History self-propelled anti-tank gun "Octopus-SD" is quite complicated, so we will limit ourselves to mentioning only its main stages. In the 1970s Research and development work was underway to create a new generation of self-propelled anti-tank guns (SPTP). Interest in a self-propelled armored vehicle with a powerful anti-tank gun was shown, in particular, by airborne troops. An analysis of the development trends of foreign armored vehicles, conducted at the 3rd Central Research Institute of the USSR Ministry of Defense, showed that the effectiveness of anti-tank weapons in the airborne forces is already insufficient to combat tanks enemy, which he will inevitably use to deal with airborne assault forces. While the Ground Forces can engage the main battle tanks in the fight against enemy armored vehicles, this is impossible in parachute landings. Military transport capabilities aviation and means of landing allow the use of machines with a maximum mass of about 18 tons as part of the parachute landing.
By that time, the development of a light tank (code “Judge”) armed with an 100-mm rifled gun and adapted for paratroopering had already been completed, and a light tank on the topic “Yacht” was carried out at VgTZ. But the project of a light amphibious tank, as is known, was stopped at the same time when OCD was asked about the Bakhcha BMD.
At the same time, studies conducted by CNIITOCHMASH specialists have shown that it is possible in principle to switch from the caliber of the 100 anti-tank gun mm (based on ballistics and ammunition of the standard smooth-bore gun T-12) to the caliber 125 mm. Experiments with a prototype model on the BMP-2 chassis confirmed that the X-ballistic 125-mm gun of the D-81 smooth-bore tank gun can be mounted on a light carrier provided that the artillery unit has been modified. C1982 in TsNIITOCHMASH conducted studies of the possibility of creating an airborne self-propelled anti-tank gun, the most unified on the artillery part of the easel gun. Based on these results, a protocol of the Commission of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 29 July 1983 was charged with conducting preliminary studies to determine the possibility of creating an 125-mm SPTP for the airborne forces on the unified landing gear nodes of a promising airborne assault vehicle.
Initially it was assumed that the PTP would not only solve the tasks of fighting the enemy’s tanks and armored vehicles, but also conduct fire on its personnel and fire weapons, support the airborne units with direct fire during the attack of the capture object, and act directly in the combat formations of the airborne combat vehicles at attack and in repelling the enemy attack on the march. This required the quality of the light tank and the corresponding ammunition from the SPTP, however, the term “light tank” was no longer used. The work was carried out under the auspices of the GRAU, which, unlike the GBTU, could not engage in “tanks”. Of course, specialists from VgTZ and OKB-9 “Uralmashzavod” (plant No. 9, Sverdlovsk, now Yekaterinburg) participated in the R & D works - the manufacturer of the 125-mm tank gun.
The experience of creating a light tank still gave the basis for the start of work on the UTP. A prototype model of the tank “Object 934” (“Judge”) was transferred to the TSNIITOCHMASH through the GBTU and GRAU. This chassis is in 1983 — 1984's. and made an experimental model of an airborne 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun. The installation of a cannon in a fixed wheelhouse (as in the previous Soviet anti-tank SAU, including airborne assault systems 57 and SU-85) was refused, as well as a rendered weapon installation. The new SPTP was developed with the installation of a gun in a habitable rotating armored turret. In the turret version, the gun was first supplied with a muzzle brake and a two-plane stabilizer. However, the muzzle brake had to be eliminated - not so much because of the shells with a detachable pallet and disclosed plumage (this problem was solved by the corresponding profile of the muzzle brake), but rather due to the presence of an ATGM shot in the ammunition: the release of hot powder gases from the side windows of the brake could lead to loss of control of the rocket. The muzzle brake also created a muzzle wave, directed sideways and back, but the gun had to operate in the combat formations of the paratroopers, possibly with a landing force on the armor. In addition, during this research, the composition of the instrumentation complex and the scheme of stabilized targeting drives in the fire control system were substantiated.
Experimental firing conducted at 1984 at the 38 research institute in Kubinka showed that the maximum overloads acting on the crew (crew members) during the shot, angular movements of the hull and overpressure in the trunnion area did not exceed the permissible norms, residual waste and the suspension penetration was absent, while the accuracy of the shooting was at the level of regular tank systems.
The decision of the Military Industrial Commission of the USSR Council of Ministers on 20 June 1985 asked OCD to create an 125-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun, which was assigned the code Sprut-SD. VgTZ was appointed as the lead contractor; on TSNIITOCHMASH (Klimovsk, Moscow Region) and VNIITRANSMASH (Leningrad) assigned scientific and technical coordination of work and participation in the technical and economic assessment. The new machine received an index "Object 952".
In the work on the chassis, weapons and instrument equipment participated OKB-9 "Uralmashzavod", Central Design Bureau ON "Krasnogorsk plant them. S.A. Zvereva ", Central Design Bureau" Peleng "(Minsk), All-Russian Scientific Research Institute" Signal "(Kovrov), Instrument Design Bureau (Tula), Volgograd Shipbuilding Plant, NIMI (Moscow). In February, the Moscow Aggregate Plant "Universal" was issued a tactical and technical task for the creation of airborne landing gears, which ensure the landing of the Sprut-SDE with a crew of three people inside. Also participated in the work of the Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense.
OKB-9 "Uralmashzavod" was simultaneously engaged in towing a self-propelled version of the 125-mm anti-tank gun "Sprut-B"; it was put into service in 1989 under the designation 2А-45М. The installation of the 125-mm cannon on the GAZ-5923 wheeled chassis, the future of the BTR-90, was also considered.
From the opening of the ROC on the topic of the Sprut-SD to the adoption of the PTP into service, twenty years have passed. Among the main reasons for such a time gap are not just the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the country's economy. In addition to the withdrawal of the state order and a sharp drop in the financing of the defense industry, the collapse of previous production ties had a most negative effect. So, the sight-device of guidance "Bug" was developed in Belarus, where for some time separatist sentiments prevailed.
And yet, by a decree of the RF Government on 26 of September 2005, No. XXUMX-r, and by an order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on January 1502, 9, 2006-mm self-propelled anti-tank gun 125-X2 "Sprut-SD" was adopted. The order for the CTP 25C2 received VgTZ.
Of course, the machine type 2C25 "Sprut-SD" can not replace the main battle tanks. However, lightweight machines by weight, similar to tanks in their firepower, but with high air-mobility and the ability to drop from the air or from the sea are necessary for rapid reaction forces in modern conflicts. Work on them has been going on for a long time in different countries, but in the Sprut-SD, for the first time in world practice, an airborne airborne weapon system with firepower of the main battle tank was implemented (most foreign developments in this category use guns of a “tank” caliber, but reduced ballistics).
The combat vehicle 2C25 is arranged according to the classical scheme with the front control compartment, the middle one - the combat compartment with the deployment of weapons and crew members in a rotating turret and rear - MTO. The commander and the gunner are placed in the tower in a combat position; when landing and in the stowed position, they are located on the universal seats in the control compartment - respectively, to the right and left of the driver.
The 125А2 smoothbore gun installed in the 75 tower provides firepower at the level of the T-72, T-80, and T-90 tanks. The length of the gun barrel - 6000 mm, the mass of the gun - 2350 kg. For shooting, the whole range of separate-cartridge loading shots for 125-mm tank guns can be used, including shots with armor-piercing sabot piercing shells with a detachable tray and with an 9М119 ATGM (3UBK14 shot) launched through the gun barrel. The ATGM control is semi-automatic, by laser beam. Penetration - 700-770 mm with overcoming dynamic protection. Rate of Fire - 7 rds / min.
The installation of 125-mm guns of high ballistics, designed for a combat vehicle of about 40 t mass, on an 18 t mass product, moreover in a turret version, required a number of special design solutions. In addition to increasing the rollback length more than doubled - up to 740 mm (compared to 310-340 mm for 125-mm guns of the main battle tank), the body of the carrier vehicle itself was also rolled back due to the operation of the hydropneumatic chassis suspension. Before the recoil impulse affects the crew and mechanisms, the cannon rolls back relative to the turret and the hull rolls back relative to the lower branches of the tracks, resting on the ground. It turns out a kind of double rollback, absorbing the recoil energy of a powerful gun - just as it was done earlier, for example, in railway artillery conveyors. The nonlinear characteristic and high energy intensity of the air suspension of the chassis, the high dynamic motion of the rollers inherent in it, played its role here. When the hull rolls back, it “crouches” a little, and the length of the bearing surface of the tracks increases, which contributes to the stability of the SPTP when fired.
7,62-mm PKT machine gun (PKTM) with 2000 rounds of ammunition loaded into ribbons is paired with a gun. Vertical guidance angles - from -5 to + 15 °, while turning aft - from -3 to + 17 °. Installation of weapons stabilized in two planes. The fire control system includes a laser range finder and a digital ballistic computer.
SPTP 2C25 "Sprut-SD" with means of landing P260M
The gunner’s workplace is equipped with the 1А40-1М instrumentation complex, the TO1-KO1Р Buran-PA night-sight (complex) and the TNNO-170 surveillance devices. The commander’s place is equipped with a 1K13-ZS combined aiming-sight device with a field of view stabilized in two planes, a night branch, a laser range finder, an ATGM information control channel, a duplicate ballistic device with communication channels with a ballistic computer of the gunner’s sight, a system for entering aiming angles and lateral control in the position of the gun relative to the line of sight, the remote control autonomous control of the automatic loader and pointing drives with the possibility of real-time transfer the board of the complex on command of the commander from the gunner to the commander and vice versa. This ensures the interchangeability of the commander and the gunner. The multiplicity of the day channel increase in the sight of the commander 1K13-3С - 1х, 4х and 8х, night - 5,5х. For the circular review, the commander is served by periscopic observation devices TNPO-170, TNPT-1.
The automatic loader of the gun includes: a rotating conveyor with 22 shots (shells and charges placed in cassettes), a chain mechanism for lifting the cassette with elements of a shot, a mechanism for trapping and removing gunfire pallets, a chain (two-way) shotgun of elements of a shot from a cassette into a gun, a drive of the lid the hatch of emission of the pallet and the movable chute, the electromechanical stopper of the gun at the loading angle and the control unit. To obtain an increased rollback, the automatic loader has a wider frame of the cassette's lift, inside of which the details of the mechanism for capturing and removing the fired pallets during the rollback enter. The mechanism for trapping and removal of the pallet is placed on the end part of the breech of the gun with the possibility of delaying the pallet. The mechanism is designed so that it is possible to temporarily block the back side of the end part of the breech of the cannon and with the subsequent movement of the fired pan purge the breech zone with air from the cleaning system. The latter has an air duct from the filtering device to the breech zone of the gun and to crew jobs using a rotating air device. The shape and dimensions of the automatic loading conveyor allow crew members to move inside the vehicle from the crew compartment to the control compartment along the hull sides.
SPTP 2C25 "Sprut-SD" after landing
The hull and tower of SPTP 2C25 are made of aluminum armor alloy, the frontal part of the tower is reinforced with steel plates. The tower is mounted 81-mm installation system 902В "cloud." SPTP is equipped with a system of protection against weapons mass destruction.
The MTO is equipped with a four-stroke multi-fuel diesel engine 2В-06-2С, which develops HP 510 power, and a hydromechanical transmission interlocked with it. The transmission includes a hydrovolume turning mechanism and provides five speeds of forward and the same reverse.
The chassis includes on one side seven rollers, four supporting rollers, the drive wheel - rear location. The high (28,3 hp / t) power density of the engine in combination with a hydropneumatic suspension and low ground pressure provided the car with good running characteristics.
Water barriers "Sprut-SD" overcomes without additional devices, movement afloat provide two water jets. The machine has good seaworthiness: in case of agitation up to 3 points, it can not only overcome water obstacles without a move, but also conduct aimed fire in the forward sector of shelling, equal to ± 35 °.
SPTP 2C25 "Sprut-SD" is transported by military transport aircraft. Airborne assault is carried out by parachute method.
Performance characteristics 2C25 "Sprut-SD"
Gross weight, t .............................................. .... 18
Crew, cel ............................................... ........... 3
Air transportation ............. by IL-76 type (M, MD), An-22
Height at working ground clearance, mm ............................................ ...... 2720 (wind gauge - 2980)
Length with forward cannon, mm ............................ 9771
Housing length, mm ...................................... 7070
Width, mm ............................................... ..... 3152
Ground clearance mm ............................................. 100— 500 (worker - 420)
Armament gun:
- brand ................................................ ........ 2А75
- caliber (mm), type .............. 125, smooth-bore
- loading ...................................... separate, automatic
- rate of fire, rds / min ....................... 7
machine gun:
Brand .............................................. PKT ( PCTM)
- caliber, mm .............................................. ... 7,62
Weapon targeting angles:
- horizon ............................................... ..360 '
- vertically forward ..................... From -5'to + 15 '
- vertically back (astern) ...... From -3'to + 17 '
Ammunition:
- shots to the gun ..................... 40 (of which 22 - in the automatic loader)
- types of shots ................ high-explosive fragmentation, cumulative, armor-piercing subcaliber, ATGM14 (launch through the barrel of the gun)
- ammunition ................................................ ..... 2000
Armor protection:
- frontal .................... from the fire 12,7-mm machine guns (in the sector ± 40 ')
- circular ........................ from fire 7,62-mm weapons
Engine:
- type ............................................. four-stroke 6- cylinder diesel with gas-turbine turbocharger, direct fuel injection, liquid cooling
- brand ................................................ ..2B-06-2С
- power, hp (kW) ............................. 510 (375)
Transmission .......................... hydromechanical, with hydrostatic rotation mechanism
Suspension of road wheels ............ individual pneumatic
Caterpillar ........................ steel, two-ridge, zevochnogo gearing, with successive rubber metal hinges
Main track width
tracks, mm ............................................... .... 380
Water propulsion, type ...... hydro jet
Maximum speed km / h:
- on the highway ............................................... ..70 — 71
- afloat................................................ .......... 10
Average dry speed
dirt road, km / h ............................... 47 — 49
Power reserve:
- on the highway, km ............................................. .... 500
- by dirt road, km ............................... 350
- afloat, h .............................................. ......... 10
Ground pressure, kg / cm2 ................. 0,53
Originally planned landing with the help of parachute-reactive means. The development, which received the designation PNNUMX, was carried out by the Universal plant (Moscow) together with the Research Institute of Parachute Engineering (Moscow, the parachute system) and NPO Iskra (the city of Perm, powder rocket engines). They took as a basis parachute-reactive tools PNNUMX, developed for landing BMP-260; As a basic rocket block, a brake rocket manufactured by NPO Iskra, borrowed from the soft landing system of the Soyuz-type descent cosmic apparatus, was considered. The technical design of the PRS PNNUMX for the Sprut-SD was reviewed and protected in 235.
Although several prototypes of the ORS were manufactured and a full cycle of preliminary ground tests was carried out, the analysis of the ORS operability revealed a large number of shortcomings consisting primarily in the complexity and bulkiness of the design of the PRD cassette unit, the high manufacturing cost and complexity in operation. During the preliminary flight tests revealed problems in the work of the selected parachute system. In addition, ORS demanded higher qualifications of the staff. And the difficult economic situation in the country that was formed during the “market reforms” did not allow even carrying out tests of P260 facilities with brake propulsion systems.
As a result, by a joint decision of the Air Force, Airborne Forces and the MKPK Universal from 30 in May 1994, the PRS variant was canceled and approved the development of the Sprut-PDS tools in the multi-domed parachute free-form system with air damping, maximally unified in terms of operating principles, components and components serial means of landing PBS-950 for BMD-3. The parachute variant of the Sprut-PDS landing gear was designated P260M. The differences in the design of the PNNUMXM from the PBS-260 are due to an increase in the mass and dimensions of the landing facility itself.
The basis of the P-260М was the 14-dome parachute system MKS-350-14М (based on the unified parachute block with an area of 350 м2) with the exhaust parachute system UPPS-14 and the air damping of the forced filling with the mechanical block of the supercharging-unified, which is unified, and it is standardized by the standardized XPS-950 parachute system. . The minimum landing height had to be increased from the three hundred to four hundred meters indicated in the TTZ.
Here again, the collapse of the integrated system for the development of armament of the Airborne Forces, the means for their landing and military transport aircraft was manifested: by the time of the adoption of the Sprut-SD, the P2M had only undergone flight design tests, and the upgraded Il-25MD-XNUM aircraft - flight tests.
The revision of the design of the Sprut-SD 2C25, which affected the external contours of the car, required changes to be made in the landing gear. At present, the PNNUMX landing means in the variants for the landing of the “260 Object” and “The 952A Object” have been brought to the state testing stage.
The features of ПХNUMXМ include the absence of a central hub (the carriages for securing cargo to the monorail are fixed directly on the body of the machine) and the introduction of a hydrodrop system of orientation of the landed object in the direction of the wind. In this case, the role of the front ax is played by the front carriage, which is detached after the object leaves the aircraft during the landing. Suspension system includes an automatic coupler with a 260-second pyro retarder. The mass of landing gear is within 12-1802 kg, which provides a flight weight of a mono-cargo about 1902 kg.
It is possible to drop one object from the IL-76 aircraft, and two from the IL-76M (MD). The height of the landing above the landing ground is from 400 to 1500 m at the speed of the flight of the aircraft using the 300-380 km / h. Maximum vertical overloads upon landing - 15 g. To quickly bring the machine into combat readiness after landing serves the system of accelerated de-mooring. Without its application, the time of freeing the machine from the landing facilities manually did not exceed 3 minutes in tests.
25 March 2010 in the framework of the 76 th Airborne Division exercises on the Kislovo near Pskov landing area as part of the parachute assault of the 14 units of military equipment were successfully landed by the Sprut 2X25 SPrut-SD and BMD-XNIMX 4 of August of the same year carried out similar dropping of the Sprut-SD and BMD-25M to the Budihino landing site near the city of Kostroma.
