Mobile system "Altai"

Soviet people have always been proud of their country. Such a concept as patriotism was not an empty word for them. But after the collapse of the USSR, almost any resident of the country was convinced that mobile communications and related technologies came from abroad: Japan, Europe, the USA and even from China. Few people knew that Russia was the pioneer in the field of mobile and cellular communications. The first automatic mobile communication in the world was created and operated in the USSR. And if it were not for complete isolation from the needs of the people of the leadership of the Soviet Union, then even in Soviet times, the citizens of the country would have domestic mobile phones.

Early mobile communications developed in the USA and Europe slowly, overcoming great technical and financial difficulties. The first mobile phones, tested at the end of 40, were so cumbersome that they could barely fit in the trunk of a car. In order to call through such a device, a free radio channel and an operator serving this network were required.

Compact radio stations also appeared in the USSR in 40-ies, and during the war, Soviet designers significantly improved the existing models, which made it easy to place the "radiotelephone" equipment in the trunk of official cars of government officials. Communication was provided by a dedicated radio frequency and the work of dispatcher consoles. It was quite difficult to talk on such a phone: one of the subscribers could talk, the other only listened. In this regard, the conversation always lasted a long time and caused a lot of difficulties.

But, the Soviet designers were able to make such a phone, which was almost analogous to the executive device on the desktop. Similar designs abroad have not yet been.

The very first mobile phone was created at the Communication Research Institute of the City of Voronezh in 1958. The work was given the code name "Altai". Voronezh designers have created subscriber (telephones) and base stations (equipment that ensures stable communication between subscribers). Antenna systems for mobile communications were developed at the Moscow Research Institute, and Leningrad, Belarus, and Moldovan specialists worked on other components of the system. As a result, a unique innovative product was created - automatic mobile communication "Altai". It was a full-fledged telephone connection, working like a regular telephone. An innovation was that the system itself found a free radio channel, established a connection, transmitted a dialed telephone number and guaranteedly connected subscribers. Even the exterior design of the phone in the car was changed - instead of the dial, there were buttons. The official aristocracy was delighted with car telephones.

But still, “Altai” was not a complete cellular system: one base station was able to serve one metropolitan city and had only 16 radio channels. The antenna installed at the highest point of the terrain could provide communication only tens of kilometers around.

The American prototype of such a mobile phone was launched a year after the commissioning of the Soviet mobile system. And its commercial exploitation began in 1969.

In Russia, the "Altai" system by 1970 functioned in thirty cities! Soviet party and economic leaders used phones in their work that were placed directly in company cars. It is reasonable to assume that at this time the USSR was a leader in the development of mobile communications. But the Soviet designers did not "rest on their laurels" - they continued to improve the Altai system. New radio channels stood out in a larger range, which made it possible to serve a large number of subscribers. Due to the use of microcircuits, subscriber stations became smaller in size - they could be carried in a small suitcase. The Moscow base station of the Altai system, located in the premises of the Ostankino television tower, showed its best side when serving the 80 Olympiad.

But during the operation, the system’s drawbacks were revealed. For example, the quality of communication is very dependent on the location of the car with a mobile phone. Therefore, the designers have developed a layout of base stations, taking into account the overlap of neighboring territories. And although the Soviet engineers were ready to execute the developed project, they did not receive an order for execution from the country's leadership.

The Altai system corresponded well with the existing hierarchy of the authorities: the head had the opportunity to simultaneously speak with several subordinates (now this method is called a conference call). Each boss had his rights and opportunities of work as a subscriber of a mobile network. Some could call anywhere in the world, others only to the phones of a particular city, a specific organization or a specific subscriber. But most of the country's citizens were not available to use mobile communications. The country's leadership was in no hurry to share with the people such a luxury item as a mobile phone.

Designers and engineers were ready to work on new generation communication system equipment. They even gave the name of this system "Volemot" (the abbreviated name of the cities where there were development teams - Voronezh, Leningrad, Molodechno, Ternopil). The new system provided for the placement of a large number of base stations. Switching from one station to another took place during the movement instantly and imperceptibly for the subscriber. This function allowed to consider "Volemot" already a full-fledged cellular communication system.

But the country's leadership considered that people's access to cellular communications posed a threat to “state security” (although it could be easily heard without encrypting the signal). Financing of the project was suspended indefinitely. In the West, at this time, cellular communications gained popularity. By 1980, the leadership of the USSR in the development of a new generation of mobile communications was irretrievably lost.

In 1991-1992, the first NMT-450 cellular operators appeared in Leningrad and Moscow. The prices for this service were very high and the coverage area was limited. And although many citizens could not afford to pay for mobile communication, access to this type of communication was open to all.

There was a place for the systems "Altai" and "Volemot". They were used when reliable and inexpensive mobile communication with a large coverage area was needed. These systems allowed the possibility of connecting a special device that encrypted the conversation and it was practically impossible to listen. Until now, the network "Altai" and "Volemot" are used in many cities and towns of Russia. Usually they are called "trunk". They adequately serve in various professional areas: from taxis to emergency medical care.

By the end of the 90-ies, conventional mobile phones (GSM standard) have become more reliable, and most importantly miniature. And it turned out to be the decisive factor that led to the users rejecting “Volemotov” and “Altaev” in favor of small tubes. Despite this, in some remote areas of Russia, you can connect to the network "Altai" or "Volemot", which work quite stably.

Materials used:
http://maxpark.com/community/4057/content/1809324
http://www.izmerov.narod.ru/okno/index.html
http://www.livejournal.ru/themes/id/13773

Comments

[Professor]

But, the Soviet designers were able to make such a phone, which was almost analogous to the executive device on the desktop. Similar designs abroad have not yet been.

It was, the first mobile phone was patented in America in 1906 by Charles Alden, in 1946 the working commercial mobile phone company Bel was installed in a car, it used up to 32 channels at three frequencies. A mobile phone with a semi-automatic dial appeared in Sweden in 1956 ...

[BARKAS]

Read carefully the article professor.

Early mobile communications developed slowly in the USA and Europe, overcoming great technical and financial difficulties. The first mobile phones tested at the end of the 40s were so bulky that they barely fit in the trunk of a car.

It’s hard to imagine what a mobile phone was like in 1906.

[Vanek]

Quote: BARKAS

It’s hard to imagine what a mobile phone was like in 1906.

[Papakiko]

Fly away!
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

[Veter]

Quote: Professor

It was, the first mobile phone was patented in America in 1906 by Charles Alden, in 1946 the working commercial mobile phone company Bel was installed in a car

Is it wikipedia? You have behind the hill all the education on the basis of Wikipedia. Also a professor to me ...

[Professor]

You have behind the hill all the education on the basis of Wikipedia.

In your opinion, this data is not correct? Enlighten how it really was.

[Vanek]

The design and functional characteristics of cell phones began to develop rapidly since 1983. The first phase is marked by Motorola’s DynaTAC phone, which appeared on the screens in the movie "Wall Street" with the participation of Michael Douglas in the role of financial tycoon. Representative of the current stage of development is the iPhone 3GS. There are thousands of cell phone models that have become popular from 1983 to the present. Here are the most famous and publicly available, their example shows the history of the development of this apparatus, which for most people plays a significant role in everyday life.

1983 year
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X
25 years ago, on June 13, 1983, Motorola launched the first commercial mobile
DynaTAC 8000X phone. Over 8000 years have been spent on the development of the DynaTAC 10X and
allocated more than 100 million US dollars. DynaTAC 8000X weighed 800 grams,
stored 30 phone numbers, had 1 melody and cost 3995 American dollars.
The talk time was nearly one hour.

Maybe I don’t understand something, but there is no question of 1906.

[Vanek]

And this is from the wiki:

In 1947 year Bell Laboratories Research Lab (owned by AT&T) made a proposal create a mobile phone.
In 1957, L.I. Kupriyanovich (USSR) created an experimental prototype of the LK-1 mobile phone weighing 3 kg and a base station for it, connected with the GTS. In subsequent 1958 samples, the weight of mobile phones was reduced to 0,5 kg.
In 1966, Bulgaria presented at the Interorgtekhnika-66 exhibition an industrial prototype of microcellular networks - the RAT-0,5 and ATRT-0,5 mobile phones and the RATC-10 base station for 6 subscribers.
In 1973, the first prototype of a portable cell phone was launched - Motorola DynaTAC. It is believed that the first call on this phone was made on April 3, 1973, when its inventor, Motorola employee Martin Cooper called AT&T rival Joel Engel in Russian. DynaTAC weighed about 1,15 kg and had

[rubber_duck]

Quote: Professor

It was, the first mobile phone was patented in America in 1906

Well, patenting doesn't mean at least designing. Incidentally, it illustrates well the American patent law.

Quote: Professor

in 1946, a working commercial mobile phone company Bel was installed in a car, it used up to 32 channels at three frequencies

It was not a mobile phone, but a radiotelephone. The Altai system was distinguished by its ability to automatically work directly with a wired telephone network.

[Papakiko]

Quote: Professor

The mobile phone was patented in America in 1906 by Charles Alden.

Daragoi.
Come on, "Rejuvenating Apples", "Airplane Carpet", "Miracle Mirror", we will recall and secured patents already ... x .. from the year before AD.
TV invented a native of Russia.
Radio invented Popov.
The use of radio for the needs of the Navy, as a means of electronic warfare back Russian roots.
The helicopter was designed by Sikorsky.
Aerobatics from Nesterov.
Strategic bombers from "Ilya Muromets" with a tver team (I. I. Sikorsky. K. K. Ergant, M. F. Klimikseev, A. A. Serebryannikov V. S. Panasyuk, Prince A. S. Kudashev, G. P . Adler)
Etc.
let us live in peace and friendship, a gifted PROFESSOR.
You were more adequate in comparison with your "fellow countrymen".

[Professor]

Wow, how many letters you wrote, and most importantly did not notice, in 1906, Charles Alden in New York World published the idea of ​​a mobile phone, in 1946 working Bel’s commercial mobile phone was installed in the car, and the 1956th work phone with semi-automatic dialing. Here you have the radio of Hertz, Popov, Marconi and co.

[JonnyT]

Well, since there was a conversation about mysticism, I’ll say that the idea of ​​creating a mobile phone in general belongs to Tesla

[Misantrop]

Quote: Professor

and most importantly did not notice, in 1906, Charles Alden in the New York World published the idea

Well then, Jules Verne in technology is generally out of competition. But you shouldn’t invent a time machine at all - you’ll prove your authorship, how many have been published on this subject ...

[AlNikolaich]

On 17 on June 1946 in St. Louis, USA, AT&T Mobile Telephony Service (MTS) and Southwestern Bell provided the first radiotelephone services to private customers.
The radiotelephones used in this system used conventional fixed channels. If the communication channel was busy, then the subscriber manually switched to another - free. The function of automatically selecting a free channel appeared later.
The equipment was bulky (30-40 kg without a power source!) And inconvenient to use. Manufacturers initially limited themselves to phones designed for installation only in cars.

In 1947, an event occurred that served as a starting point for the creation of cellular communications. D. Ring, an employee of Bell Laboratories, in an internal memorandum, put forward a wonderful idea of ​​the cellular principle of organizing mobile networks.
1 March 1948 the first fully automatic radiotelephony service began operating in Rinda, (Rinda Company)
In Europe, at this time, Ericsson and Marconi were the leaders. S. Lauren of the Swedish Telecommunications Network Administration developed an automatic mobile telephone system, which was tested in Stockholm in 1951. In the mid-1950s, the first telephone-equipped cars entered the road. The device consisted of a successor, transmitter, and logic device mounted in the trunk of a car, with the dialer and handset secured to a dashboard hanging over the back of the front seat. It was like traveling with a full telephone exchange in the car. With all the functions of a regular telephone, the cordless telephone was powered by a car battery.
Link: http: //hist-mobile.narod.ru/mir_sot.htm.
Professor, be more precise ...
A. And Charles Alden seemed to be engaged in boots ...

[Professor]

Professor, be more precise ...

More precisely. You only confirm my words that a real working mobile phone was created in 1946, although it weighed 32 kg and was placed in the trunk of a car. The Altai mobile system was also not carried in the back pocket of jeans. In 1956, a work telephone with semi-automatic dialing of numbers was installed in the car. These are the facts.

A. And Charles Alden seemed to be engaged in boots ...

So what? For example, the guru of genetics, Mendel was a priest, and Mikhail Kalashnikov was a sergeant of the Red Army.

Papakiko,
In fairy tales, too much is written.

Adult argument, you can’t argue. It is not even worth mentioning such a concept as "first published".

Papakiko,
Given the size of the computers of that time, the car was purely specifically freight.

32 kg then could take away and a passenger car.

Papakiko,
For comparison, here is the first prototype of a Motorola DynaTAC portable cell phone, dating back to 1973.

You compare with the mobile system "Altai", you would also compare with the iPhone.

[Papakiko]

Quote: Professor

You compare with the mobile system "Altai", you would also compare with the iPhone.

What does not suit you?

Look at both samples visually (more is not necessary).
And Wu-A-LA- How far the "mattress covers" have gone since 1906.
Well ... dumb not to become yourself?
Although the whole throat (in this case, fingers to the elbows, wipe) is a result on the face for everyone.

Quote: Professor

as "first published"

Leonardo DaVinci drew a lot of things (we will consider published).
In those "dashing" times, many "dreamers" burned at the stake.
A radiotelephone cannot be a prototype of a "cellular" one, the principles are different. Rather a prototype Trunking radiotelephone communication
DynaTAC rather Trunked radiotelephone than cellular.

[Professor]

Look at both samples visually (more is not necessary).

The ice has broken. Show Altai next to Bell Systems so to speak for comparison. Whatever the result, the fact remains that the first working mobile phone was exactly Bel's one back in 1946. The rest is emotions and smearing of snot on the cheeks.

[Papakiko]

Quote: Professor

that Belevsky was the first working mobile phone back in 1946

Strongly the sun above the abetovannaya land burns.

The above article clearly shows the evolution from 1958 to 1969 "Altai and Altai-3".

that Belevsky was the first working mobile phone back in 1946

Show us it, working, first
However, the prototype phone is another device developed by the American company AT&T Bell Labs. It was she who stood at the origins of the development of a new era - the era of cellular communications. Sketches of ideas appeared among the creators in 1946. I hope you can see the difference between your 1946 and mine. Below is a continuation of the idea of ​​DynaTAC in 1983.

And then already seen by us:

Of course, you can refer the sample below to "cellular":

And we can see the whole family and evolution of "Altai" in one angle:

There is no need to measure pussies, but apparently in the "Israeli family" this is a complex and they constantly and not tiredly measure and measure, moreover, for the most part strangers.

[Professor]

Strongly the sun above the abetovannaya land burns.

There is no need to measure pussies, but apparently in the "Israeli family" this is a complex and they constantly and not tiredly measure and measure, moreover, for the most part strangers.

How old are you? Adult guys don’t communicate like that ... Parents know what you do on the Internet?

Last time and especially for you. The article indicates The very first mobile phone was created at the Research Institute of Communications of the city of Voronezh in 1958that is not true since the most first a mobile phone (I emphasize a working one) was created by Bel in 1946, and in 1956 a mobile phone with semi-automatic dialing appeared in Sweden. But the dimensions just measure to anything, this will not change the fact championship.
Now you want to believe it or not.

[Papakiko]

Quote: Professor

which is not true since the very first mobile phone (I emphasize a working one) was created by Bel in 1946

Quote: Professor

and in 1956 in Sweden

Do you mean these Swedes ?:

It will be useful for you to familiarize yourself with the basics Cellular connection и Trunked radio.
Stop lumping together different things, otherwise agree that the first mobile-cellular device is Wireless telegraph.

The very first mobile phone (I emphasize a working one) was created by Bel in 1946.

AT&T Bell Labs came up with the idea of ​​cellular telephony back in 1946. Then this company created the world's first radiotelephone service: it was a hybrid of a telephone and a radio transmitter - using a radio station installed in the car, it was possible to transmit a signal to the telephone exchange and make a regular phone call. A call to a radiotelephone was made in a much more complicated way: the subscriber had to call the telephone exchange and report the phone number installed in the car. It was impossible to speak at the same time: communication took place as in ordinary radio stations of that time - in order to speak, one had to press a button and release it in order to hear a reply message. Capabilities radiotelephones(radio transceivers) were limited: interference and a small range interfered radio stations.


You persistently pass it off as ultimate truth!?
They attached 1937 Mobile Marine Radio (Woto leaned above).

[Professor]

Do you mean these Swedes ?:

No, these

Are you again interested in size?

You stubbornly pass this off as the ultimate truth !?

Belle, 1946 - this is an internationally recognized fact.

[Papakiko]

Quote: Professor

Belle, 1946 - this is an internationally recognized fact.

Kill "Eggloop" - This is from "Kin-dza-dza"
And they flew to the moon - also "generally recognized factt.!?
If you want to pray to the "mattress", pray only at home and quietly.
Since you believe that blacks are loaded with shovels into the reactor by stokers, then I will not persuade you. The main thing is louder and more often shout and say about it.

[edge731]

Well, "they" are circumcised - that's why you have to be compared by strangers ...

[Professor]

Well, "they" are circumcised - that's why you have to be compared by strangers ...

And is something smart that your gray matter can produce?

[Papakiko]

Quote: Professor

1906 Charles Alden at New York World опубликовал mobile phone idea

In fairy tales, too much is written.

Quote: Professor

in 1946, Bel’s working commercial mobile phone was installed in a car

Given the size of the computers of that time, the car was purely specifically freight. And about the forest of antenna masts I’m silent, modestly.
For comparison, here is the first prototype portable Motorola DynaTAC Cell Phone, Already 1973.

True top engineering design?
You can of course watch the video.

You can cite films from the series "James Bond" as examples, and there, wow, how fantasy flies on enchanting mega gadgets.

[Ascetic]

Quote: Professor

in 1946, a working commercial mobile phone company Bel was installed in a car, it used up to 32 channels at three frequencies.

The first mobile communications network (telephony) was launched in St. Louis by the joint efforts of AT&T and Bell Labs, but due to imperfection and not "usability" it quickly disappeared into oblivion. ... Due to the insufficient number of channels in the range, communication worked no further than 100 km, it was necessary to wait for a free communication channel (there were queues), and sometimes subscribers simply wedged themselves into someone else's conversation. Phone owners had to manually switch from reception to transmission, as in walkie-talkies. The client independently searched for an unoccupied channel, establishing a connection with the operator, and he manually connected it to the desired subscriber.
And only in the late 60s in the United States began to appear mobile telephony models on honeycomb nominated by Bell Labs employee Douglas Ring. This principle just solved the problem of limited range capacity.
. April 3 1973 years Martin Cooper, head of Motorola’s mobile communications division, made his historic call, from which it is customary to count the beginning of cellular telephony. But commercial networkbased on these principles, It was launched only in 1983.

By this time in the USSR there was already "Altai-3M", the third generation of Altai.

The highest triumph of “Altai” can be considered the Moscow Olympics-80, where they gave out surprised foreign correspondents mobile phones for installation in cars: at home “there” they just heard about this service from third parties.

The photo shows a variant of the subscriber unit of the Altai-3S system (Volemot)

[avt]

Yes, if not for the hunchbacked .... Chertok and other old people then suggested that he do what is now called GLONAS and JIPIES.

[AlNikolaich]

So our glonass began to be made since 1976. And only in the 1993 year they took into operation. Amer began earlier, and in the same 1993 year, GPS became fully deployed. And Russia just today (05.03.13) has fully deployed GLONASS (message from Roskosmos). There is something to note!
And what to be proud of if the USA worked from the 50's, and we only from the 70's!

[skeptic]

Quote: AlNikolaich

So our glonass began to do since 1976. And only in 1993 they took into operation. Amer began earlier, and in the same 1993 GPS became fully deployed. And Russia just today (05.03.13/XNUMX/XNUMX) has fully deployed GLONASS (a message from Roscosmos). There is something to note!
And what to be proud of if the USA worked from the 50's, and we only from the 70's!

Another confirmation of youth that the USSR is the first state of socialism was at the highest level of the most developed countries of the West.

[Ascetic]

AlNikolaich,

Yes, this is Glonass-M No. 743 - 08 r.t. closed. By the way, the spacecraft itself was launched into orbit in November 2011. and entered the system in September 2012. Three more Glonass-M spacecraft are in storage in Zheleznogorsk. If necessary, can be launched into orbit. This year
ISS is faced with the task of producing five more GLONASS-M spacecraft. By the way, if in 2011. Since six satellites were launched, in 2012 the launch of these three in storage was not required because for the first time the orbital reserve, which currently consists of 2 spacecraft, worked effectively. Now the most "ancient" three satellites of 2006. In total it is used for its intended purpose-24, OR-2, for TO-2, LI-1 Total -29 plus 3 in storage

[aksakal]

Quote: avt

Yes, if not for the hunchbacked .... Chertok and other old people then suggested that he do what is now called GLONAS and JIPIPES

“I hate Humpback himself, but I don’t need to hang all the dogs on him!”
But the country's leadership considered that people's access to cellular communications posed a threat to “state security” (although it could be easily heard without encrypting the signal). Financing of the project was suspended indefinitely. In the West, at this time, cellular communications gained popularity. By 1980, the leadership of the USSR in the development of a new generation of mobile communications was irretrievably lost. - Hunchback and where? If the stagnant party leadership did not see point-blank commercial prospects and did not see that with the help of such a gadget they could protect themselves from the most dangerous oil dependence, which they have not yet got rid of. Ideological blindness + non-dispositional economic arrangement + complete lack of technology transfer from a developed military industry to a lagging civilian industry.
Let us recall the film "The Most Charming and Attractive". What kind of computer model did the heroes of this film stand and draw behind? "Elbrus" was already at that time, if that ... There was no software like AvtoKAD? Recall that at that research institute advanced robots were developed, which the main character of the film tested during a business trip. The robot could not work without software - that is, there were software engineers. One of them is the one that played tennis and liked the main character somewhere very deep in her soul. And instead of playing tennis, he would have better come up with a prototype of the AutoCAD, which would dramatically increase the labor productivity of the department where the main character was found. But this is not planned by the State Planning Committee, and since it is not planned, then there is nothing to get out of your skin, it is better to drive into a game of tennis!
So what does Gorbi have to do with it? It's a shame that the Chinese understood and did not begin to destroy everything, but began to gradually introduce private initiative into economic activity.
You won’t play back, it’s better to think about the future.
Here Alekneg will surely confirm - with the strongest Russian mathematical traditions (where Kolmogorov, Arnold V.I., Steklov and others have invested) Russia in the field of theoretical developments in artificial intelligence, which includes the theory of neural networks, the theory of pattern recognition, decision theory and a lot of everything is still ahead of the rest. Here the commercial embodiment in products is faster in the West, but this must be eliminated. The emergence of artificial intelligence will radically change the way of life of mankind, but it will be a rather painful process - you don’t need janitors, technicians, car washers and other brothers, up to representatives and more complex working professions. But as soon as the painful stage passes, a new era of humanity will begin. But the state that is the first to make a breakthrough to AI will receive a very big advantage. And we need to take care that Russia will be such a state. And what happened in the past was in the past. There were victories to be proud of, there were untalented omissions with real opportunities to be the first. Everything was, but you need to look forward.

[Igarr]

Hello men ...
Most of all .. depressing .. the next thing:
In the USSR, what the hell was no bald one. Everything was. With the strictest planned economy of the socialist type.
Even to look at pictures - you will admire. And all these Altai and Volmot ... just my sphere of activity. As well as trunking. (This is for Papakio and the Professor).
The space constellation of satellites is the idea of ​​the distant 60-70 years. Again the USSR.
...
Damn, this .. unappreciated USSR - collapsed due to the fact that, say, successful managers in a private company - the mountains are turned by naked enthusiasm!
We rush forward - as on wings.
The market will judge us all. And equalizes. Or leveled.
...
Where?
Where, damn it, wild breakthroughs ... in production?
In science? In applied technology?
..
The Chinese, burst my eyes, the Communists in ideology - in practical technology gain the upper hand.
Soon we will give up science too.
..
How much was the inertia of the Soviet Union giantthat we still can do something else.
Satellites have been operating since 2006. And satellites 2012-2011 ... in the same year they dive into the ocean. Or about Chersky rocks.
So the United States - is it better to live, have they become?
They would, perhaps, be glad to return back ... their venture with the Tagged. But no, the elbow is close ....
..
It's a shame for the state.
For 200 years, the US has been developing in greenhouse conditions. Beckoning brains from everywhere.
Every 50 years the USSR (or the state on its territory) - steps on the same rake. After which - the flood is preferable.
And - science, production, culture, spirit - goes forward.
Now the "hawks" are talking about the war again. Today we had a training on civil defense and emergency situations.
Yes, spruce .... as much as possible ... Russia ..........
Since 1991, 22 years have passed. From 1993 - 20 .... What is acceleration?

[Pelican]

Compare mobile multi-channel with mobile cellular?

[Igarr]

Worse, everything is much worse ...
Trunking is compared to conventional ... and the elements of the PBX are pulled here.
Hee ...

[Professor]

Have you ever seen in my commentary the word cellular?

[Rrrrr]

That m-Dacians learned the Russian language on their own head, Oh inferiority and complexes)))))

[Justme]

The article is written in the style of popular folk - beautiful, colorful, .. and according to the popular canon ..
Who remembers, for example, the same 50s .. 60s ..
And in those years, the country was relatively booming -
And they did not hesitate to reprint valuable Western articles on electronics ... to publish large volumes of collections of valuable thoughts (by the way, I have one of these on the shelf ..) ... the first version of this system was described - according to the principle - "solder your first mobile phone" ..) ..

But then - our management system degenerated into such a tramp ..
So now it’s easier to work for a private trader or for the same Koreans - Sumsung, LG .. or even the Chinese - Huawei ..