Russian genetic map
We constantly hear that the Russians are not a people brazed by blood, akin to blood, but a conglomeration of people united by a common culture and territory. Everyone remembers Putin's winged phrases "There are no pure Russians!" And "scratch all Russian, you will certainly find the Tatar."Say, we are “very different in blood,” “we didn’t sprout from one root”, but were a melting pot for Tatar, Caucasian, German, Finnish, Buryat, Mordovian and other peoples who have ever raided, entered, plodduvshihsya on our land, and we accepted them all, let them into the house, took them to our relatives.
It became, almost an axiom in the course of politicians, eroding the concept of Russian, and at the same time for everyone was the entrance ticket to the environment of the Russian people.
Such an approach, raised on the flag by numerous Russophobic a la "human rights" organizations and Russian Russophobic SMDIs, filled the air. But, Putin and others like him sooner or later will have to answer for their words of humiliation of the Russian people. The verdict of scientists is merciless:
1) In 2009, the complete “reading” (sequencing) of the genome of the representative of the Russian ethnos was completed. That is, the sequence of all six billion nucleotides in the Russian human genome has been determined. All his genetic management is now in full view.
(The human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes: 23 - from the mother, 23 - from the father. Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule formed by a chain of 50-250 million nucleotides. Sequencing has been subjected to the Russian male genome. The Russian Genome has been deciphered on the basis of the National Research of the Kurchatov Institute Center, initiated by Mikhail Kovalchuk, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Kurchatov Institute Research and Development Center. According to information received from the Russian Academy of Sciences, only for the purchase of Kurchato sequencing equipment The VSK Institute has spent approximately $ 20 million. The National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" has recognized scientific status in the world.)
It is known that this is the seventh gene decoded behind the Ural ridge: before that there were Yakuts, Buryats, Chinese, Kazakhs, Old Believers, Khanty. That is, all the prerequisites for the first ethnic map of Russia. But all these were, so to speak, composite genomes: pieces collected after decrypting the genetic material of different representatives of the same population.
The complete genetic portrait of a particular Russian man is only the eighth in the world. Now there is someone to compare Russians with: American, African, Korean, European ...
“We did not find in the Russian genome any noticeable Tatar introduction that disproves the theories about the destructive influence of the Mongolian yoke,” stresses the head of the genome direction at the Research Center Kurchatov Institute, academician Konstantin Skryabin. - Siberians are genetically identical to the Old Believers, they have one Russian genome. There are no differences between the genomes of Russians and Ukrainians - one genome. With the Poles, our differences are paltry. ”
Academician Konstantin Skryabin believes that “in five to six years a genetic map of all the peoples of the world will be compiled - this is a decisive step towards understanding the susceptibility of any ethnic group to drugs, diseases and products”. Feel what it costs ... Americans in 1990-e years gave the following estimates: the cost of sequencing one nucleotide - 1 dollars; according to other data - up to 3-5 dollars.
(Sequencing (reading of the letters of the genetic code) of the mitochondrial DNA and human Y-chromosome DNA is the most advanced DNA analysis methods to date .. Mitochondrial DNA is transmitted along the female line from generation to generation almost unchanged from the time when “the progenitor of humanity Eve "Climbed off a tree in East Africa. And the Y chromosome is present only in men and therefore is also transmitted almost unchanged to male offspring, whereas all other chromosomes are transmitted from father and mother to their children tasu tsya nature, like a deck of cards before dealing. Thus, in contrast to the indirect signs (appearance, body proportions), the sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome and no doubt, clearly shows that the degree of kinship of people.)
2) Outstanding anthropologist, researcher of human biological nature, A.P. At the end of the 19th century, Bogdanov wrote: “We use expressions all the time: this is purely Russian beauty, this is a hawk, a typical Russian face. You can make sure that not something fantastic, but the real lies in this general expression Russian physiognomy. In each of us, in the sphere of our "unconscious" there is a rather definite concept of the Russian type "(AP Bogdanov" Anthropological physiognomy ". M., 1878).
After a hundred years, and now the modern anthropologist V. Deryabin, using the latest method of mathematical multidimensional analysis of mixed characteristics, comes to the same conclusion: “The first and most important conclusion is the statement of the significant unity of Russians throughout Russia and the inability to identify even the relevant regional types, clearly limited from each other "(" Questions of Anthropology ". Issue. 88, 1995). What is the expression of this Russian anthropological unity, the unity of hereditary genetic traits expressed in the shape of a person, in the structure of his body?
First of all - the hair color and eye color, the shape of the structure of the skull. According to these characteristics, we Russians are different both from European nations and from Mongoloids. And we cannot even compare with blacks and Semites at all, the differences are too striking. Academician V.P. Alekseev proved a high degree of similarity in the structure of the skull of all representatives of the modern Russian people, clarifying that the “Proto-Slavonic type” is very stable and has its roots in the Neolithic, and possibly the Mesolithic period. According to the calculations of the anthropologist Deryabin, light eyes (gray, blue-gray, blue and blue) are found in Russians in 45 percent, in Western Europe only 35 percent are light-eyed. Dark, black hair is found in Russians in five percent, in the population of foreign Europe - in 45 percent. Not confirmed by the conventional wisdom of the "kurnososti" Russian. In 75 percentages, Russians have a straight nose profile.
The conclusion of anthropological scientists:
“Russians in their racial composition are typical Europoids, occupying a central position among the peoples of Europe in most anthropological features and differing in slightly lighter pigmentation of eyes and hair. It is also necessary to recognize the significant unity of the racial type of Russians in the whole of European Russia. ”
“Russian is European, but European with physical characteristics peculiar only to him. These signs constitute what we call the typical hare. ”
Anthropologists have seriously scratched Russian, and - no Tatar, that is Mongoloid, in Russian there. One of the typical signs of a Mongoloid is the epicantus, a Mongol fold at the inner corner of the eye. In typical Mongoloids, this fold is found in 95 percent, in the study of eight and a half thousand Russians, such a fold was found only in 12 people, and in embryonic form.
Another example. Russians literally have special blood - the predominance of the 1 and 2 groups, as evidenced by the long-term practice of blood transfusion stations. For Jews, for example, the predominant blood group is 4, more often the Rh-negative factor occurs. In biochemical blood tests, it turned out that the Russian, like all European nations, is peculiar to a particular PH-c gene, this gene is practically absent in Mongoloids (OV Borisova "Erythrocyte acid phosphatase polymorphism in various populations of the Soviet Union". "Questions of anthropology ". Issue. 53, 1976).
It turns out that no one can scratch a Russian, anyway, no Tatar, you will not find anyone else in it. This is confirmed by the Encyclopedia “Peoples of Russia”, in the chapter “The racial composition of the population of Russia” notes: “Representatives of the Caucasians make up more than 90 percent of the population of the country and about 9 percent are representatives of the forms mixed between Caucasians and Mongoloids. The number of pure Mongoloids does not exceed 1 million people. " ("Peoples of Russia". M., 1994).
It is easy to calculate that if Russian in Russia 84 percent, then all of them-only the people of the European type. The peoples of Siberia, the Volga region, the Caucasus, the Urals are a mixture of European and Mongol races. This was beautifully expressed by the anthropologist A.P. In the 19th century, Bogdanov, studying the peoples of Russia, wrote, refuting the present-day myth from his distant-distant, that the Russians had infused into their people alien blood in the epochs of invasions and colonization:
“Perhaps many Russians both married the natives and made them sedentary, but the majority of primitive Russian colonizers throughout Russia and Siberia were not like that. It was a commercial, industrial people who took care to arrange themselves in their own way, according to their own ideal of well-being. And this ideal of a Russian person is by no means such that it is easy to twist his life with some kind of “trash,” as the Russian person of a Gentile is still very often honoring. He will do business with him, he will be affectionate and friendly with him, he will come into contact with him in everything, in addition to be related, in order to introduce a foreign element into his family. To this, simple Russian people are still strong, and when it comes to the family, before rooting their home, here he has a kind of aristocracy. Often, villagers of different tribes live in the neighborhood, but marriages between them are rare. ”
For thousands of years, the Russian physical type remained stable and unchanged, and never was a cross between different tribes that at times inhabited our land. The myth has been dispelled, we must understand that the call of blood is not an empty sound, that our national understanding of the Russian type is the reality of the Russian breed. We must learn to see this breed, to admire it, to appreciate it in our near and far Russian relatives. And then, perhaps, our Russian appeal to completely strangers will be revived, but its people for us are a father, mother, brother, sister, son and daughter. After all, we are actually all from a single root, from one clan - the Russian clan.
3) Anthropologists were able to reveal the appearance of a typical Russian person. To do this, they had to transfer to a single scale all the photographs from the photo library of the Museum of Anthropology with full-face images and in profile of typical representatives of the population of the Russian regions of the country and, combining them through the pupils of their eyes, impose on each other. The final portraits turned out, of course, blurry, but gave an idea of the appearance of the reference Russian people. This was the first truly sensational discovery. After all, similar attempts by French scientists led to the result, which they had to conceal from the citizens of their country: after thousands of combinations from the obtained photographs of standard Jacques and Marianna, they looked gray faceless ovals of faces. Such a picture, even among the farthest from the anthropology of the French, could be caused by an unnecessary question: is there really a French nation?
Unfortunately, anthropologists did not go further than creating photographic portraits of typical representatives of the Russian population in different regions of the country and did not impose them on each other in order to obtain the image of an absolute Russian person. In the end, they were forced to admit that they could have trouble at work for such a photo. By the way, the “regional” identikits of the Russian people were published in the wide press only in 2002, and before that they were published in small editions only in scientific journals for specialists. Now you can judge for yourself how similar they are to the typical cinematic Ivanushka and Marya.
Unfortunately, mostly black-and-white old archival photos of Russian people’s faces do not allow for the transfer of body height, build, skin color, hair and eyes of the Russian person. However, anthropologists have created a verbal portrait of Russian men and women. These are of medium build and of medium height, light brown-haired people with bright eyes - gray or blue. By the way, in the course of the research a verbal portrait of a typical Ukrainian was also obtained. The reference Ukrainian differs from Russian only in the color of skin, hair and eyes - he is a dark brown brunette with regular features and brown eyes. The snub nose was absolutely not typical for an Eastern Slav (found only in 7% of Russians and Ukrainians), this sign is more typical for Germans (25%).
4) In 2000, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research allocated approximately half a million rubles from state funds for research on the gene pool of the Russian people. A serious program with such funding is impossible to implement. But it was more significant, than just a financial decision, speaking about the change of scientific priorities of the country. Scientists from the laboratory of population human genetics of the Medical Genetics Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences who received the RFBR grant for the first time in Russia stories for three years they were able to fully concentrate on the study of the gene pool of the Russian people, and not of small nations. And limited funding only spurred their ingenuity. They supplemented their molecular genetic studies with an analysis of the frequency distribution of Russian surnames in the country. This method was very cheap, but its information content exceeded all expectations: a comparison of the geography of surnames with the geography of genetic DNA markers showed their almost complete coincidence.
Unfortunately, interpretations of the family analysis, which appeared in the media after the first publication of data in a specialized scientific journal, could create a false impression of the goals and results of the enormous work of scientists. The project manager, Doctor of Science Elena Balanovskaya, explained that the main thing was not that the Smirnov surname was more common among the Russian people than Ivanov, but that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled by regions of the country. At first lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, in all regions there were about 15 thousand Russian surnames, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in the others. When superimposing regional lists on each other, scientists identified the entire 257 of the so-called "all-Russian surnames." Interestingly, at the final stage of the study, they decided to add the names of residents of the Krasnodar Territory to the list of the Southern Region, expecting that the predominance of the Ukrainian names of descendants of the Zaporozhye Cossacks, who were evicted here by Catherine II, would significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames to a total of 7 units - to 250. From which flowed the obvious and not for all the pleasant conclusion that the Kuban is inhabited mainly by Russian people. And what happened to the Ukrainians and whether there were any Ukrainians at all is a big question.
For three years, the participants in the Russian Genofund project have bypassed almost the entire European territory of the Russian Federation with a syringe and test tube and made a very representative sample of Russian blood.
However, cheap indirect methods of studying the genetics of the Russian people (by surnames and dermatoglyphics) were only auxiliary for the first in Russia study of the gene pool of titular nationality. His main molecular genetic results are available in the monograph "Russian gene pool" (Ed. "Ray"). Unfortunately, part of the study, due to the lack of public funding, was carried out by scientists jointly with foreign colleagues, who imposed a moratorium on many of the results until joint publications appeared in the scientific press. Describe these data in words, nothing prevents us. Thus, on the Y chromosome, the genetic distance between Russians and Finns is 30 units. And the genetic distance between the Russian people and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Veps, etc.) living in the territory of the Russian Federation is equal to 2-3 units. Simply put, they are genetically almost identical. The results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA show that Russians are from Tatars at the same genetic distance in 30 conventional units that separate us from the Finns, but between Ukrainians from Lviv and Tatars the genetic distance is only 10 units. And at the same time, Ukrainians from left-bank Ukraine are genetically as close to Russians as the Komi-Zyrians, Mordovians and Mari.
Based on materials http://www.genofond.ru, http://www.cell.com/AJHG/, http://www.yhrd.org, http://narodinfo.ru, http: //www.vechnayamolodost .ru, http://www.medgenetics.ru, http://www.kiae.ru
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