So were they there or not? 40 years since the last expedition to the moon
“We're not going to the moon,” Buzz Aldrin whispered in horror.
- Why do you think so? - Armstrong asked calmly, barely audibly humming “Land in the Illuminator” under his breath. He was a commander, and commander calm was supposed to him according to the instructions, complete with rank, patches and salaries in 30 054 dollars a year (including taxes).
“I have doubts,” Aldrin looked around suspiciously and covered the microphone with his hand. Then he bent down to Armstrong's ear. - I always knew it. Not the moon is. Fake. We think that we are flying, but in fact we are not flying. We stand somewhere in the desert, instead of the windows - television screens. Now we are shown a movie about space, and then we crash.
- Here you give! You still say that you know who killed Kennedy, - Armstrong mockingly looked at Buzz and began once again to verify the flight path.
“I know,” the co-pilot sighed ruefully, “Aliens.” They have a conspiracy with the Communists and the Illuminati.
- Aldrin, admit, you again used drugs from the on-board first-aid kit? - asked the commander of the "Eagle", strictly looking at the subordinate.
“Well, I'm a little bit,” Baz blushed. He picked up a marker and in front of the astonished commander began to draw hippos and a rainbow on the wall of the ship ...
The reason for referring to the topic of flights to the moon was the following event: exactly forty years ago, December 11 1972, the star-striped leg touched the surface of the Moon for the last time. 40 years ... passed an entire era, and so what? Instead of lunar bases and industrial development of the natural satellite of the Earth, we have only the book “We Never Went To The Moon” (We never flew to the Moon), written by the American writer B. Kizing in 1976 year. Actually, it was from this moment that one of the main intrigues of the twentieth century began.
For four decades, experts in the field of astronautics, astronomy, physics, radio engineering, biomedicine, directing, graphics, photography and photomontage, Americans have been trying to prove whether or not the moon was flying. Every day the number of arguments and evidence grows: direct and indirect, substantiated and not so much, refutable or vice versa. Frankly speaking, not a single convincing on 100% of the fact of falsification of the American Lunar program was found. At the same time, there are a number of slippery questions that NASA supporters cannot give a clear answer to.
Things like “a flag flying in a vacuum” or “no stars in photographs” are, of course, designed for simpletons and do not contain any secret: the flag is suspended on an L-shaped flagpole, and the stars are not visible due to the slow shutter speed in brightly lit moon.
Much more solid sounds another doubt: The level of technological development of astronautics in the 60-ies did not allow such an expedition. Here we can focus only on indirect evidence:
- the first vehicle that reached the surface of the moon was launched in 1959 (Soviet station Luna-2);
- In 1966, the Soviet station Luna-9 and the American Surveyor-1 and Surveyor-2 made a soft landing on the surface of the moon. Before launching the man on the moon, NASA conducted another 5 successful landings as part of the Surveyor program + three expeditions to explore the moon under the Ranger program and five under the Lunar Orbitter program;
- in 1967, the first launch of the Saturn-5 launch vehicle took place, capable of putting tons of payload into 140 orbit. Six million parts. Starting weight 3000 tons. Rocket height with 40-storey skyscraper. Even the skilled magician David Copperfield could not falsify the launch of Saturn-5 (a key element of the Moon program) - tens of thousands of people who came to Cape Canaveral from all over the world watched the launches with their own eyes.
The level of development of technology here, on the contrary, sounds more like an argument of supporters of NASA. Indeed, if Mankind could launch an unmanned probe to the Moon back in 1959, what prevented 10 from sending a probe to a man with a man aboard? And this is taking into account those tremendous efforts and costs aimed at the lunar program!
The second argument is deadly radiation! It is often said that when flying to the Moon, to ensure human security, 10-20-100 centimeters of lead biological protection are required. Otherwise, the deadly cosmic rays will kill all life on board. Astronauts would inevitably die on the moon in their thin rubber space suits.
As for the spacesuits, they were, of course, not rubber. The lunar spacesuit consisted of 25 layers: nylon, coolant hoses, thermal insulation, fiberglass, mylar, and finally, the outer protective layers of teflon-coated fiberglass. The weight of the spacesuit in terrestrial conditions - 80 kilogram.
American specialists were aware of the danger of the Earth’s radiation belts, because the Apollo’s flight path when crossing the belts was planned so that the Earth at that moment was turned towards the ship with its North or South Pole, where the magnetic field and radiation levels are less by an order of magnitude. Despite the apparent complexity of such a trajectory, specialists in space mechanics will only shrug their shoulders - for them to carry out such a calculation is just a routine task.
American astronomers, along with their Soviet colleagues, conducted close observation of flares on the Sun: in the event of a threat of increased solar activity, the launch should be canceled and postponed to another date. Fortunately for astronauts, this did not happen.
We have very specific ideas about cosmic radiation fluxes obtained from dozens of various scientific satellites, including those from the lunar surface. There is no “superradiance” there, which, of course, does not exclude a certain danger to human health (the astronauts did receive a good dose of radiation). As for the low near-earth orbit, the Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov spent on the board of the Mir station 438 days (world record!) And returned safely to Earth. So, everything that concerns radiation safety in near space does not cause any particular doubts.
Separately, I would like to note the fact that all the landings were planned in places that had just emerged from the earth's shadow, and the ground in this place had not yet had time to become very hot. Otherwise, the astronauts would have to jump like on hot coals. Knowing the exact dates of the expeditions, all this can be easily verified using free astronomical programs, for example, Stellarium.
In addition to space technology and radiation, I would like to mention a few more important points, because of which supporters of the "lunar conspiracy" theory break their spears. Search optical defects in photographs in the era of "Photoshop" - is clearly a thankless task. You can draw or paint over anything. Honestly, on official photos of NASA, I never saw anything suspicious. Some obviously compromising photos with three or even four astronauts on the Moon turned out to be fakes from the NASA / fun art website section. The famous photo with a distinct “C” symbol on a stone accidentally caught in a frame (experts explain it as a defect during development, a hair fell), it looks very suspicious, but much less impressive than the launch of the Saturn-5 rocket. Although, of course, a strange defect suggests some reflections ...
Charges in the absence of images of the Earth on the “lunar” photographs (and where the Earth is, on the contrary, all elements of the lunar landscape strangely disappear) can be explained by the choice of Apollo landing sites — the Earth, for definite reasons, was too high above the lunar horizon (checked by any free astronomical program).
Stronger alarming fact is that the Americans have managed lose the original film Apollo 11 lunar expedition. All the other five expeditions are available, and these are gone. NASA is meagerly justified by referring to the usual human stupidity and inattention - there are millions of films in the archive, somewhere stuck, or even erased and used in a new way. “Everyone knows that the original Beatles records were accidentally thrown by a maid. So, now the Beatles did not exist? ”- American astronauts sneer.
There is one more ridiculous fact: on video recordings in which Yankees cut across the moon in electric cars, You can clearly hear the sound of the engine running! Just like in Star Wars! NASA experts only shrug: “What do you think we skipped physics lessons at school? This is really the sound of a rover engine, but it does not come through a vacuum, but through the vibration of the ground. Believe it or not. By the way, director George Lucas at a press conference on the release of the next Star Wars series, began his speech with the words: “I know that the sound does not spread in a vacuum. Now ask your questions. ”
One can often hear a substantiated accusation regarding the absence of a crater at the site of the "lunar module" and in general traces of the impact of a jet stream. But the working engine of the 15-ton “Eagle” (although its weight on the Moon is 6 times smaller) was supposed to disperse all the dust and stones for many tens of meters around!
NASA, in response, cite numerous photographs of the Harrier vertical take-off aircraft. Where the landing operations are conducted in the field, the Harrier is very dusty, but, alas, no crater is formed under it. It is worth noting that the Eagle’s landing stage engine was two times weaker than the Harrier’s powerful engine with a 10 ton load.
According to NASA, astronauts installed on the moon laser reflectors. It is these reflectors (and one more, on the Soviet “Lunokhod”) that are still used by specialists from all over the world for ultra-precise measurement of the distance to the moon. The fact that reflectors are installed on the surface of the moon no doubt, another thing, could the Americans install them automatically, like on the Lunokhod?
"Apollos" delivered from the moon 382 kg of soil, of which about 40 kilograms were given to scientific organizations around the world. Part of the samples came to our institute them. Vernadsky. After a comprehensive study of the "American soil", Soviet researchers came to the conclusion that these are truly extraterrestrial samples, similar in properties to lunar soil delivered to Earth by Soviet automatic stations Luna-16, Luna-20 and Luna-24.
Lunar soil differs dramatically from terrestrial rocks by its chemical composition, the complete absence of traces of water and, most importantly, radiological age: the regolith formed 3.7 - 4.0 billion years ago, and the oldest minerals found on Earth - 2.6 billion.
In recent years, about 20 kg of lunar soil has strangely disappeared from the NASA collection - according to Americans, "moon stones" are regularly taken for research by various scientific organizations, while scientists are not in a hurry to return it, shamelessly dragging it around for home collections.
Finally, the most fierce storyrelated to liquidation of "objectionable" personswho refused to participate in a grand fraud. Indeed, in the 1966-1967 period, eight people died in a strange way, one way or another connected with space flights. This is not a simple tale from the "yellow press", all the dead are known by name:
Air Force Major Robert Lawrence 8 December 1967 of the year crashed while approaching an F-104 aircraft. You may ask, what did Lawrence have to do with the cosmos and the moon? Shortly before his death, he participated in the program to develop an orbital station. Obviously, I learned something about the "Moon Program", for which he was eliminated.
Russell Rogers died on September 13 1967 of the year - his F-105 fighter exploded in the air. Shortly before his death, he worked for NASA.
All other dead were NASA astronauts, although none of them, except for Grissom and White, had time to go into space.
Elliot C and Charles Bassett were the first candidates for the flight on Gemini-9, crashed on February 28 of the year 1966 when landing on the T-38 training aircraft.
27 January 1967, a tragedy occurred: Virgil Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee from the Apollo-1 crew died. All three of them burned alive in an oxygen atmosphere while training in the spacecraft cabin.
Alas, astronautics experts do not find anything suspicious in the tragic death of the Apollo-1 crew, for example, 23 March 1961, under completely similar conditions, Soviet tester Valentin Bondarenko burned in the pressure chamber. Tragic accident.
Surprisingly, all nine Air Force pilots selected for flights on the Soviet Buran (the same relative of the Shuttle) also died under strange circumstances at the end of the 80s. What is it? Government conspiracy? Is "Buran" never existed in reality?
From my point of view, all the above cases only confirm the high risk and danger of the professions of pilots and astronauts. By the way, four out of the 12 astronauts who have been on the Moon have so far died, and all of them survived to an advanced age (on average, they were behind 70). Some of them after the Lunar Program participated in space flights again, for example, John Young was the commander of the Shuttle twice.
As for the opinions of Soviet cosmonauts and those who were directly involved in the 60 Space Race, their opinion sounds very prosaic: there were Americans on the Moon. According to Alexei Leonov, he personally was at a remote space communications center and watched broadcasts from the moon. Sensitive radio telescopes in the Crimea were able to locate the source of radio signals with an accuracy of 1,5 of angular minutes - there was no doubt that the signal was coming from the lunar surface. Otherwise, the exposure of the American scam would give huge political dividends to the Soviet Union.
In 2009, the Apollo and Lunokhod landing sites photographed the Japanese Kaguya probe and the American Lunar Reconaissance Orbiter (LRO). Of course, shooting from the lunar orbit of such small relief details is not of high quality. NASA experts point out subtle spots and shadows, explaining their origin by traces of earthly visitors.
In general, the situation is as follows: supporters of the "lunar conspiracy" find all the new suspicions that NASA supporters manage to more or less successfully refute. So far, no obvious fact of falsification has been found, and at the same time, no 100% reliable evidence of the presence of American astronauts on the lunar surface (for example, photos of high-resolution landing sites) has been provided.
To the direct question: “Why did you stop flying to the moon?”, The Americans have a peculiar answer: as long as the payload in 1% of the launch mass of the rocket is considered a great result, there can be no question of any industrial development of Cosmos.
Small photo gallery:
Landing site "Apollo 11", visible traces left "on the dusty paths of distant planets." Picture taken by LRO at 2012.
"Lunokhod-2" and its track, photo taken by LRO
The USSR flag, which was aboard the Appolon-11 and a capsule with lunar soil, exposition VDNH, 1971
Interior of the landing module "Eagle"
Rover №1. The vehicle of the last three lunar expeditions
Apollo-12 "limped" in 360 meters from the automatic station "Surveyor 3", arrived on the moon on 2 a year earlier. Astronauts partially dismantled the probe and brought back his camera (exhibited in the National Aerospace Museum)
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