Armor of two kings and one emperor

One of the knights' halls of the Army Museum in Paris. It’s impressive, it’s convenient to look at them, but because of the location of the windows, it’s almost impossible to take pictures, the shop windows glare so much

Tell him:
"The warrior who puts on the armor,
shouldn't brag like the one
who takes them off after the victory.
Third Book of Kings 20:11

Museum Artifacts. Previous materials about meetings weapons and armor of a number of world-famous museums aroused the keen interest of VO readers. But ... as always, questions arose: “Why didn’t you give that, but where is it? “In a word, you get used to good things very quickly, and then you want even better, and so on without end. In any case, the desire of the readership is the law for the author, and if so, then this topic will be continued.

By the way, we have already talked about the knightly armor of individual famous personalities, both from the Metropolitan Museum in New York and the Royal Arsenal in Leeds, as well as from some other museums, and in particular, the Dresden Armory. Some readers were interested in the armor of the King of France Francis I * from the Army Museum in Paris and ...

Now we will tell you about them.

Armor of King Francis I

Here he is - Francis I in his armor from the Paris Army Museum

So what can be said about them?

Let's start with the fact that they were made in 1539-1540. by master Jörg Zausenhofer, a representative of a well-known dynasty of gunsmiths from Augsburg. The armor is exceptionally large in size: 2 mm high, 020 mm wide, and weighs 830 kg. They were planned as a gift to Francis I from the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in honor of the next "eternal" peace concluded by them between him and Francis in 20,6 in Nice. The armor was ordered to Jörg Sausenhofer by the brother of Emperor Charles V, Archduke Ferdinand von Habsburg (future Emperor Ferdinand I) in 1538.

The same armor, side view

In 1539, Jorg traveled to Paris to measure the King of France. But it was not possible to make this armor quickly; it took almost two years to work on them. So, when they were ready by November 1540, relations between the empire and France deteriorated again, so the Habsburgs never sent their gift to Francis.

Rear view

As a result, the armor was created, but at first it never got to France. According to the fashion of those years, it was a complex set, which at the same time served as ceremonial armor, and combat, and tournament. It is clear that this armor was of the highest quality and with the richest decor.

Front view

In the end, the armor came to the famous collector of armor and weapons, Duke Ferdinand of Tyrol, who kept them in his castle of Ambras in Innsbruck. There they were kept until February 1806, when the French took this set to Paris.

Thus, after 270 years, justice was restored, and the headset finally reached its destination.

And this is a breastplate!

But the French, firstly, forgot to pick up additional elements of armor (in particular, the grandguard of the cuirass and the left shoulder pad, as well as removable elements of the helmet), and they remained in Innsbruck.

Secondly, along with the armor of Francis, they took away the armor of a war horse, which seemed to the French general who led this "operation", "suitable in style." But the horse armor turned out to be from a completely different armor, although the work of the same Jörg Zauzenhofer, who in 1547 made it for the future Emperor Ferdinand I.

Nakrupnik

These are the adventures of the armor, just the real Indian cinema with substitute twins.

Well, in 1807, the armor of King Francis I, together with a set of horse armor for the horse of Ferdinand I, was exhibited as a “trophy” in the Louvre, after which it was transferred first to the Artillery Museum, and then to the Army Museum, where they are still on display.

And this unusual detail is a tail. It was on the krupnik just above the very place where the horse's tail was sticking out!

By the way, when the tomb of Francis I was opened in 1979, an anthropological study of his remains showed that his height was 1,92–1,98 meters, that is, at that time he was a real giant!

Armor of King Henry VIII

Armor of King Henry VIII from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York

Everything is known in comparison, so the next armor will also be the armor of the king, and the very well-known king - Henry VIII ** (1509-1547).

These armors are made in England in the famous Royal workshops in Greenwich. Sketches for jewelry are attributed to Hans Holbein the Younger (1497–1543). Made around 1527. It is also the earliest surviving Greenwich armor, having a number of additional details with which it could be adapted for use in combat and in various types of tournaments, that is, it was one of the first knightly sets.

Spearheads for the tournament on sharp spears

In addition, the engraving and gilding make it one of the most ornate of all Greenwich armor. Replaceable elements of this armor have been preserved - a breastplate (granguard) reinforcing the cuirass with an emphasis for a spear for use in the field or in an equestrian tournament; reinforced left hand glove or manifer, also used in the tournament; and a right lockable glove for an equestrian tournament with swords.

A very unusual and innovative feature of this armor is the abdominal plate, which was worn tied to the chest under the cuirass to reduce the weight of the armor falling on the shoulders. The same plate is only on one more armor made in Greenwich for Henry VIII in 1540.

Tip for the "tournament of the world"

It is believed that this armor was made for Henry VIII, but presented by him to the French ambassador Francois de la Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne, who headed the diplomatic mission in London in 1527.

After the death of the viscount in 1532, the armor passed to his friend Galio de Genouillac, the great master of artillery and the great ecuyère (master of riding) of France, from whose descendants he came to the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Dimensions: total height - 185,4 cm; weight: 28,45 kg. Donation by William H. Riggs and the Rogers Foundation 1919

Armor of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I

Knight's spur of the time of Henry VIII

And finally, the last armor, and also from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Full plate armor designed for the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I (1503–1564) in 1549. Armor height 1 mm; weight 702 kg. That is, unlike Francis, this emperor looked like a dwarf, and together, or rather, side by side, they looked like a clown couple Pat and Patachon.

This armor was made by the famous Nuremberg armorer Kunz Lochner (1510-1567). Lochner created several sets of plate armor for Emperor Ferdinand and his son Archduke Maximilian (1527–1576) in 1546–1550. and these armors are some of the best.

Armor of Emperor Ferdinand I. Front view

The same armor - rear view

The armor consists of a bourguignot-type helmet, gorget, cuirass (breastplate and backplate), shoulder pads, armpit protection disks (rondels), "pipes" for hands complete with elbow pads and combat gloves, codpiece, tassets (gaiters), knee pads and leggings with sabatons.

The helmet originally belonged to a different set.

Cuirass depicting the Mother of God with the baby Jesus in her arms

Cuirass - rear view

The entire armor is richly decorated with engravings containing religious motifs. On the cuirass in front in full chest - the image of the Mother of God with Jesus the baby in her arms, framed by tongues of flame, floral patterns and images of angels. On the back are engraved images of crossed branches and flames, which is a reference to the Order of the Golden Fleece. And in its upper part, St. Peter (with keys) and the Apostle Paul (with a sword) are depicted framed by floral patterns, again, with angels.

Ichthyocentaur. That's because the masters of that time had a truly unbridled fantasy!

All other parts of the armor are also engraved in a vegetable style. On the back of the shoulder pads, images of two ichthyocentaurs are embossed and supplemented with engraving. On the toes of the sabatons, imperial double-headed eagles under a crown are depicted. On one of the slats of the armored skirt, the date of manufacture is engraved - "1549".

Removable spear hook of a very complex design ...

Elbow with a harp on the border

The belonging of this armor to Ferdinand I (1503-1564) is indicated, first of all, by the heraldic emblems on the socks: the imperial double-headed eagle topped with a royal crown, which indicates the status of Ferdinand. The butt plate is decorated with insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, an elite knightly society, of which Ferdinand was a member.

The armor was received as a gift from George D. Pratt in 1933.

Sabaton toe with coat of arms

*Francis I - King of France from January 1, 1515, son of Count Charles of Angouleme, cousin of King Louis XII and Louise of Savoy. Founder of the Angouleme branch of the Valois dynasty. His reign was marked by long wars with Charles V of Habsburg and the flourishing of the French Renaissance.

**Henry VIII - King of England from 22 April 1509, best known for his six marriages and conflict with Pope Clement VII, which led Henry to start the English Reformation, which separated the Anglican Church from papal authority.

***Ferdinand I (1503-1564) - Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Archduke of Austria, younger brother of Charles V. Born in Alcala de Henares (Spain) on March 10, 1503. In 1521, Charles V appointed Ferdinand as his viceroy in Germany. In 1526, after the death of King Lajos II of Bohemia and Hungary in a battle with the Turks at Mohacs, Ferdinand, being married to his sister, was elected king of the Czech Republic and Hungary, and from 1556 (formally from 1558) became emperor.

Comments

[Comrade]

Dear Vyacheslav, thank you very much for continuing the cycle!
Forgive me generously for an off-topic comment, but if you are in the know, could you briefly describe how you looked after all this splendor at that time, with what and how did you clean it?
How much I admire photographs of armor, so much does not leave the thought that there are no traces of rust on them, and there are also no traces of abrasive processing. With antique bronze helmets, everything is clear, they were not threatened by rust, but then steel?
And yes, if you know, then please tell us what kind of steel was usually used there?
Well, if you have enough material for a whole article on such topics, then sincere gratitude in advance if you write it. I hope that not only I am interested in such practical issues, and many will be interested.

[not the one]

Hello, Comrade! Sorry, I can say hello to you again, I really liked it - it reminds me of the good old days:
Hello Comrade!
But what about the problems with storing the collection? Have you tried them (almost said: with dust) with wax (preferably bees)? Well, in those days there were many ways, let the authors tell you - they will do better, we will not take away bread from them. And in general, the best way to keep the armor intact and intact is a good, hardworking and conscientious squire.

[kalibr]

Quote: not the one

In general, the best way to keep the armor safe and sound is a good, hardworking and conscientious squire

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Hello!

Hello, Comrade! Sorry, I can say hello to you again, I really liked it - it reminds me of the good old days:

I understand the nostalgia of Kamradov, and I consider this the norm. 28 years in uniform and do not recognize any other treatment, only by name and patronymic or by rank. Although pearls like, "comrade lieutenant" periodically hear.
However, the appeal "comrade" has a much longer history in our patronymic.

[3x3zsave]

However, the appeal "comrade" has a much longer history in our patronymic.
In the late Republic of Ingushetia, there was a position - "comrade minister"

[Pane Kohanku]

However, the appeal "comrade" has a much longer history in our patronymic.

Hello everyone, and you, Vladislav, hello!
Explain about the photo of "comrades", please. Is this a kind of domestic lancer?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Pane Kohanku

Is this a kind of domestic lancer?

In the lancers regiments, cavalrymen until 1808 were divided into * comrades * with peaks, and "rank" with carbines.

[bubalik]

,,,

In 1797, it was decided to form a ten-squadron Pinsk regiment. of this,
however, it was not fulfilled, but in the same year the formation of the Lithuanian-Tatar cavalry regiment was announced, the staff of which was approved by the Highest on June 9, 1797. August of the same year was announced
the science of the formation of the Polish cavalry regiment "on the exact basis of the newly established Tatar". Both regiments had a 10-squadron composition, with a total number of combatant non-combatant ranks of 1168 people each. The recruitment took place by free people on
on a voluntary basis, by capitulations (i.e. conditions) that were signed for 5,10, 15 or XNUMX years. Lithuanian-Ta-
the Tara regiment was taken by
container Poles, Polish - mostly Poles but no restrictions on
nationality or place
there was no birth.
When forming regiments, they tried to maximize
adhere to the traditions of the old Polish states in order to create familiar conditions for immigrants from Poland
services. The lower combat ranks had Polish names:
sergeants were called governors, quartermasters -
sub-deputies rank and file
- comrades rank. In the ranks, the comrades made up the first line, there were about the peaks of the choir-
evkami (weather vanes), ranks made up the second
the ranks were armed
guns (besides those
others had pistols). The uniforms of the equestrian regiments were similar to the Polish ones.
When accepted for service, the squadron commander issued a comrade
for uniforming himself as a rank, 75 rubles, another 60 for horses.

Upon the formation of the Lithuanian-Tatar Polish cavalry regiments
were located on the western borders of Russia, where they carried outpost service.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: bubalik

where they carried outpost service.

Good extended answer.

[Richard]

3x3zsave (Anton):

However, the appeal "comrade" has a much longer history.

Companion (Pol. Towarzysz Pol. [tɔˈvaʐɨʂ] (listen)), plural: towarzysze) was a junior cavalry officer or knight officer in the army of the Commonwealth from the 16th century until its collapse in 1794.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

It’s bad that there is no “bell”, the guys have already given an answer in an order of magnitude expanded than I could! Thank you Sergey, Dmitry and Phil!!!

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Kote pane Kohanka

Phil thanks!!!

Vladislav!
I wrote from work, therefore it was short. They filled up with work, devils!
And the guys are really great!

[Senior seaman]

Quote: Pane Kohanku

Is this a kind of domestic lancer?

Not exactly domestic
When, after the division of the Commonwealth, they began to attach the Lithuanian gentry to the cause, specifically for them, they brought in uhlan regiments with traditional ranks for those places.
In general, a "comrade" is a young nobleman (gentleman) who entered the service in the lancer regiment as a lower rank, until he reaches the officer rank.
In the rest of the regiments of the RIA, the analogue of this title was "junker", and later "volunteer".
By the way, the famous cavalry girl Nadezhda Durova, while serving in the Horse-Polish Lancers Regiment, was just a "comrade".

[kalibr]

Interesting questions! Thank you! There is something right now... You have to look for something. I am afraid, however, that the terms "low-carbon steel" or "low-carbon iron" will not be very clear (and informative) to you either, and I understand this poorly. That is, you have to write a literal translation, and this is always a little dangerous. But I'll try. And they are not rusty because they were rubbed ... with linseed oil with a soft suede cloth.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

One of the ways to preserve armor is bluing. The simplest and most common piece of brick, followed by lubrication with linseed or olive oil or fat. Of the curious (although this applies only to chain mail) - the use of barrels of sand. The reenactors said that the barrel was filled by a third with river sand, a metal part or chain mail was added. They closed the lid and rolled the barrel. Sometimes with the help of a rope on inclined logs.
With copper and bronze armor, there were also troubles. To give shades from gold to silver and polishing, beets, onions (bulbs) and carrots were used.
The topic is quite extensive and interesting!

[3x3zsave]

With linen - the best option. It dries quickly and gives a wear-resistant film.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote: 3x3zsave

With linen - the best option. It dries quickly and gives a wear-resistant film.

Geography specific! For example, why should a native of Sicily use woolen and felt balaclavas if there is a “sea” of sponges in the sea. The Chuvash, Mordovians, and Zyrians did the same, using available moss in burlap.

[Luminman]

Quote: Kote pane Kohanka

One of the ways to preserve armor is burnishing.

In my opinion, metal bluing began to be used later than the period described in the article. Tinning - covering steel with a thin layer of tin - this method of protection has been known since ancient times. The best way to protect metal from corrosion is to often scour it, as a male dog scours a cychky ...

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Thermal appeared, just at the turn of the 15-16 centuries. A number of metallurgy historians believe that this was originally a side effect of gilding.

[Richard]

Good day to all
Directly inspired

Why do you cyst Saska? Yakhshi shines. Boiling lamb fat? (With)

[balabol]

You will not envy the reenactors. It is hard work to roll a barrel of sand.
But seriously, this method has survived to this day. It is used for abrasive processing of parts of complex shape. Tumbling drum -

the simplest type of equipment, which is a cylindrical drum connected to an electric motor that turns it.
For processing, the abrasive and the product are loaded into the drum. Processing of materials occurs due to the constant movement of workpieces in an abrasive medium during the rotation of the container. Usually castings are deburred. Or, as an example for the site, they wash the shells when reluding at home. Naturally much smaller.

[Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov]

It's easier to take a concrete mixer - the result is the same.

[Ruyter-57]

... I understand this badly. That is, you have to write a literal translation ...

A "literal translation" of highly specialized technical material by a non-specialist usually leads to the most unpredictable results, which are far from positive.
In addition, it must be taken into account that in order to understand the issue, at least a brief digression into the technology of steel production used at the time and place in question, in this case the XV - XVI centuries, is very desirable. And all this, taking into account the fact that the article is not written for metallurgists, should be "popularized" and presented in an understandable language.
As for me, if the author decides to write such an article, then, firstly, it is necessary to acquire an appropriate dictionary, for example, "The English-Russian Metallurgical Dictionary", authors Perlov N.I., Isteev A.Ts., Tyurin V.A. , and secondly, to look for a qualified reviewer who would "evaluate and correct". Given the popularity of this author's publications, it is possible that even one of the readers will agree to this role.

[3x3zsave]

Given the popularity of this author's publications, it is possible that even one of the readers will agree to this role.
Take it

[Ruyter-57]

I am not qualified to be a reviewer. In addition, I have too radical requirements for the quality of publications.

[3x3zsave]

It's a pity. Few people know how to talk simply about complex things.

[Ruyter-57]

Few people know how to talk simply about complex things.

That's for sure. For me, in this regard, an example is Sergey Petrovich Kapitsa.

[kalibr]

Quote: Ruyter-57

Given the popularity of this author's publications, it is possible that even one of the readers will agree to this role.

Totally agree". It remains a little: write and find a reviewer.

[3x3zsave]

write and find a reviewer
The second is the main thing. For any potential reviewer can quite rightly ask: what "buns" will I have?

[kalibr]

Quote: 3x3zsave

And what "buns" will I have?

Legal 50%

[Ruyter-57]

and what "buns" will I have

Authority, honor and respect. Not everything is measured by despicable metal. By the way, local "authorities" are not eager to become famous yet.

[Ruyter-57]

Not much left: write and find a reviewer

Write. It is unlikely that this process will be fast, if taken seriously. Maybe during this time the reviewer will mature. The road will be mastered by the walking one. I can say with confidence that there are practically no Russian-language worthy articles on the materials of medieval armor. Therefore, if you are lucky, you can "go down in history."

[kalibr]

Quote: Ruyter-57

there is practically no information about the materials of medieval armor.

I personally know only one book (!) about the metallography of Western armor. Those that are in the arsenal of La Valletta in Malta. Wanted to get it, didn't get it...

[Comrade]

Quote: kalibr

Interesting questions! Thank you! There is something right now... You have to look for something.

We'll wait as long as it takes.

Quote: kalibr

I'm afraid, however, that the terms "low-carbon steel" or "low-carbon iron" will not be very clear to you (and informative)

I am familiar with these terms firsthand, at the institute I studied materials science and several other disciplines, one way or another connected with the properties of metals, in addition.

Quote: kalibr

I'm bad at this. That is, you have to write a literal translation, and this is always a little dangerous. But I'll try

Mail for the honor to provide disinterested all possible assistance.

Quote: kalibr

they are not rusty because they were rubbed ... with linseed oil with a soft chamois cloth.

Understood thanks.

[tlauicol]

A question for experts: are there any traces of damage on tournament armor? Combat? Or was it all restored at local service stations in different years?

[not the one]

Question to experts

Not an expert, rather from the team of "viewers", but I'll try to answer.

Are there any signs of damage?

Why not, "I have them", and in a wide range:
Foreign

Domestic production

And there are plenty of replicas, you need to look at the signs, everything should be written there in theory ..

[tlauicol]

Well, it's a firearm. And tournament dents, scratches remained?

[not the one]

Ah, then excuse me, I don’t have this available. Well, after all these tournaments, I personally would hand over the armor for repair, well, don’t go rumpled, after all .. How do you like the version? and damaged tournament armor. Why should grandchildren boast: "But this dent was left to me by the king himself, and this was how they slapped me in Orleans, I remember, already sparks from my eyes."

[3x3zsave]

Well, after all these tournaments, I personally would hand over the armor for repairs,
In general, it was so, because the armor, it costs money! And a lot...

[3x3zsave]

Or was it all restored at local service stations in different years?
"Bodywork on armor, of any complexity. 10 grotrois / element. Members of the royal court and veterans of the crusades - a discount!
Address: Paris, emb. Templars, house with a turret, entrance from the yard.")))

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote: 3x3zsave

Or was it all restored at local service stations in different years?
"Bodywork on armor, of any complexity. 10 grotrois / element. Members of the royal court and veterans of the crusades - a discount!
Address: Paris, emb. Templars, house with a turret, entrance from the yard.")))

Yeah, "Moors and other Saracens, please do not disturb"!
My friend, you are beautiful, though bearded, but you can do it anyway !! Unfortunately, I can’t count it expensive in “cows” or vice versa.

[Richard]

"Bodywork on armor, of any complexity.

[3x3zsave]

After the death of the Viscount in 1532, the armor passed to his friend Galio de Genouillac, Grand Master of Artillery and Grand Écuyère (master of horsemanship) of France.
And again the difficulties of translation ...
The Great Ecuer is not a "master of riding", it is a "great stableman", that is, a person in charge of the royal stables throughout the kingdom (but not the king's court). The position of grand ecuér was part of the institution of senior officers of the crown, the foundation of which was laid by Louis VIII in the first half of the XNUMXth century. In addition to managing the royal stables, the position implied some other duties, which included carrying the royal sword during ceremonies, in connection with which the title of the position is sometimes referred to as "great squire", which, in principle, is etymologically justified.
Referring directly to Galio de Genouillac, it can be noted that he really held the position of Grand Ecuer from 1526 to 1546.
Thank you, Vyacheslav Olegovich!

[kalibr]

Quote: 3x3zsave

"master of riding", this is "great stableman",

Thank you!

[3x3zsave]

Please!
It is not difficult to get confused with historical terms that have the root "ecu". Moreover, in modern French "écuyer" is really "rider".

[Trilobite Master]

Cuirass depicting the Mother of God with the baby Jesus in her arms

Cuirass - rear view

Something reminded me of it ...

[not the one]

Super association! There is also the question of which of these cuirasses best protected its owner

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: not the one

better protect its owner

* And on the left chest is the profile of Stalin, and on the right Marinka in full face .... * (c)

[Richard]

Agsburg gunsmiths in those days sang a little differently:
And on the left chest is the profile of Habsburg, and on the right Malvinka in full face.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Richard

full face

There was such a belief among the convicts of those years, it was. * And on the black bench, and on the dock of the defendants .... * (c).
Dima, Hello! Good to see you, right!

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Richard

Habsburg Profile,

Order: do not shoot at Habsburg! Regardless of the faces and where these are located. This order is extended to female persons.

[not the one]

Dear Vyacheslav, thank you very much for continuing the cycle!

Let me

Thank you, Vyacheslav Olegovich!

join!

[kalibr]

Quote: not the one

join!

Last time, people wanted to see the armor of Louis - so they saw them ... + plus a couple more for comparison.

[Luminman]

Why does the chanfron have a sharp pin? Is it a horse weapon so that the horse can "butt" or just a design element? Thank you

[not the one]

It was always interesting, too. ) For beauty, though, “I think so” ©

[Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov]

Horse weapons - hooves and teeth, are almost useless in such battles. And this pin - obviously skewed under a unicorn - a very revered animal in those days.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Why does the chanfron have a sharp pin? Is it a horse weapon so that the horse can "butt" or just a design element? Thank you

An element of decoration, however psychologically such a pseudo-unicorn, could be the last straw in the emotional stability of an infantryman.
By the way, horses were trained to fight, but not with horns, but with hooves (with combat horseshoes) and bite.

[3x3zsave]

Buddy! The photos you provided are nothing more than "studded tires"!

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

I know Anton. Sadly, I could not find drawings and photographs of combat knightly horseshoes on the Internet. Cut off from his library for the time being, in the city.

[bubalik]

fighting knight horseshoes

Good afternoon. Doubtful that was a separate category, combat knight horseshoes

[Ruyter-57]

Why does the chanfron have a sharp pin? Is it a horse weapon so that the horse can "butt" or just a design element?

This purely decorative element is called a rondel. Allegory for a unicorn.

[Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov]

Rondelle (French rondelle "round") is a shield covering the armpits of a man-at-arms.

[Ruyter-57]

Ivan Ivanovich, before you write, you should make it a habit to read. At least the Dictionary of Medieval Knighthood and Chivalry. There you will find a lot of new things for yourself, including the fact that the term "rondel" has several meanings. In addition, it is also a dagger.

[Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov]

Oh, sorry, I didn't know, that is, I wrote something wrong?

[Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov]

So I didn't wait for an answer. Why then such a bunch of mentor snobbery? Is it possible to write comments here only after receiving a doctorate degree and having previously read the library of monographs in the original language? Or did I dare to comment on the comment? I did not know that there is a caste of untouchable (crossed out) infallible commentators.

[kalibr]

Quote: Ivan Ivanych Ivanov

this is a shield covering the armpits of a man-at-arms.

Actually, this shield was called besagyu. A rondel only when it was round. But it wasn't always round. The rondel is also a popular dagger.

[Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov]

Thanks for the addition. It turns out that rondel is more of a descriptive term. Then the horn on the forehead of horse armor should also have its own name if its shape is different from a round section? There are also polyhedrons and a twisted form occurs.

[3x3zsave]

I think this is butting at the level of "what is a tank," a "cart for a cannon", or something more?"

[depressant]

...or something more?

Anton, good morning!
A little off topic. I'm talking about the earthquake of 1348. You asked me what I know about this earthquake, I answered, but from your reaction I realized that it was out of place.
Yes, not only in the Gobi, but also in Europe there was a catastrophic earthquake in those years, as the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani testified. His chronicles accurately mark the beginning of what historians will call the New Dark Age in Europe, and it feels as if the beginning of these events - an early response to the coming natural disasters - a response in the form of bankruptcy of the Florentine bankers that launched the global financial crisis, followed the political crisis in Florence, the Hundred Years War broke out ... Meanwhile, natural disasters gave rise to an epidemic of the plague, as a result of which Villani himself died.
In fact, as follows from private letters, the European earthquake began in February 1347, but, apparently, it gained real strength in 1348.

[Ruyter-57]

the European earthquake began in February 1347, but, apparently, it gained real strength in 1348.

In 1347 there were no earthquakes in Europe. The earthquake of 1348 is one of the most "documented". More than 100 sources contemporary to the event.

[depressant]

Chronicler Villani:

... in order not to deviate from the truth in our presentation, we will include in it a copy of a letter sent from Udine by our trustworthy Florentine merchants. The letter is dated February 1347...

The following is an excerpt from the letter quoted by Villani:

“You have probably heard about the numerous dangerous earthquakes that occurred in these parts and caused great harm. January 25, 1348 of our Lord, according to the reckoning of the Roman church, and according to ours, from the Annunciation of the Ever-Virgin of 1347, on the day of the conversion of St. Paul, on Friday , at eight and a quarter hours after evening or at five o'clock in the morning, there was a strong earthquake ... "

Well, that's how they calculated the years.
And the comet appeared before that, passed and brought with it all subsequent innumerable misfortunes. That's how it is now. Only ours, the current one, is special, green.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: depressant

Only ours, the current one, is special, green.

Lyudmila Yakovlevna! It's almost a good evening! It's already getting dark in Moscow. And what kind of comet is the current one? Yes, even green? It is possible in more detail, otherwise you know with these factory chores, somehow by .... whistled.

[depressant]

And what kind of comet is the current one? Yes, even green?

Good evening, Sergey Vladimirovich!
In the first days of February, a small green (which is unusual) comet passed by us. And somehow in the press it was quickly hushed up. Apparently, in order not to lead people to bad associations. And by a sinful deed I succumbed to the general mood, and then as it hit - a comet! Comet! This means cataclysms and wars... The approach of the space guest has already brought war, and the passage at the minimum distance from the Earth has brought an earthquake. And that's all the guesswork is. Well, the plague - of course it will, as it grows. There will also be reports of outbreaks and heroic struggle against them.
Here is a superficial reference to the comet:

On the night of February 1, a rare green comet officially named C/2022 E3 made its closest approach to Earth for the first time in 50 years. It was located approximately 000 million km from our planet.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: depressant

And somehow in the press it was quickly hushed up. Apparently, in order not to lead people to bad associations.

Dear Lyudmila Yakovlevna! I’m afraid that it’s not green and various comets that are to blame for the troubles of earthlings. And not even aliens / green /, but themselves ... whispering and unpredictable inhabitants of our beautiful planet. .And whose level is even falling every year. Who can be called not only the Great, but the normal leader of his state? Who?

[3x3zsave]

Only ours, the current one, is special, green.
And flat?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: 3x3zsave

flat

Lyudmila Yakovlevna is preparing for an answer.
Greetings Anton!
What kind of comet is it? I don’t know at all.
* Whistled. And fell on the table .... * (c)

[3x3zsave]

Hello, Sergey!
The question "past the cash register", Lyudmila Yakovlevna is responsible for astrology, alchemy and cryptozoology and other Moomits.
"Recently I heard somewhere,
That a comet is coming soon
And that then we will all die "(c)

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: 3x3zsave

Lyudmila Yakovlevna.

Dearest Lyudmila Yakovlevna creates a background for friendly communication. But? Sergey began to appear! Which "Bubalik *.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: 3x3zsave

flat?

*And what to hear in Moscow?.....*

[depressant]

And flat?

Have fun, Anton? )))
You can, of course, discuss its shape using a variety of stereometric figures, but the meaning of this baby is not in the form, but in the appearance of the people.

[3x3zsave]

Have fun, Anton? )))
Ottozh!!! Conspiracy theory in your, Lyudmila Yakovlevna, performance is sparkling!

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: depressant

Have fun, Anton? )))

Let's have fun. For? Rather, against the gloomy background of reality, we are trying not to fall completely into the abyss of despondency. Shall we fall? Kranty and kirdyk.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: depressant

appearance to the people.

You know? Now * Mosfilm. The Golden Collection. * There is * Irony of Fate. *, I look / I don’t specify! /, but? Lord! Well, what and what did we Soviet people lack, huh? What? 91st year?!?! In fucking August? What did we take in return? What did we get? What did we get, it’s clear. But?
One thing is clear. We lost cool hockey, and gained * holders of the Order of Honor *, with a small letter in principle !!! Roma Rotenberg. Head coach !!!! St. Petersburg * SKA * and supposedly the creator of the * Red Machine *!?!? And who is it? What is it for? Yes, to the fact that this is the PERSON of the current government. Not what you are, but WHO created you. Question to the author? To an advertising specialist?

[kalibr]

Quote: ArchiPhil

Question to the author? To an advertising specialist?

I got plenty of avocados, bananas, tangerines, pineapples, homemade sausages, pastries, buckwheat, salmon, halibut ... plus the opportunity to go wherever I want. I don't care what others got.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: kalibr

I got plenty of avocados, bananas, tangerines, pineapples, homemade sausages, pastries, buckwheat, salmon, halibut ... plus the opportunity to go wherever I want.

Didn't that really happen? Under the Union? With the exception of the exotic avocado fruit.

Quote: kalibr

homemade sausage,

Who wanted to do it. No?

Quote: kalibr

go wherever you want.

With this question, of course, it is certainly more interesting. But? You have money for this business. And eighty percent of the population? Pareto Law?

Quote: kalibr

I don't care what others got.

You can’t argue with that. How is it written there? * To each his own. *?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: ArchiPhil

“You have money for this business. And eighty percent

And? It’s very likely that soon they won’t be either.

[kalibr]

Quote: ArchiPhil

What about eighty percent of the population?

And they need to stop drinking and smoking and the money will appear!

[kalibr]

Quote: ArchiPhil

buckwheat,

It wasn't exactly! And everything else. And tangerines are only on the market for the new year ... Heck was - "a friend of the workers." Even the herring was called "Obkomovsky ...."

[Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov]

Well, the author would have received all this, and then he would have been in a special distributor for party activists, such people always got along well under any government.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ivan Ivanych Ivanov

such under any power has always been well arranged.

But this is not a question for the author, but for the authorities. For?

[kalibr]

Quote: Ivan Ivanych Ivanov

Well, the author would have received all this, and then he would have been in a special distributor for party activists, such people always got along well under any government.

This did not concern teachers of the history of the CPSU and freelance lecturers of the OK and the RK !!! Staff only! And we figs, although we bore the brunt of the work.!

[Ruyter-57]

To briefly summarize your comment, it turns out that, except in the USSR, they did not live normally anywhere else, and life ended without him.
I myself lived in the USSR half of my life, not the worst. But I will tell you that all these sufferings in the past are not because nothing can be better than the USSR, but because primitive capitalism still flourishes on its ruins, moreover, with local characteristics. Therefore, the minority "fitting into the market" is not nostalgic for the USSR. This is the lot of the "not fit into the market" majority, which "there" was better. Or easier. Rather easier.
A vivid example of what happens when a whole country tries to live in the past.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

To briefly summarize your comment, it turns out that, except in the USSR, they did not live normally anywhere else, and life ended without him.

In short, we have lost a lot more than we have gained. So? What have we lost. Pretty good medical care. No? Pretty good free education, no?

Quote: Ruyter-57

I myself lived in the USSR half of my life, not the worst. But I will tell you that all these sufferings in the past are not because nothing can be better than the USSR, but because primitive capitalism still flourishes on its ruins, moreover, with local characteristics.

Question. And when will the phase * of primitive capitalism in the Russian Federation * end ??

Quote: Ruyter-57

A vivid example of what happens when a whole country tries to live in the past.

This is because there is a question. Is there a future for our country with such a .... regime?
Regarding hockey, we can ... exchange opinions. Why not?
I forgot to mention *social programs*.

[Ruyter-57]

So? What have we lost. Pretty good medical care. No? Pretty good free education, no?

Do you think that normal medical care is possible only in the conditions of the USSR? I will disappoint you, and twice. Firstly, not only in the USSR. Secondly, in the USSR, the only advantage of medical care "for the people" was its free of charge. The motto "we treat for nothing - we treat for nothing" was born just in the USSR. I understood this for the first time when I got treatment at LSU - a medical and sanatorium institution for the best sons of the country. For all other "losses" the same is true. All this can be had without the USSR. And much better, and with such resources that the country has - many times better. But - traditions do not order! What are you going to do here?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

Do you think that normal medical care is possible only in the conditions of the USSR?

Yes. In the conditions of the USSR. Why? It was a socially oriented state. My God, well, you lived in this power for half your life? .Not worth it, right. She was not bad.

Quote: Ruyter-57

For all other "losses" the same is true. All this can be had without the USSR. AND

What do you have without the USSR? Without money? I am not * Tatra *, but I am not the Author of the article either. I stand and walk on the ground.

Quote: Ruyter-57

. And much better, and with such resources that the country has - many times better. But - traditions do not order! What are you going to do here?

Here, yes. I agree!

[Ruyter-57]

What do you have without the USSR? Without money?

Have you heard of health insurance? I'm not Tatra either, but I'm not from the church choir either. Free cheese - it only happens in a mousetrap. And high-quality and affordable medical services exist outside the USSR. The fact that for the majority there are none in today's Russia is not to return to the USSR, where anesthesia was not used even in pediatric dentistry, but to move forward. And it is desirable for everyone. And there is no need to hope for a good king. There were no good kings and never will be.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

Have you heard of health insurance? I

Oh, well!?!? I didn’t even know! And I didn’t hear about MGFMOMS. Oops! Have you heard that it doesn’t give a damn thing? , okay? No shit, it doesn’t GIVE anything !!!!

[Ruyter-57]

It doesn't give a damn, it doesn't give anything!!!!

I don’t tell stories to my grandson anymore. Increased. Imagine that outside the country where you are, there is also life. So I'm talking about her.

[Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov]

Well, in the states, even such free universal health insurance cannot be introduced. How much did Obama try? niasilil

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

Free cheese

Well, why so? Did you live in the Union? You know, huh? Why?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

anesthesia was not used even in pediatric dentistry, but move forward. And preferably

What? Where and when was it not used? Facts! To the studio!

Quote: Ruyter-57

There were no good kings and never will be.

Who believes in them? Just don't distort, really.

[kalibr]

Quote: ArchiPhil

What? Where and when was it not used? Facts! To the studio!

I personally, even as a student, had teeth drilled with pulpitis without anesthesia. With anesthesia only removed. Now they treat me like this: first they anesthetize the injection site, then they give an injection ... Why was it not possible in the USSR?

[Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov]

So this is where such an attitude towards the USSR comes from. Drilling teeth without anesthesia, they say, was also practiced in the Gestapo. And what prevented you from unofficially paying extra for the special treatment of the doctor? As some did. And painkillers would be found immediately.

[kalibr]

Quote: Ivan Ivanych Ivanov

And what prevented you from unofficially paying extra for the special treatment of the doctor?

You don't have to take me for a fool. How many offered - did not take! And then ... what kind of way is it to pay unofficially, what kind of country is this, where you pay unofficially for treatment without pain with free medicine. Why am I getting all this for free now?

[Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov]

God forbid. Nobody takes you for a fool. So you're out of luck. The Union collapsed because the declarative statements did not coincide with real life. It turned out to be unviable.

[kalibr]

Quote: ArchiPhil

She was good.

Compared to today, this is a rural dispensary next to the hospital of the Central Committee.

[Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov]

Everything is developing. You still compare the coverage of mobile communications and the Internet then, under the USSR and now

[3x3zsave]

General recipe: "Don't whine about the past, think about the future."

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: 3x3zsave

General recipe: "Don't whine about the past, think about the future."

Anton! It was the past. And the future ... is it? Will it be the future?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

Therefore, the minority "fitting into the market" is not nostalgic for the USSR. This is the lot of the "not fit into the market" majority, which "there" was better. Or easier. Rather easier.
A vivid example of what happens when an entire country tries to live in the past.

It's not worth it.

[Ruyter-57]

And what is the "chubaischina" here? In a statement of fact?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

? In a statement of fact?
Reply

So after all, these are his words !!! Regarding those who did not fit into the market !!! Fit in? What is the percentage of the population?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

In a statement of fact?

Let me state the facts

[Ruyter-57]

Let me state the facts

Why state them, they are outside your window. Can be observed with the naked eye.
As the saying goes, "Here are Lermontov's poems copied from the original" in all its glory. I can hardly add anything.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

And what is the "chubaischina"

Viknik, is that you?

[kalibr]

Quote: Ruyter-57

Rather easier.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++

[Ruyter-57]

Well, that's how they counted the years

This is the Florentine calendar, stylus Florentinus. In it, the day does not begin at midnight, but after sunset, and the New Year begins on March 25. In Italy, it was used until 1582, although it was finally abandoned only by the middle of the XNUMXth century.

[3x3zsave]

historians will call the New Dark Age in Europe,
Here it is - a highly spiritual Renaissance!)))
You make me happy, Lyudmila Yakovlevna!

[depressant]

You make me happy, Lyudmila Yakovlevna!

Well, at least it made you happy. Himself, it doesn't work. This is if without irony on your part and mine. And about the earthquake in the Middle Ages - the same one .. I read a description of it in the area of ​​​​the Drava River. The water was red with blood. Looks like a surge wave from the shock splashed onto the destroyed buildings.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: depressant

Well, at least it made you happy. Himself - it doesn't work.

Lyudmila Yakovlevna! Believe me! You please many with your presence. Believe me, right. Your comments are not always indisputable, but always interesting! And I am not alone in this opinion. What is happening now? Nothing more than a friendly *joke*.No more!!!

[3x3zsave]

Lyudmila Yakovlevna, I am pleased with your personal achievements in the field of studying history. But the logical calculations are shocking!
Comet - earthquake - financial crisis - Hundred Years War...
It remains to declare the discovery of the "Turin Shroud" a sign of purification and the transition of society to a new level.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: 3x3zsave

But the logical calculations are shocking!

It's okay. It's interesting.

Quote: 3x3zsave

It remains to declare the discovery of the "Turin Shroud" a sign of purification

Scientists come to a consensus? There are different versions all the time.

Quote: 3x3zsave

the transition of society to a new level.

Ooooh.*Houston!We're in trouble!*
We are falling. Not all, but? We are falling. Alas and ah.

[Ruyter-57]

Looks like a surge wave from the shock splashed onto the destroyed buildings.

There were no surge waves there. There was a flood. The landslide blocked the channel of the Gail River, a tributary of the Drava. A lake 13 kilometers long and about 15 meters deep was formed. And when this mass of water broke through the dam formed by the landslide, then naturally there was a flood in the valley. But about the blood-red Drava - this, of course, is a legend.

[3x3zsave]

But about the blood-red Drava - this, of course, is a legend.
From blood, yes. For the rest, you need to look at information about the soils at the mouth of the Gail.

[Ruyter-57]

Gail is a mountain river.

This is just not far from the confluence of the Drava. Beautiful places. Harris is well caught.

And this is Drava in those places. The origin of the legend is immediately clear.

[3x3zsave]

The origin of the legend is immediately clear.
To be honest, I don't understand. Did the flood reveal red loam deposits?

[Richard]

There were earthquakes in Rus' too. One of them at the end of the 10th century destroys the Assumption Cathedral under construction in Moscow. And in the XII century, as many as XNUMX earthquakes were recorded! Of course, this is out of the ordinary seismic activity, but the actual earthquakes were known in Rus' and were not always harmless.

[Richard]

Among other things, the old Russian chronicles contain information about a strong earthquake in Rus' (!), which occurred on May 3, 1230. The earthquake was observed on a very vast territory from Novgorod to Kyiv.
The largest annalistic and chronographic work of ancient Rus' and all of medieval Europe, the Front Chronicle, created in the XNUMXth century in Alexander Sloboda, tells about these events:

About the shaking of the earth. On the 3rd day of May, during the Holy Liturgy, when the Holy Gospel was read in the Church of the Most Holy Theotokos in Vladimir, the earth shook; and the church, and the throne, and the icons moved on the walls; and a chandelier with candles, and the candlesticks shook; the people were amazed and thought that each of them was dizzy; and they began to tell each other what had happened to them, and they wondered what it was. Was it in…
... many churches and in the houses of masters; and in other cities it was.
In Kyiv, the city was even more so, the biggest shock was. In the Pechersky monastery, the stone church of the Most Holy Theotokos broke into 4 parts; there were Metropolitan Kirill, and Prince Vladimir (Rurikovich - Yu.F.), and the boyars, and a lot of people came together; for the holiday was on that day, the day of memory of Father Theodosius. “The stone throne also shook, when Food and Drink were already brought on it; and all this was crushed by stones, falling from above; but the whole throne did not fall, nor the top of it.
In Pereslavl, the Russian Church of St. Michael split in two; the vault of three arches with a roof also fell; and suppressed icons, and chandeliers with candles, and candlesticks; but it happened on one day and at one hour, throughout the whole earth, during the Liturgy.”
We meet the same descriptions of the earthquake throughout Rus' in the Novgorod annals, in the Lavrentiev and others. Thus, the fact of a powerful earthquake can be considered unambiguous. Its peculiarity is such that it affected many lands of Ancient Rus': from Novgorod to Kyiv and Pereyaslavl, Vladimir, Smolensk. Note that in Kyiv (in the south) it was stronger, which even led to the destruction of stone churches in Kyiv itself and in Pereyaslavl. What could be the cause of such a cataclysm, which engulfed a fairly stable seismically region? Let's try to figure it out below.
However, the tests for Rus' have not yet ended. A few days later, anomalous atmospheric phenomena occurred, which were also recorded in different parts of Rus' from Novgorod to Kyiv, but the most amazing occurred in Kyiv. Same month on the 14th day. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon the sun began to disappear before the eyes of all people; and a little of it remained, and it was like a three-day month; and began to grow again. Many thought that this was a month moving across the sky, since there was a full moon then; others thought that it was the sun going back, because small patches of clouds from the north side quickly moved towards the sun to the south. “On the same day and hour it was the same, and even worse, in Kyiv; before everyone's eyes the sun became a month; and there appeared on both sides of it pillars red, green, blue; fire also descended from the sky, like a large cloud, on the Lybid stream; people all said goodbye to their lives and thought that the end had already come; and began to kiss each other and ask for forgiveness; and wept bitterly, and all cried out to God with tears.
The merciful God carried that terrible fire through the whole city without harm; and he fell into the Dnieper river; disappeared there. This was told to us by eyewitnesses who were there at the time.”

All these events together paint a picture that is associated with some kind of space incidents that took place on our planet. As it turned out, in scientific historiography it is customary to associate this large-scale cataclysm with the probable eruption of a large volcano in the Iceland region. According to this theory, the ash ejected by the volcano caused the effect of "volcanic winter" - pollution of the atmosphere with ash, which entails cooling due to the anti-greenhouse effect. However, supporters of this theory lose sight of a number of annalistic facts that do not fit into this explanation. Firstly, the epicenter of the earthquake recorded in the annals on the territory of ancient Rus' could not possibly be in Iceland. Otherwise, Western Europe should have been completely in ruins. Secondly, the effect of a volcanic winter should have been accompanied by a long period of dense cloudiness with characteristic precipitation - ash fall, which was not noted by the chroniclers. On the contrary, written sources clearly indicate an anomalous amount of cold, incessant rain. Thirdly, let's pay attention and fix for further disclosure of the topic an important chronological fact reflected in the sources: heavy rains and cooling begin "from the day of the Annunciation", that is, more than a month before the earthquake (May 3). And fourthly, there are a number of recorded anomalous atmospheric phenomena, which are extremely difficult to link with a volcanic eruption or its consequences.
The second hypothesis connects these events with a comet, through the tail of which our planet passed and which fell to the ground, breaking into fragments. Personally, I am somehow cautious about this theory. Apparently, in 1230, the Earth passed through the tail of an unknown comet, the orbit of which lay between the Sun and our planet. As you know, the main substances in the composition of comets are ice, gas and fine dust. Approaching the Sun, the comet heats up and forms a tail - a cloud of matter directed away from the Sun under the influence of solar wind pressure. In March 1230, the substance of the comet's tail begins to penetrate the earth's atmosphere, filling it with ice crystals, which gives rise to prolonged cold rains. A month and a half later, the comet approaches the point of closest approach to the earth. Apparently, a relatively large fragment of the comet falls to Earth on May 3rd somewhere in the Russian Plain, generating a powerful earthquake in a geologically inactive region from Novgorod to Kiev. On May 10, Vladimir residents observe a “false sunrise” in an atmosphere saturated with ice crystals. May 14 - the day of closest approach to the Earth - the nucleus of a comet eclipses the solar disk. The eclipse is observed over a wide area. In the Kyiv region, the fall of a second, relatively small fragment is recorded, which burns up in the atmosphere and falls into the Dnieper. By the end of July, freezing rains stop. The comet is moving away from the earth.
Ris.1The front chronicle, created in the XNUMXth century in the Alexander Sloboda - this is how it tells about these events

[Ruyter-57]

No, just this river, which is the Drava, flows through the Gailtal Alps, the main rock is dolomite. It's either gray or brown. Here is the water of the corresponding color. Blood can be poured into it in tanks, this will not be noticeable.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

Blood can be poured into it in tanks, this will not be noticeable.

Hmmm. Well, you're right. Modern forensics will not agree with you ....

[Ruyter-57]

At the time of the fact under discussion, modern forensic science was approximately 700 years old.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

modern forensic science was about 700 years old.

Looks like. * -Who are you?
Musician.Yura.*
I'm actually talking about blood ... in tanks.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

about

Mikhail. Are you really Mikhail? It is interesting to talk with you!

[Ruyter-57]

Are you really Michael?

EX UNGUE LEONEM

Recently I somehow whistled with verses
And gave them out without my signature;
The magazine jester wrote an article about them,
Letting her go without a signature, villain.
But what? Neither me nor the public jester
Failed to cover up their leprosy:
He recognized me by claws in a minute,
I recognized him by ear

.

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Ruyter-57

I recognized him by ear

* I recognize the sweetheart by his gait .... * (c)

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: depressant

Well, at least it made you happy.

Golden pen site! Without durakovOne of. Right!

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: 3x3zsave

cannon wagon" or something more?"

Worse, Anton, worse!
A stick for a puck, or a puck for a stick?
When will the BELL be returned??? Right?

[3x3zsave]

When will the BELL be returned???
Seryoga, don't wake Herzen!)))

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: 3x3zsave

Seryoga, don't wake Herzen!)))

I'm talking about a small one. About * VOshnoy *, about notifications. *
*-Freud? Who is this Freud? Passenger? * (c)

[bubalik]

small.

[3x3zsave]

Bravo, Sergey!!! Haven't cried like this in a long time!

[3x3zsave]

So here you can arrange a small personal "herzen". It already happened, didn't it?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: 3x3zsave

So here you can arrange a small personal "herzen". It already happened, didn't it?

Actually, I'm talking about notifications about the answer. No more. Crime? Kysmet. But it would be nice to fix this shortcoming. Again crime? Kysmet.

[3x3zsave]

Seryoga, criticism of the administration of the resource is fraught with an "asymmetric response" to the critic who uses the services thereof. Don't you understand yet?

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: 3x3zsave

Seryoga, criticism of the administration of the resource is fraught with an "asymmetric response" to the critic who uses the services thereof. Don't you understand yet?

What kind of criticism? If this is YET a flaw in one IP address.

[Wildcat]

questions arose: “Why didn’t you give that, but where is it? “In a word, you get used to good things very quickly, and then you want even better, and so on without end. In any case, the desire of the readership is the law for the author, and if so, then this topic will be continued.

Indeed a good article!

For a leisurely morning on a day off, but for coffee with a soufflé ... "I went well" ...

For those who drink coffee for a long time in the morning, two hours of video on the topic of European armor.
Description: "Andrey Bogdanov tells why plate armor is an accident, not a pattern, and what factors allowed a Western European knight to overcome the path from a chain mail warrior to a sculpture in metal in 300 years.
Andrey is a weapons expert, curator of the Hermitage's armor fund, has been studying and reconstructing armor for 20 years. "

Of course, the VO forum has "its own people in the Hermitage", but the video only has this ...

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Thank you for the video!
Must see during lunch!

[3x3zsave]

How the stars align! Watched these vids a day ago.
What can I say ... Bogdanov is very controversial in many places, he is also a "gunsmith Tarasyuk."
As for the author and presenter, Max Yun, who promotes historical fencing in St. Petersburg in every possible way - he did a great job!

[ArchiPhil]

Quote: Wildcat

For a leisurely morning on a day off, but with coffee and a soufflé

For an evening *drink*? Yes, after the working day? Quite right! I agree.

[saygon66]

- "Crossed branches", depicted on the back of the armor, is nothing more than the "Burgundian Cross" - a symbol very common in Europe of those years ...

[Anton_from_Brest]

I read it with great pleasure and eagerly peered into each photo. I would like to read about our armor)

[Richard]

Hello Anton
in 2013, at VO, in my opinion, a series of articles by Samsonov about what you are asking about was not bad:
link: https://topwar.ru/25740-russkie-druzhiny-v-boyu-chast-5.html
Best regards
Richard