Today, one of the top priorities of anti-Russian propaganda in the territories west of Smolensk is to turn the 150 anniversary of the Polish insurrection 1863 into a symbol of the Polish-Lithuanian-Belarusian unity based on Russophobia. A kind of ideological bogey, which should serve as the identification of today's Russia with the "damned tsarism." And not so much in propolsky, as in the anti-Russian vein. This is done in a Jesuit manner, with characteristic omissions and silencing the truth about events, which even contemporaries called “bloody poop” ...Lithuania. In May of this year, the Lithuanian Saeima declared 2013 as the Year of the 1863 uprising of the year against the Russian Empire. It is planned to release a commemorative coin, a postage stamp, a documentary film, introductory television programs, etc. The official statement states that "The January Uprising tied together the destinies of three nations - Poles, Belarusians and Lithuanians, and this showed them the direction of development ...". “It is necessary to cherish the memory of the uprising,” said Lithuanian Foreign Minister Audronius Ažubalis, who initiated this idea, at the opening of a memorial plaque on the 1863 events of the year at the Museum of Applied Arts in Vilnius.
Such statements indicate not cherished memory, but historical amnesia of the Lithuanian authorities. The national formation of the Lithuanians became possible only thanks to the suppression of the Polish gentry that rebelled in January 1863. And not vice versa. This fact was also recognized by the US government, who regarded the rebellion as an attempt by aristocrats to restore serfdom and fully supported the then Russian authorities.
The formation of the Lithuanian intelligentsia and national identity was facilitated by: 1) a petition by the Governor-General of the North-West Territory M.N. Muravyov-Vilensky, who was then labeled as a “hangman” by 2) by the Russian intelligentsia, with which many “young Litolians” »Became famous figures of Lithuanian culture and art (for example, M. Čiurlionis, who at first did not know a word in his“ native language ”and received artistic education and world fame in St. Petersburg).
25 August 1866 issued a decree of Alexander II, which guaranteed the Lithuanian language (then it was called Zhmud) official status in schools of Suwalki and other so-called. Lithuanian territories. The goal - to bring the local population out of the influence of polchishizny. First of all, the primary education of children of peasants was established. Throughout the territory, schools began to work with instruction in the Lithuanian language. A Lithuanian gymnasium in Mariampol, a permanent teacher’s seminar in Wavers, was organized. A number of scholarships were also established at Russian universities, designed specifically for children of peasants from Lithuanian provinces.
At the same time, many young people from wealthy families, including J. Basanavicius, A. Smeton and other future founders of the Lithuanian state, went for education to the universities of the Russian Empire. Studied at the University of Moscow and the founder of the “Grammar of the Lithuanian language” J.Jablonskis. This language was first normalized by him with the help of Professor Perm University K. Bug in 1901, thanks to the introduction of the original alphabet based on the Latin alphabet. The books printed on it began to appear from 1904 onwards. Prior to this, printed publications in the Lithuanian language (which Catholic priests cultivated in the outback, for example, A. Baranauskas, who was educated at the St. Petersburg Theological Academy) were published in Cyrillic.
So it was precisely the defeat of the Polish insurgents in 1865 that gave both political and cultural impulse to the formation of the modern Lithuanian nation.
Belarus. Following the Lithuanians, the Belarusian pro-Western “oppositionists” created 22 June this year. in Minsk "the organizing committee for the celebration of the Year of Kalinowski." According to them, “with the appropriate work, Kalinowski could become a brand of Belarus, like Belarusian Che Guevara,” and “The Year of Kalinowski can become international”. The figure of the hero is chosen as the appropriate: a mentally ill young man, a native of Poland, who, after an unsuccessful (due to illness) attempt to make a career in the Ministry of State Property of the Russian Empire, rushed headlong to “make a revolution” in the hope of becoming “the king of Lithuania”. And he made his motto the words "the Polish business is our business, this is the business of freedom."
The plans of the Belarusian committee members are immense: holding conferences, publishing a collection of documents, holding art exhibitions, open-airs, contests of paintings and literary works of young authors, etc. etc. As they say, if only the sponsors abroad and in the government singled out pionyongzy. The organizers are sure: “The year of Kalinowski will allow us to find points of cooperation. If we are unable to agree on political issues with the authorities, we will be able to reach cultural ones. ” This is not a baseless statement. For the Ministry of Culture, which today is headed by extremely indifferent to all Polish officials, the budget of the Republic of Belarus on 2013 provides for 5 times more money than for the Ministry of Industry (980 and 193 billion, respectively)!
The events began in autumn 2012 of the year (it is planned that they will be held during the whole 2013 of the year) with solemn readings in Grodno, devoted to the 150 anniversary of the release of the first issue of “Men of Prazdy”, which was printed in Latin letters supposedly in the “Grodno dialect of the Belarusian language” in Poland and Vilnius. The fact that in all seven issues of this edition there is not a single mention of Belarus, Belarusians, Litvin or at least cognates, but the Poles are mentioned almost in every column, the organizers silently kept silent.
Just as they are silent about the fact that forcing the peasants to sign a paper on the support of the uprising, the “lords of the Khalyavskys” hung or cut out those who refused to do so. Often with families. Even with this in mind, the Belarusian men "participated" in the mutiny less than 20%. In connection with this, Kalinowski declared: “The insurgent’s ax should not stop even above the infant’s cradle”! Words do not disagree with the case. Polish “daggers” (they killed the loyal oath of their own Polish compatriots with a stab in the back) killed about 20 times more people (in total - more than 2000 peasants, village officials, police and civilians, including teenage girls) than the rebels were executed (128 hanged on sentences of the courts). The gangs, which were often run by Catholic priests, punctured people’s eyes, pulled arms and legs out of joints “so that they could perform their duty properly”, nailed Russian passports to the chest with nails, and buried them in the ground with teachers alive “St. Andrew’s flag” or “uniform”, which was “fastened” with buttons of a real bureaucratic uniform, was peeled off scalps from the peasants, accompanying it with notes “broke his Polish bear for sympathy and Russian servants”. That is why the peasants began to create self-defense units.
All of this does not prevent some descendants of these unfortunates from erecting monuments to “Kalinov’s heroes” today, being engaged in the cultivation and perpetuation of their own parochialism. And at the same time destroy the memory of the past, even undermining the church archives. Belarusian scholars who study the rebellion, working at the National Historical Archive of the Republic of Belarus, state with bitterness: “A number of cases that were once stored in the Minsk Spiritual Consistory Foundation (136 Foundation) have been lost forever. So there are no cases in the fund: “On the killing by Polish insurgents of the Bogushevichsky church of Priest Daniil Konopasevich and on rendering his allowance to the family” (No. 51622 according to the old inventory); “On the opening of a subscription to the maintenance of a monument over the grave of the Priest Daniil Konopasevich tortured to death by Poles in Bogushevichi” (No. 53475 according to star. Op.) “On the metrics of Alexy and Lyudmila Konopasevichy and the service record of Priest Daniil Konopasevich (#53837 by star. Op.). Together with the case of the murder of Father Daniel, the case “On the killing by the Polish insurgents of the Svyatovol church of the clerk Theodore Yuzefovich” (No. XXUMX by the old name) is also missing. When and under what circumstances these cases disappeared from the fund, and whether their disappearance was an accident, it is difficult to say now. But the fact remains a fact ”(quoted in: Shcheglov, G.E. 51648). Forgotten pages. - Mn .: Brotherhood in honor of the Holy Archangel Michael in Minsk, Minsk eparchy of the Belarusian Orthodox Church, 1863. - s.2005-4 ).
The historical truth corrected in this way by the Belarusian Westernizers-Russophobes spreads on the Internet, spilling beyond Belarus. Thus, until recently, pseudo-historical myths were popularized even on the MGIMO website of the Russian Foreign Ministry, where one of the authors assured readers: “The Belarusian state was liquidated at the end of the 18th century ... There was no“ reunification ”of Belarus and Russia. As a result, the territory of Belarus was ceded to Russia and our people had no statehood for more than a hundred years ... There were continuous riots, conspiracies and revolts against Russian rule, the organizers and main participants of which were nobles (Tadeush Kostyushko, Yakub Yasinsky, Stefan Grabowski, Tomasz Volzhetsky, Michal Valovich, Kastus Kalinovsky and others) ... Vincent Konstantin Kalinovsky (1838-1864) - our national hero, one of the leaders of the 1863-1864 uprising, entered into the list of XNUMX-XNUMX insurgents who entered the instigation of the revolution. united future fighters for the will of our Fatherland ... Before he died, he managed to send through prison bars the "List from under the gallows" - his spiritual testament, in which he expressed confidence that "only tady, narodze, shchaslіva, kalі over the tabo mask Maslo Nyo Budze ".
Poland. On August 3, the Polish Senate, headed by Marshal B. Borusewicz, received the so-called Eulogy, announcing the year of 2013 as the Year of the January Uprising (Uchwala Senatu Rzeczyposcrychys pchitech Polskiej ustanawiajaca rok 2013 Rokiem Powstania Styczniowego), the purpose of which, according to the senators, was “restitution (restoring boundaries. V.V. speech), and the words were restitution (restoration of borders - V.V. Speech by the words of restitution (restoration of borders. - V.R.Rych chrchp) 17 Narodow). The initiators of the document are representatives of the conservative-clerical (now considered oppositional) Party of Law and Justice (PiS) of former Prime Minister J. Kaczynski, noted by Russophobic initiatives as early as during the presidency of his brother-President L. Kaczynski.Opposition members skillfully use this initiative against the ruling Civic Platform Party (“GP”), Prime Minister D. Tusk. While the Prime Minister’s associates are trying, if possible, to distance themselves from tough attacks on Russia, characteristic of the authorities in post-Soviet Poland, the opposition is playing on Russophobic strings in the souls of the Polish electorate and criticizing the “pro-Moscow liberals” for the lack of patriotism.
However, the ruling party, as far as possible, exploits the theme of “Russian imperialists”, 150 years ago “failed to cope with the spouting patriotism of the Polish soul” (nie potrafili sobie poradzic z eksplodujaca patriotyzmem polska dusza) because Y. Pilšudsky sobie poradzic z eksplodujaca patriotyzmem polska dusza) because Yu. Commonwealth, which absorbed pieces of Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine more than half a century after the events of 1863, considered these territories to be the "cornerstone of independence."
If the party “Law and Justice” uses the myth of “patriotic dedication and gentle sacrifice” 150-years ago in the domestic political aspect, then the Civic Platform, which has a majority in the Polish Senate, does this mainly for external use. First of all, for pro-Western Belarusian and Ukrainian oppositionists and politicized youth, which has been lured to Poland for several years through the K. Kalinowski scholarship program. Of course, they don’t say anything about the messages of the rebellious gentry to the emperor Alexander II with Poland and Lithuania to join these courses ...
Just do not talk about real heroes. Just one example. In mid-August 1863, a detachment under the command of the 25-year-old captain of the Life Guards of the Grodno Hussar Regiment (staffed mainly by aristocrats born in the lands of the former Rzecz Pospolita) Alexander Grabbe in the number of 42-people (Hussars, Don and line kazakhs. a gang of several hundred insurgents who terrorized the local population. The insurgents led by Pan Bentkowski, who had fled in the whole spirit of the insurgents, were overtaken near the village of Sedziejowice, where another gang was lodged - Pan Tachanovsky. The combined forces of the rebels comprised over 1200 cavalrymen and more than 400 infantry - just up to 2000 people. Immediately emboldened, they surrounded a small detachment of persecutors, promising their “brothers-gentry” life for issuing Cossacks and switching to their side. Those in response ... attacked 40-fold superior enemy forces. The unequal battle lasted several hours. Almost all the hussars and Cossacks, who were cut while the palm could squeeze the blade, died, only 4 of the injured people remained alive.
In addition to this "victory", the Poles, all the while hoping for military intervention by Britain and France, did not take a single city and did not win a single victory in direct combat clashes. Actually, there were few collisions as such. The key role in pacifying the rebellion was not played by the blades of the hussars and the Cossacks, but by the ardent word of M.N. Katkov, who quickly discharged the atmosphere of the "liberal-advanced" society of the Russian capital, heated by pro-Polish mood. So apparently, in October 2012, the Commission on Culture of the Seimas RP (Komisja Kultury Sejmu RP) expressed its attitude to the Senate Eulogy, announcing the year 2013 as the Year of the Uprising: the celebration of similar anniversaries in Poland is „masochistyczne katowanie sie porazkami” math. ).
Documents
PURCHASE V.K. KALINOVSKY ON THE NAME OF THE RECTOR OF THE SAINT PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY P.A. PLETNEVA ON MONETARY ASSISTANCE IN THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS
His Excellency
Mr. Rector of the Imperial St. Petersburg University
secret adviser and cavalier Peter Alexandrovich Pletnev
IV year student
Faculty of Law,
discharge of cameral sciences
Vikenti Kalinowski
Mr. Rector of the Imperial St. Petersburg University
secret adviser and cavalier Peter Alexandrovich Pletnev
IV year student
Faculty of Law,
discharge of cameral sciences
Vikenti Kalinowski
Requesting
A few years ago, I suffered a disease similar to epilepsy. I resorted to many doctors, but to no avail; finally I turned to Mr. Zdekaur, on the advice of which, even though my health was a bit better, but since I couldn’t fulfill all the conditions prescribed by Mr. Zdekaur because of my poor condition, my illness was not completely cured. Now, 5 of this month, as can be seen from the development, that the same disease has returned again. Deprived of all the means to use myself, I have the honor to most humbly ask Your Excellency to appoint me as a last resort although 30 rub. to my healing.
Vikenty Kalinovsky
October 14 Day 1859 of the year.
Cit. by: Kalіnoўski K. For our volnasy. Tvory, documents / Laying., Pradm., Paslyasl. i kament. G. Kisyalyova - Minsk: “Belaruskіnіgazbor”, 1999. - S. 83.
Note: Epilepsy (epilepsy) is a chronic disease of the human brain, characterized mainly by repeated seizures, as well as the gradual development of personality changes.
SECRET INSTRUCTION TO THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE IN WARSAW FROM THE MAIN REVOLUTS. COMMITTEE IN LONDON, REGARDING THE METHODS OF MAKING THE ARMED REVOLT
The Provisional Government is obliged to immediately send to all the provinces proclamations to the peasants in local dialects:
1. On the complete liberation of them with the land without redemption.
2. On the termination of the payment of taxes to the treasury.
3. From each family there should be one hunter for 10 huts, 1 horse and cart. Forage and food for 5 people from 3-s to 7 days.
4. Proclamations to the schismatics: that they take advantage of the uprising of Poland to restore the ancient religion.
Emissaries who have been appointed to revolt the dissenters should enter into intercourse with (volost) clerks, priests in sketes and, in general, with the heads of the Old Believers' villages. The suit of emissaries should not differ from the peasant. They must be middle-aged, with beards and know well the language and terrain. In order to develop this plan, it is necessary to send out appeals to the Russian youth in all educational institutions. Expressing the sanctity of the business, it is necessary to disclose all the means and ways in which the youth can achieve the goal. Success will depend on a good presentation. For more action, the proclamations may have the signatures of Herzen, Bakunin, etc.
Proclamations to the troops are urgently needed, especially to the officers.
Rumor up:
that Konstantin Pavlovich is alive, that the revolution wants to return to him the abducted throne, that France, England and Sweden go to war, that the Sovereign promised landowners to once again secure the peasants and never give them land,
that all raznovertsev will by force lead to Orthodoxy, or refer to the Caucasus, that in St. Petersburg make preparations for the flight of the Tsar's Last Name and all wealth goes abroad, that the conspirator matured a conspiracy, etc.
Use all sorts of means to disturb the peasants and schismatics.
All the Don and Ural Cossacks are dissenters, therefore, among them throw the first seeds of hatred of Orthodoxy.
In the whole space to drive out the priests and burn Russian churches, preserving the chapels.
In the Russian districts cause the killing of landlords and Zemstvo police officials.
To act in factory places, to break up garrisons, prisons - to destroy archives, judicial places and all signs of authority.
Trying to form cavalry detachments, in a partisan - it is essential for movement.
Food carried in bags, avoiding cities, kept in villages. Not to have a wagon train, it is difficult to make retreats when following a wagenburg.
Retreating, spoil the road, tear down bridges, overturn trees. When following artillery, saw off piles of bridges, make pits. Day and night to tire the enemy with fake anxieties, for this to have two units: day and night. During the rest of the first, the second acts.
All attacks must be taken by surprise and mostly at night, so that our enemies do not know our strength.
Patrols and pickets should be awake during the holidays.
In the Belovezhskaya forests to arrange the center of the army (partisans). Bison abundant in those forests can serve as food. All Poles, and officers, and soldiers serving in the Russian army, to call for a revolution, under the fear of curse and alienation. Forcing parents to call their children from the service. Establish secret police in all cities.
In the villages of capable people, as well as the children of landlords to take in the detachment by force. A squad, trained and experienced, is divided into small gangs from 50 to 100 people and goes to different points, each gang, taking in turn capable people, can thus increase.
Signals give whistles. In a guerrilla war, the most important thing is to know the forces of the enemy, hiding your own.
Battles take a vantage point. Avoid decisive battles, destroy small troops, delay transport, mail and couriers. Wells in the fields to cover the boards and fall asleep sand or sod, so that they fell through.
During the summer heat, the road on which the enemy detachment follows, sprinkled with toxic substances (a list of these substances is reported to the committee), raised dust penetrates the eyes and respiratory organs, causing dangerous diseases. Vodka, diluted with acid, to have not only in the detachments, but also in the estates, so that they are poisoned during the robbery. Not bad to apply this to food.
For lack of harness, weaned guns from the harness should be driven up and thrown into a swamp or river.
On the post roads during the pursuit of cavalry, pull ropes or wires from telegraph lines from the tree to the tree, but above the horse's head to drop the riders.
To make every effort to entice Jews into revolution. All yard people are obliged to join the ranks of insurgents.
Villages in which peasants are seen in treason, betray the flame.
At the railway station to attack, destroying the first telegraph.
Gangs operating near the cities should have a constant connection with each other, in order, if necessary, to concentrate forces at the far point.
In the event of a Russian attack, you must have a hidden unit: while one half is fighting, the other, making a detour, attacks from behind, in order to put the enemy between two fires.
In the case of a close attack on the bayonets, shoot shot, chopped tin, at most, even with small stones.
In the cities, broken glass, bottles in the streets, and boards in the form of chips, armed with nails, along the roads make it difficult to pursue cavalry.
In each county town there must be a branch of the Central Committee, of the most loyal. The police and other authorities should be at his disposal. The duties of the department are as follows:
1. Collection of monetary contributions from the city and county.
2. The recruitment of hunters, equipping them, equal preparation weapons and provisions.
3. Police supervision, report on the status of the troops and on the movements.
4. Destruction of spies and police.
5. Surrender to the fire of judicial places.
6. Publication of written or printed leaflets.
7. Relationship with insurgents and supervision of the wounded and sick.
For the arrangement of special telegraphs between townspeople and insurgents, signals can be invented that will be understood by them and unknown to Russians. For example: during the gospel to the liturgy, the agreed beats to the bell; chimney sweeps on tall buildings; lighting famous windows or perfect darkness; kite and the like
Cit. by: Archival materials of the Muravyov Museum relating to the Polish uprising 1863-1864 within the North-Western Territory ... Part 2. Vilna, 1915. With .430-432.