palefaces, tried to keep the agreements they had reached. And their authority was enough to ensure that their fellow tribesmen did not question the decision made by the council of chiefs. The Apaches lived in small tribal groups, and there was simply no one to conclude an agreement with: having concluded peace with the informal chief of one group, one could count on the fact that he would personally fulfill the agreement, and this was in the best case (the Apache morality was, as I have already noted, very flexible).
Apache detachment returning from raid
From a military point of view, the problem was to track down small bands that left no trace, abandoned their horses, and marched thousands of miles across the desert on foot (Geronimo's band once covered 8 miles in 2,5 weeks). And in case of danger, they disappeared into the mountains, which they knew like the back of their hand. Tigers of the human race? More like jackals...
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