Finnish Navy on the eve of joining NATO

26
Finnish Navy on the eve of joining NATO

Finland, for economic and political reasons, has never had a strong military fleet. However, a country with a coastline of about 1 km, one way or another, was forced to maintain the minimum number of naval forces necessary to protect the maritime border and protect coastal areas.

According to reference data, about 6 people (together with civilian personnel) serve in the Finnish Navy. Of these, up to 700 people directly on ships and in port infrastructure. Approximately the same number are coastal defense forces and marines. About half of the personnel on the ships are career sailors. The coastal units are staffed by 1% conscripts. In a threatened period and in wartime, more than 600 reservists can be called up, who are mainly planned to be used in coastal defense.



The headquarters of the Finnish fleet is located in the city of Turku, two naval commands are subordinate to it: the command of the Archipelago Sea and the command of the Gulf of Finland, which in peacetime are entrusted with the tasks of protecting territorial waters, coasts and protecting shipping.

The main bases for Finnish ships are the ports of Turku, Pansio, Upinniemi and Espoo. The surface forces include three combat squadrons and a support squadron.

In general, the relatively small Finnish Navy is armed with fairly modern and efficient warships and boats, as well as coastal artillery and missile systems. The staff is highly motivated and well trained.

Marines and Coastal Defense Troops


The command of the Finnish Navy has at its disposal the Nyland Coastal Defense Brigade, also known as the Uusimaa Brigade, which consists of two battalions. Until 1998, this military unit was subordinate to the command of the Ground Forces. The headquarters of the brigade is located in the city of Dragsvik.

The Coastal Jaeger Battalion "Vaasa" has a company of "Coast Jaegers" (marines) equipped with a rifle weapons and hand grenade launchers, as well as a heavy weapons company with anti-tank systems and 81-mm mortars. This battalion also includes reconnaissance and sabotage groups.


The Tammisaari Coastal Battalion is a heavy weapons, engineering and communications battalion. There are 120-mm mortars for fire support of the marines, long-range anti-tank systems can be used against armored vehicles and surface targets.

The main task of the "coastal rangers" is the active defense of the Finnish coast. For the transfer of personnel and weapons, high-speed landing craft and inflatable boats are used.

In the past, Finnish coastal defense units have relied mainly on well-engineered long-term gun emplacements and artillery. For example, turret mounts with a 100-mm D-10 gun, known as 100 56 TK, are widely used.


Turret artillery installation 100 56 TK on the island of Kuivasaari

In the second half of the 1960s, Finland acquired 56 towers from the USSR tanks T-55 without stabilizers. After that, Finnish specialists equipped them with additional equipment for firing at visually unobservable targets, and the towers themselves were installed on concrete bases, under which there were cellars with shells and living quarters. There were also rangefinder posts and means of communication. The first artillery battery entered service in 1969. A total of 14 batteries were built, each with four 100 56 TK turrets.

To prevent water condensate and the metal corrosion caused by it, the inner surface of the towers was treated with a special asbestos-cork mixture. In the mid-1980s, the 100 56 TK stationary turret upgrade program began, during which they were equipped with laser rangefinders, new ballistic computers and night vision devices. Some towers have received a polymeric thermal insulation coating, making them look like coastal boulders.


At the moment, all 100 56 TK installations have been dismantled or mothballed. The last combat training firing of the battery covering the approaches to the Upinniemi naval base took place in 2012.

In 1984, a Finnish-made 130 130 TK stationary 53-mm artillery mount, designed for ammunition from the Soviet M-46 towed gun, entered service.


130 mm coastal gun mount 130 53 TK

The 130-mm coastal turret used advanced technical solutions at that time: automated loading, a laser rangefinder, a computer fire control system and a thermal imaging sight.


At the first stage, the Finnish version of the Soviet high-explosive fragmentation grenade 53-OF-482 weighing 33,4 kg, equipped with 3,64 kg of TNT, with a firing range of more than 26 km, was used. In the 1990s, a semi-armor-piercing projectile was introduced into the ammunition load, capable of hitting targets at a distance of 30 km, as well as fragmentation projectiles with air detonation. The combat rate of fire is 6 rds / min. Calculation - 10 people. According to information published in open sources, as of 2016, there were three dozen 130 53 TK installations in service.

In addition to stationary artillery turrets, coastal defense under the designation 130 K 54 used towed 130-mm Soviet-made M-46 guns, which, in addition to naval targets, could strike at the enemy who landed on land. Finland bought 144 130mm guns from the Soviet Union in 1965, and received 166 more of these artillery systems from Germany in 1993.


130 mm gun 130 K 54

In the 1960s, the M-46 was one of the most long-range towed guns of medium caliber. The hull gun weighing about 7 kg could throw a 700-kg projectile at 33,4 km. As of 27, there were 2016 36 K 130 guns in service, which were put into reserve in 54.

For radar reconnaissance, guidance of artillery firing and target designation of cross-country missile systems, compact BOR-A 550 radars manufactured by Thales Group are used, with a detection range of surface targets up to 40 km.


This station, designed to detect ground and surface targets, combined with an optoelectronic surveillance system, can be transported by light off-road vehicles and carried over a short distance by personnel.

In 1988, Finland purchased RBS 15SF missiles from Sweden with a range of more than 70 km for its missile boats and coastal defense systems. Then improved RBS 15SFII missiles were received. Finnish anti-ship missiles were brought up to the RBS 2002SFIII standard in 15, after which the target engagement range was significantly increased. The hardware of the combat control systems, as well as radars, was also upgraded, and the updated ones received the designation MtO 85M.


Model RBS RBS 15

Experts note the good noise immunity of active radar homing missiles developed by Saab Bofors Dynamics, originally intended for use in the specific conditions of the Baltic Sea. RBS 15 Mk3 anti-ship missiles are capable of hitting high-speed small-sized surface targets in the open sea, skerries, bases and near the coast. The curb weight of the rocket with launch boosters is 800 kg. The mass of the warhead is 200 kg. Length - 4 350 mm. Hull diameter - 500 m. Firing range - up to 200 km. Turbojet engine Microturbo TR60-5 provides speed up to 960 km/h.


Self-propelled launcher of coastal anti-ship complex MtO 85M

The MtO 85M battery consists of six platoons: headquarters, control, two firing, security, repair and maintenance. The battery is equipped with a 9CSI 600 STINA CICS, as well as a 9KR 400 target detection and tracking radar. .

To combat boats and amphibious landing craft, the Finnish coastal defense forces have two dozen Spike-ER ATGMs with a firing range of 8 m.


This Israeli complex is quite heavy and is usually transported on quad bikes. The launcher with the control unit weighs 30 kg. The missile weighing 34 kg is equipped with a powerful cumulative fragmentation warhead with armor penetration of more than 1 mm.

Surface forces


After the end of World War II, Finland was forbidden to have submarines and torpedo boats, and the number of guns in coastal defense was limited to 140 units. In the 1950s, some concessions were made, after which coastal artillery was strengthened again, boats, minesweepers and small artillery ships were built at national enterprises, and ships were also purchased from the USSR and Great Britain.

At present, missile boats armed with RBS 15 anti-ship missiles have the main strike potential in the Finnish Navy. Four Rauma-class boats and four Hamina-class boats are in service.


Rauma missile boat

Rauma-class boats were built at the Finnyards shipyard between 1990 and 1992. Boats with an aluminum alloy hull have good maneuverability and are capable of operating in shallow water.

The displacement of the boat is 210 tons, length - 48,5 m, hull width - 8 m, draft - 1,5 m. Speed ​​- more than 30 knots. The main armament of the ship is six Swedish-made anti-ship missiles. For self-defense, the boat has a 40-mm machine gun and two anti-aircraft machine guns. There is an echo sounder and two Elma ASW-600 jet bombers, it is also possible to load dropped depth charges.

Rauma-class missile boats were upgraded in 2010–2013. However, soon after that, cracks were found in the hulls of the boats, which is associated with metal fatigue. Currently, boats of this type are still part of the Finnish Navy, but they are planned to be decommissioned in the near future.

Boats of the Hamina type were handed over to the customer in 1998–2006. Like the previous model, the hull of the boat is made of aluminum alloys. Upper structures made of composite materials reinforced with carbon fiber, which reduces radar visibility. The displacement is 250 tons, length - 51 m, width - 8,5 m, draft - 1,7 m. Speed ​​- more than 30 knots.


Hamina missile boat

Weapons control and control over the surface, underwater and air situation is carried out by the TACTICOS CICS manufactured by Thales Nederland. Hamina-class boats are equipped with TRS-3D fire control radar, ARPA maritime radar and Signal Scout I maritime surveillance radar. Simrad Subsea Toadfish active high-frequency echo sounder and Sonac towed echo sounder can be used to search for submarines.


The main weapon is four anti-ship missiles RBS 15 Mk3. In addition, there is a 57 mm automatic cannon, two 12,7 mm machine guns and South African-made Umkhonto anti-aircraft missiles with a range of up to 14 km.

Finnish naval commanders pay great attention to protecting the coast and blocking the approach paths of enemy warships with the help of sea mines. Three minelayers of the Pansio type and two Hämeenmaa, built in the early 1990s, are intended for this.

Ships of the Pansio type with a displacement of 608 tons have a length of 43 m, a width of 10 m, a draft of 2 m. Speed ​​is 11 knots. On board there is a crane with a lifting capacity of 15 tons. In total, the ship can take 50 sea mines or other cargo, which allows it to be used for military transportation and supplying ships. Defensive armament is represented by a 40-mm machine gun (according to other sources - a 23-mm twin) and machine guns of 7,62-12,7 mm caliber.


Pansio-type minelayer

Ships of this type were overhauled in 2015–2017. After that, their service life was extended by 15 years.

Minelayers of the Hämeenmaa type are capable of operating in the presence of ice in the water area, and the lead ship is the flagship of the Finnish fleet.


Minelayer Hämeenmaa

Along with laying mines, they are capable of performing the functions of an escort, transport and supply. With a length of 77,8 and a width of 11,5 m, the Hämeenmaa mine layer has a displacement of 1 tons. The draft is 450 m. The speed is 3 knots. The ship can take up to 20 naval mines. To combat submarines, there are two RBU-150 jet bombers and the ability to use dropped depth charges.

Both minzags were modernized in 2006–2008. During the modernization, the ships received new fire control systems Saab 9LV325E, EADS TRS3D-16ES surveillance radar, Kongsberg ST240 and Simrad SS2030 sonar. The 40-mm Bofors artillery mount was replaced by a 57-mm AU of the same company, the container launcher for 6 Mistral anti-aircraft missiles was replaced by UVP for 8 Umkhonto missiles.

After modernization, Finnish minelayers are capable of performing a wide range of tasks: reconnaissance, minelaying, anti-submarine defense. As part of European military cooperation, these ships monitor the Baltic Fleet of the Russian Federation.

The oldest in the Finnish Navy are the six minesweepers of the Kuha type, built in 1974-1975.


Kuha-class minesweeper

These minesweepers with a displacement of 90 tons are made of fiberglass reinforced plastic, which reduces the likelihood of explosions on mines that react to the magnetic field of the ship. The length of the minesweeper is 26,6 m, the width is 6,9 m, the draft is 2 m, the speed is 11 knots. There is a 23-mm machine gun for shooting floating mines. Additionally, a 12,7 mm machine gun can be installed. The Kuha-class minesweepers underwent an upgrade in the late 1990s, when they were lengthened and their anti-mine equipment was updated.

Six newer Kiiski-type minesweepers with a fiberglass hull were transferred to the fleet between 1983 and 1985. They are designed to ensure the mine safety of naval bases.


Kiiski-class minesweeper

With a displacement of 20 tons, their length is 16 m, width - 4 m, draft - 1,3 m. Speed ​​- 11 knots. Armament - one 12,7 mm machine gun.

The youngest anti-mine ships in the Finnish Navy are three minesweepers of the Katanpää type, built in Italy for 245 million euros and entered service in 2012-2016. Shortly after the transfer of the ships to the Finnish Navy, technical shortcomings were identified, which Intermarine SpA eliminated at its own expense.


Minesweeper Katanpää

The ship with a displacement of 680 tons has a length of 57 m, a width of 9,87 m, a draft of 3,1 m. Speed ​​is 13 knots. Armament - 40 mm cannon.

Thanks to good seaworthiness and autonomy, Katanpää-type minesweepers are able to operate at a considerable distance from their home base. They are equipped with state-of-the-art mine clearance equipment and can survey the seabed.

The Finnish Navy also operates more than 30 training, support vessels and relatively large boats for various purposes. For example, squadron commanders have at their disposal four Syöksy-type crew boats with a displacement of 19 tons, a length of 14 m and a width of 4,5 m, which are capable of speeds up to 30 knots. For self-defense, a 12,7-mm machine gun can be installed on the boat.


Boat type Syöksy

In the interests of the coastal defense forces, three self-propelled flat-bottomed barges of the Kampela type are operating, capable of transporting light armored vehicles, vehicles and various cargoes.


The vessel with a total displacement of 260 tons has a length of 32,5 m, a width of 8 m, a draft of 1,5 m. Speed ​​is 9 knots.

From the early 1970s to the late 1990s, Marine Alutech produced 24 Uisko-class landing craft in several series. The boats of the first series had a plywood hull and have already been decommissioned.


Uisco-class landing craft

Displacement of the boat - 10,5 tons. Length - 11 m. Width - 3,5 m. Draft - 1 m. Speed ​​- up to 35 knots. The boat can accommodate 30 fully equipped marines. If necessary, an 81-mm mortar, 40-mm automatic grenade launcher or 12,7-mm machine gun is mounted.

The 38 landing craft of the Jurmo type (another designation is Uisko 600) built by Marine Alutech are quite modern.


Jurmo-class landing craft

The boat with a displacement of 14,5 tons has a length of 14,2 meters, a width of 3,65 meters and is capable of carrying 20 people. Speed ​​- 35 knots. For fire support of the landing, a 12,7-mm machine gun or a 40-mm automatic grenade launcher can be mounted.

In 2012, an order was placed for 12 Jehu-type multi-purpose boats, with a total value of 34 million euros. The length of the boat is 19,9 m, the width is 4,3 m, the draft is 1,1 m. The total displacement is 32 tons. The maximum speed is more than 40 knots.


The hull of the boat is made of corrosion-resistant light alloy, and the deck structures are made of composite materials, which provides a level of ballistic protection that matches the security of the Patria Pasi armored personnel carrier.

It is possible to transport 25 fully equipped fighters. In addition to landing operations, the Jehu-class boat can be converted into a headquarters command post or used to evacuate the wounded.

In 2022, Kewatec AluBoat delivered the first Utö-class multi-purpose boat, designed to support the activities of the Navy and the transfer of coastal defense forces.


Utö type boat

With a displacement of about 22 tons, the boat can carry a load of 14 tons. Length - 19,2 m. Width - 5,3 m. Draft - 0,8 m. Speed ​​- 25 knots.

Prospects for the development of the Finnish Navy and coastal defense forces


On the eve of joining NATO, Finland has adopted a program to strengthen the fleet and antiamphibious defense forces. In the near future, coastal units may receive Spike NLOS missile systems with a range of 25 km on a self-propelled chassis, which will fill the gap between the RBS 15 Mk3 long-range anti-ship missiles and the Spike-ER anti-tank systems, the main purpose of which is to fight landing craft and amphibians.

Finland is also looking for a new anti-ship missile with an over-the-horizon firing range, which will have a significantly higher flight speed than the RBS 15, and the ability to deploy both on ships and on land. However, the choice has not yet been made.

As part of the Laivue 2020 project, it is planned to build four Ostrobothnia-class multi-purpose corvettes, which will replace Rauma-class missile boats and Hämeenmaa-class minesweepers, as well as the already retired minesweeper Ostrobothnia. The new ships are to be commissioned between 2022 and 2027. The total cost of the Laivue 2020 project is 1,2 billion euros. According to the schedule, tests of the head corvette should begin in 2024. In 2022–2024 nine Utö-type multi-purpose boats will also be purchased for the Navy.
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26 comments
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  1. -8
    14 March 2023 05: 40
    There is no need to be afraid of a new NATO country. And the Finnish fleet has a purely nominal value for Russia.
    It is much more important to demonstrate to this country, which independently withdrew from early agreements (first with the USSR) with Russia in the trade and economic aspect, what it means to spit against the wind and how NATO, with its inherent increase in military spending, will be useful to a separate Scandinavian country ...
    By the way, an example is right in front of your eyes in the visibility zone ...
    About different channels and roads can be forgotten forever.
    Ferries and rowing...
    1. +8
      14 March 2023 05: 56
      One of the pretexts for the SVO was Ukraine's desire to join NATO, which they were not going to accept there at the beginning of 2022. But our leadership is not at all worried that after Finland joins the alliance, the entire European north of the Russian Federation is vulnerable, and the compact but well-equipped armed forces of Finland strengthen the alliance. As for the Finnish fleet, you can look at the map and evaluate the possibilities of blocking approaches to Russian territory and the role of Finnish naval bases in this. And also look at the composition and condition of our Baltic Fleet.
    2. +7
      14 March 2023 11: 32
      Quote: ROSS 42
      There is no need to be afraid of a new NATO country.

      NATO is a bloc that already includes 30 countries. and taking into account the 5th article of the charter of the alliance, it is somehow strange to talk about the threat posed by this or that country. It can also be argued that Estonia or Luxembourg pose no threat to Russia, but it builds to understand that in the event of an armed conflict, much more serious players will enter the war for these microscopic states. As for Finland and Sweden, whose admission to NATO is a matter of time, their membership greatly worsens Russia's position in northern Europe and the Baltic.
      1. +3
        14 March 2023 11: 57
        Quote: Bongo
        .As of 2016, there were three dozen 130 53 TK installations in service.

        Do you know how many there were in 1984?
        1. +2
          14 March 2023 12: 14
          Misha, in 1984, the installation of 130 53 TK was only accepted into service. One was definitely done.
          1. +2
            14 March 2023 13: 08
            Quote: Bongo
            One was definitely done.

            I'll ask differently
            How many were in service?
            1. +3
              14 March 2023 13: 12
              Quote: Mister X
              How many were in service?

              They write that only 30 pieces were made.
  2. -4
    14 March 2023 06: 44
    Everything is like in the time of Peter the Great. The Swedish-Finnish Union, the Baltic States with NATO behind. Although Finland has little strength, it can spoil a lot of blood for us. For example, the Gulf of Finland will be bombarded with mines, and what will we do? Plus, there are anti-ship missiles, and the Balts have them. Poland is nearby. The huge Baltic front, but it seems that there is more than one.
    Force majeure circumstances arise for us. Like Peter the Great, who had to defeat the Swedes, take the Baltic states and Finland in order to secure Russia. soldier
  3. +8
    14 March 2023 07: 32
    My husband and I saw similar tank towers on a concrete base in the Kuriles in 2021. But there they are in disrepair, and the Finnish ones look quite decent.
    1. +3
      14 March 2023 09: 47
      And not only you. Other people saw them too.

      But the towers did not help. But maybe he just didn't notice.
      1. +6
        14 March 2023 11: 42
        Quote from solar
        And not only you. Other people saw them too.
        But the towers did not help. But maybe he just didn't notice.

        We were on the islands after visiting them by this unique and wonderful person in many respects.
        Some tower installations now look like this.

        Until now, in the swollen caponier, overgrown with bamboo stands the IS-3.

        Although outwardly the tank seems to be intact, in fact it is scrap metal.

        Part of the old equipment of the 18th PoolAD was installed in the form of monuments and brought into a relatively decent appearance.

        This is an exposition at the fork in the road Kurilsk-Goryachie Klyuchi on the site of the former VAI post.
        1. +5
          14 March 2023 15: 02
          Good afternoon, Sergey! smile
          I remember when I served as an urgent service, the ISs were driven by echelons along the Baikal-Amur Mainline past our Birobidzhan and further east. Lots and lots of tanks. Then they already said that they would be dug in along the Amur and on the coast, but they were not in our area.
          The article, as always, is good, and the fleet of dates is something like a flotilla, but they, in their skerries, probably don’t need more. smile
    2. +8
      14 March 2023 11: 29
      Olga, good afternoon! love I read it with pleasure, many thanks to Sergey for the review! drinks
    3. +6
      14 March 2023 15: 08
      Good afternoon, Olya! love
      My son was in our north about eight years ago, there is also complete pogrom and desolation. Only there are stationary installations of coastal artillery, bunkers, etc. and wherever possible, everything was stolen, from cables to steel doors weighing half a ton. request
      1. +7
        14 March 2023 17: 49
        For almost 10 years we have been riding annually on Rybachy (the very north of Kola). It’s good there in August: the hills are the most beautiful, fish and crabs, the sun .... well, yes, this is a lyric
        So. If 10 years ago, in order to enter the territory, lists were submitted to the border guards of the FSB in advance, now the regime is relaxed, you don’t need to do this
        Further, if earlier the warriors had a constant presence there, which was always clearly visible, then for the last 2 years they have completely left there
        And I don’t know where coastal artillery installations, etc. were seen. But for the last 5 years there have definitely not been any on Rybachy. By the way, it was this peninsula (but not only it, of course) that was one of the points of entry of the Germans into WWII, therefore, from the point of view of military strategy, this section is a good place for a potential offensive
        What am I all this for .... we have naked at the borders .... buttocks, and everywhere. And we first try to scare the hedgehog ... that very naked f ...
        And then we listen to Mustache for a whole year, day after day, "special operation goes according to plan"
        It's just surreal how in an instant black becomes white, and common sense is perceived as cowardice or betrayal
        And after all, an example of the right campaign for world power is at hand (in the East). First, create a foundation in the form of a strong economy/diplomacy/domestic policy/military power, and then if such a greyhound climb to break the fence of neighbors....but Rus', apparently like a samurai, has no goal, there is only a way wink
        1. +6
          14 March 2023 18: 39
          there is no goal, there is only a way

          There is such a flag in the International Code of Signals

          So it would not hurt someone to hang it in their office and look at it more often.
  4. +1
    14 March 2023 08: 41
    Decent review, but you can immediately see that the author hi specializes in other topics:
    high-frequency echo sounder Simrad Subsea Toadfish and towed echo sounder Sonac.
    GAS are presented - hydroacoustic stations, and echo sounders measure depth, no more.
    1. +6
      14 March 2023 11: 44
      Quote: Vladimir_2U
      A decent review, but it is immediately clear that the author hi specializes in other topics:
      high-frequency echo sounder Simrad Subsea Toadfish and towed echo sounder Sonac.
      GAS are presented - hydroacoustic stations, and echo sounders measure depth, no more.

      Yes you are right. I scooped up information from English-language sources and inserted a literal translation into the publication. recourse
      1. +3
        15 March 2023 21: 03
        Yes you are right. I scooped up information from English-language sources and inserted a literal translation into the publication.

        Something else is interesting, Sergey! soldier What is unusual: You took seriously, comprehensively, for the Finns in the field of their armed forces. We dismantled both history and each branch of the military according to Finnish bones. hi Usually you "work" in aviation and air defense, but here you "went in breadth", and gave a complete alignment for all types. fellow When I opened the article, I thought it was the esteemed Mikhail "Mr. X", his topic. But no, your article, which is pleasantly surprised. Yes Keep it up! good
        A huge hello to Olga! love
        1. +2
          16 March 2023 00: 09
          Nikolay, hello!
          Quote: Pane Kohanku
          When I opened the article, I thought it was the esteemed Mikhail "Mr. X", his topic.

          Unfortunately, dear Mikhail has completely ceased to please us with his publications! sad As for this article, Seryozha has always been meticulous. If he took up the topic, then he will definitely "chew" it. fellow
          Quote: Pane Kohanku
          A huge hello to Olga!

          Nicholas, thank you very much! And all the best to you! smile
        2. 0
          16 March 2023 11: 00
          Quote: Pane Kohanku
          Something else is interesting, Sergey! soldier What is unusual: You took seriously, comprehensively, for the Finns in the field of their armed forces. We dismantled both history and each branch of the military according to Finnish bones. hi Usually you "work" in aviation and air defense

          Nikolai, since when did you and I stand on You ? Since our last meeting, of course, I have become almost a year older, but you are not younger either. wink
  5. +7
    14 March 2023 10: 19
    Laivue 2020 plans to build four multipurpose Ostrobothnia-class corvettes


    They are not planned, but have already been decided, money is allocated and documentation is being prepared. Bookmark in 2-3 sq. this year at the RMC plant. Among the main TLU at 32 ESSM.

  6. 0
    14 March 2023 16: 03
    I recall the transition of the Baltic Fleet to Kronstadt. Many ships and ships were lost. And now it won't work at all. Whether you like it or not, alcoholics will have to be purged.
  7. The comment was deleted.
    1. +3
      15 March 2023 15: 37
      Thank you Kitty! smile good

      Did not open the third from the top and the last. request
      I wouldn't stand behind a firing cannon with a muzzle brake. wassat
      1. +3
        15 March 2023 15: 59
        hi
        Greetings!
        According to an unknown system, some of the links on the VO website normally open YouTube, some do not.
        Just in case, I attached a direct link under each video.
  8. 0
    April 28 2023 18: 56
    When the Finns were forbidden to have torpedo boats, no one thought that there would be missile ones.

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