German-Polish relations after World War I

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German-Polish relations after World War I

At one time, Gaius Julius Caesar (Gaius Suetonius Tranquill ascribes this statement to him) said that no victory can bring as much as one defeat can take away. This statement is very suitable for characterizing the situation in which Germany found itself after the defeat in the First World War and the conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles.

The Paris Peace Conference began on January 19, 1919, the day 50 years earlier the German Reich was proclaimed in the same Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles where Otto von Bismarck proclaimed the unity of Germany. It was signed on a no less symbolic date.



“The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, on the day of the Sarajevo assassination, this is very symbolic, since this treaty was murderous for Germany [1]”,

- writes historian Oleg Plenkov.

It should be noted that among the countries that profited from Versailles, Poland was the most insatiable and warlike. In connection with the events of the present, when the Poles began to threaten Germany with political isolation in order to force them to intervene more actively in the events related to the conflict in Ukraine, I would like to recall stories relations between these countries that developed immediately after the First World War.

The problem of the Polish (Danzig) corridor


In his famous address to Congress on January 8, 1918, US President Woodrow Wilson, in paragraph 13 of his "universal peace program", stated the need to create an independent Polish state, which should be provided with "free and reliable access to the sea." A practical solution to this issue was referred to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 [2].

As a result, it was decided to make Danzig a "free city" and allocate a passage for Poland from East Prussia and Pomerania.

The American historian Kurt Follick wrote the following about this:

“In order to give Poland a seaport, a crime was committed against Germany: Danzig was taken from her and named a free city. But of all the most German things in Germany, Danzig is the most German… sooner or later the Polish Corridor will be the cause of another war [3].”

This statement may seem strange, in the sense that now Gdansk (Danzig) is a Polish city, but at that time the situation was different - according to the 1910 census, 170 thousand people lived in Danzig, of which 96% were Germans, and 3% Poles (Kashubians who speak a dialect of Polish). These statistics clearly indicated the national identity of the city, but the Entente, despite the declared right to self-determination, ignored these data. Moreover, the victorious powers made an "original" decision - to return the Polish soldiers who fought voluntarily in France through Danzig, which caused understandable anxiety in the city [1].

Only after the protests of the German government did the powers decide to send the heavy weapons of the Polish units through Stettin, and to equip the Polish soldiers only with personal weapons [1].

The decision on the status of Danzig as a "free city" was made at the end of July 1919. Power in the city was to be exercised by the senate, appointed by the People's Assembly, Danzig had its own currency (guilders), its own postage stamps, even its own anthem, beginning with the words "Do you know the city on the amber coast?"

Poland received the right to use waterways and harbors. In addition, she established the right to own institutions in the city: a post office, a school, a railway directorate and barracks with an arms depot on the Westreplatte peninsula, where a company of Polish soldiers (182 people) was located.

Despite these provisions, Warsaw did not leave the thought of acquiring Danzig in the future. To exert economic pressure on Danzig, the Poles in the territory that had ceded to them began building their own port of Gdynia in the fishing village of Gdingen. This port was supposed to compete with Danzig [1].

The German press of Danzig often wrote about the aggressiveness of Poland, which sought to capture the "free city". A real explosion among the German population was caused by the decision of the League of Nations of February 14, 1924 to transfer to Poland the Westerplatz peninsula, located on the territory of the “free city”. The controversial issue of Westerplatz was repeatedly discussed in the League of Nations.

Upper Silesia problem


As stated above, the goal of the Entente (primarily the United States) was to create a "strong Poland" capable of resisting both Germany and Soviet Russia. It was for this purpose that Poland received after the referendums during 1920-1921. territories acquired by Prussia during the historical partitions of Poland in the XNUMXth century.

In addition, Germany lost part of East Prussia and the province of Posen, from which the so-called Polish (Danzig) corridor was formed. German East Prussia was thus "cut" by the territory of Poland. Under Polish jurisdiction were areas where more than 2 million Germans lived [4].

The very complex issue of Upper Silesia, where the border was not recognized by the Germans during the period of the Weimar Republic, was also connected with the German-Polish contradictions. Immediately after the war, the region of Upper Silesia was declared disputable, and a plebiscite commission was set up here. Until March 20, 1921, Upper Silesia was generally declared an independent territory, even Upper Silesian postage stamps were issued. The French occupation authorities were the masters of the situation and in fact supported the excessive Polish demands for the transfer of this area to Poland [1].

One of the centers of Silesia, Katowice was the same German industrial city as Essen and Dortmund. In 1922, this city passed to Poland and underwent intensive colonization. Tens of thousands of Germans were forced to emigrate. Since Katowice was located in the eastern part of Upper Silesia, it became Polish, despite the fact that 85% of its population were Germans. After the partition, 75% of coal mining and 90% of metal smelting passed into Polish hands [1]. It is no coincidence that the then German Chancellor Josef Wirth rightly called Poland nothing more than a "predatory state" [5].

The Poles sought to socialize the German-owned mines. For a vote cast for Poland during a plebiscite, they gave a cow. On March 20, 1921, 707 thousand people (56,6%) voted for Germany at the plebiscite, 178 thousand (40,4%) voted for Poland. When the results of the vote became known, on May 3, 1921, Poland launched a military offensive against Upper Silesia, which was almost entirely occupied [1]. In Germany, in response to these events, increased recruitment into volunteer corps began.

Fierce fighting broke out between the German volunteer corps and the Polish units, who were helped by Piłsudski's troops, culminating in the Battle of Annaberg in May 1921 between the German volunteer corps and the local Silesian self-defense on the one hand and the superior forces of the regular Polish army on the other . The battle ended with the complete defeat of the Poles [6].

The defense of Annaberg by German self-defense units was especially famous in Germany. The territory on which Annaberg was located eventually remained part of Germany, and this monastery became a symbol of nationalism. After the National Socialists came to power, a monument was erected here at the burial place of 50 Germans who died during the defense. The history of the defense of Annaberg eventually turned into a real Nazi epic [1]. In 1945, the Poles blew up the German monument and built a monument to Polish volunteers in its place.

The issue of Upper Silesia was finally resolved as follows: after the end of hostilities, those districts in which Poland received 56% of the votes went to Poland, despite the fact that in these districts the absolute majority of the population was German, the remaining districts with 71% of the votes for Germany went to Germany [1].

Much later, on October 24, 1938, German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop, at a meeting with Polish Ambassador Julian Lipsky, proposed to resolve the Polish-German problems by (generally fair) joining Danzig to Germany and building an "exterritorial highway and railway through the Polish Pomerania". This proposal was repeatedly repeated, but was not accepted by the Poles [1]. This was one of the reasons for the attack of the Third Reich on Poland on September 1, 1939.

Poland is a US outpost in Eastern Europe
(as a conclusion)


As the historian-Germanist Oleg Plenkov rightly notes,

“among those who profited from Versailles, Poland was the most insatiable and warlike, and in 1921 it turned out to be twice as large as the Versailles Conference envisaged: Galicia with Lvov, Tieszyn district, Poland exercised its “rights” against Germany in the Baltic and Silesia, Poland occupied Vilna, she waged a real war of conquest with Russia and in 1923 convinced the Western powers to ratify her new borders [1].

Of the 27 million people in Poland, 1/3 turned out to be minorities, the Poles were obliged to sign an agreement guaranteeing the rights of minorities, but in reality they did not observe anything and treated a third of the country's population as outcasts.

For example, in 1918, according to the Polish authorities, 150 thousand inhabitants lived in Poznan, of which 42% were Germans. Just three years later, the German population had dropped to 6%. In 1919, the Polish authorities approved a law that prohibited Germans in Poznań from purchasing property, and those Germans who had recently acquired it had to sell it at a price below the market price. Complaints to the court and the League of Nations remained unanswered.

Poland relied on the support of the Entente camps, and first of all the United States, which were interested in a strong Poland and "turned a blind eye" to the violation of signed treaties by the Poles. Moreover, this support was not only political, but also economic: President W. Wilson, in his speech of January 8, 1918, called for Poland to be freed from all economic barriers in order to take a position when it could benefit from equality of conditions trade.

It is worth noting that the "special relationship" between Poland and the United States persists to this day, modern Poland plays a fairly significant role in European politics, being the main outpost of the United States in Eastern Europe and actively promoting American interests.

As for Germany, despite the fact that Germany is often called the leader in Eastern Europe, this "leadership" is mostly ephemeral - having a strong economy, Germany nevertheless does not have much political weight. This is due, among other things, to the fact that after the Second World War, Germany abandoned its claims to political leadership: as already noted in the material “Nuremberg trials and denazification in Germany - myths and reality”, the rejection of claims to a leading political role in Europe became one of the conditions for Germany's integration into the Western world.

Использованная литература:
[1]. Plenkov O. Yu. Catastrophe of 1933. German History and the Rise of the Nazis to Power. – M.: Veche, 2021.
[2]. Pozdnyakova I. I. The problem of the Polish corridor at the Paris Peace Conference // Slavic world: commonality and diversity / ed. E. S. Uzeneva, O. V. Khavanova. M., 2020. S. 121–125.
[3]. Fuller D. World War II 1939–1945. - M., 1956.
[4]. Kosmach V. A. “Humiliation at Versailles”: the results of the First World War for Germany / V. A. Kosmach // Pskov Military Historical Bulletin. - 2015. - No. 1. - P. 155–167.
[5]. Nolte E. European Civil War (1917–1945). National Socialism and Bolshevism: translated from German. – M.: Logos, 2003.
[6]. Akunov V.V. Freikorps: German Volunteer Detachments in 1918–1923. / V. V. Akunov. – M.: Lights, 2004.
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  1. -1
    5 February 2023 05: 16
    although Germany is often described as the leader in Eastern Europe, this "leadership" is largely ephemeral - having a strong economy, Germany nevertheless does not have much political weight

    The time when the FRG was called "economic giant and political dwarf"is long gone. The weight of Germany in matters of international relations is very high. Suffice it to recall Germany's participation in the settlement of Afghanistan, Syria and Libya. Germany played a huge role in the collapse of Yugoslavia, having received under its wing access to the Adriatic through Croatia, which became friendly to it! Germany accepted and takes part in the “settlement” of the Ukrainian question.

    Finally, during the economic crisis of 2008, who pulled the whole of Europe out of the garbage pit? Greece alone received more than 100 billion euros twice. There is even a version why the UK left the EU - it was simply afraid of falling under the economic and political influence of Germany, as France is slowly falling under it. I am silent about Eastern Europe - it has long been under Germany ... Well, if we talk about conspiracy theories, then there is an opinion that Germany secretly, through intermediaries, providing financial support, pushed Scotland to leave the United Kingdom. If Britain weakens, then the entire post-war world, laid down in Yalta and Potsdam, will collapse ...
    1. 0
      5 February 2023 06: 35
      If we talk about conspiracy theories, then Germany decided to first supply Ukraine with 14 Leopard-2 tanks, and then supply another 88 Leopard-1 tanks. 14 and 88. If you combine the numbers you get 1488. Why 14? Why exactly 88 and not 87 or 89? Because 14 words of the white nationalist slogan by David Leng and 88 are the abbreviation of Heil Hitler (the letter H is the eighth letter of the alphabet). To whom was this message sent in the form of deliveries of 14 and 88 tanks? Ukrainian nationalists? German fascists? Polish Nazis? Obviously, this is not a random number. There are no such coincidences. This figure suggests that the war in Ukraine will not end soon. And she will go to the last Ukrainian. Or maybe even to the last Pole? Or Romanian? Or tribalta? Moldova is also haunted by Ukraine's "laurels" and handouts.
      Poland, in the person of its ovs, puts forward territorial claims to almost all of its neighbors. Poland demands huge reparations from Germany and Russia. A local conflict in Ukraine may well develop into a Third World War in Europe.
      And we haven't even started yet. When do we start? When will the Eurofascists near Moscow be? In November 2022, US debt obligations (treasuries) to the Russian Federation increased by $2 billion. How? Abramovich sold the Chelsea club and financed Ukrovermacht for $2,3 billion. For what? Russia continues to supply critical resources to the Eurofascist Union. For what? How can you sell the precious metal palladium for 16 thousand tons per year for electronic dollars and euros? I don't understand.
  2. +7
    5 February 2023 05: 27
    For a vote cast for Poland during a plebiscite, they gave a cow. On March 20, 1921, 707 thousand people (56,6%) voted for Germany at the plebiscite, 178 thousand (40,4%) voted for Poland.
    I wonder where Poland could get 178 thousand free cows for distribution?
    1. 0
      7 February 2023 04: 50
      Apparently, not everyone was given cows. Someone voted for free, "at the call of the heart." And someone could just throw. Especially when you consider that, as a result of the partition, significant territories in which the majority voted for Poland still remained with Germany.

      And generally speaking
      707 thousand people (56,6%) voted for Germany, 178 thousand (40,4%) voted for Poland
      the numbers don't add up. It seems that 710000 (59,6%) were for Germany, and 481000 (40,4%) for Poland.
  3. +6
    5 February 2023 06: 18
    In general, nothing has changed - and Poland continues to persistently beg in the snout. As history shows, if you ask for a long time, they will give you. And then for the sixth time they will divide
    1. old
      +5
      5 February 2023 09: 32
      In general, nothing has changed - and Poland continues to persistently beg in the snout.

      She has been doing this since the time of the Commonwealth almost continuously (by historical standards).
      As history shows, if you ask for a long time, they will give you. And then for the sixth time they will divide

      History in the West has long been studied from textbooks published with the assistance of the kind uncle Soros, so the sixth section of this “long-lost virgin” will be like the first.
  4. +2
    5 February 2023 06: 36
    in the XIII century, the Germanization of Silesia began, the Piasts began to accept German settlers, over time, the number of the German population began to increase. The Germanization of the Slavic population increased many times when Silesia became part of Prussia, and then the German Empire. It is impossible to make out who the Poles have already expelled, whether the Germans, or the Germanized Slavs.
    1. 0
      5 February 2023 08: 00
      Quote: parusnik
      You can’t make out who the Poles have already expelled, either the Germans, or the Germanized Slavs

      It's like with Lorraine and Alsace - it's hard to make out who is French and who is German. Whose territory is it - France or Germany?
      1. +1
        5 February 2023 08: 16
        Silesia is a Slavic territory inhabited mainly by Slavic tribes and to a lesser extent Germanic. Alsace and Lorraine, a territory inhabited by Germanic tribes. The same Gauls, later Franks, unions of German tribes. These lands were completely part of the empire of Charlemagne, after the collapse of which, part passed to France, part to Germany. Moreover, each of the rulers of Germany and France considered himself the heir to the entire empire of Charlemagne and believed that all of Alsace and Lorraine belonged to his state. Hence the eternal dispute over these lands between these states.
        1. +2
          5 February 2023 18: 08
          According to the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the empire of Charlemagne was divided into three parts (an agreement between Lothair, Charles the Bald and Louis the German - the grandsons of Charlemagne). Lorraine - the remnants of the territory ceded to Lothair, who owned part of Italy and a narrow strip of land along the Rhine (to the North Sea). Louis received land east of the Rhine (modern Germany). Charles - the western part of the empire (modern France).
          And then immediately begins and more than 1000 years there is a dispute about the ownership of these lands. So the strip from the Black Sea to the Baltic (Ukraine, Poland, the Baltic states) will be disputed by neighboring states for a long time.
  5. 0
    5 February 2023 07: 27
    As stated above, the goal of the Entente (primarily the United States) was to create a "strong Poland" capable of resisting both Germany and Soviet Russia.
    A century has passed, the organization and countries have changed their name, but the goals remain the same ... Such a cycle.
    1. -2
      5 February 2023 19: 42
      Quote: svp67
      As stated above, the goal of the Entente (primarily the United States) was to to create a "strong Poland" capable of resisting both Germany and Soviet Russia.
      I do not mind reasoning about ...., but the author is delirious. What Germany was in 1920-21, what opposition to it, the author recalls the independent issues of stamps of Danzig and W. Selesia, so maybe he will remember the denominations of postage stamps in Germany up to 5 marks (such money)! What a terrible Germany, and the United States began to pump up its military-industrial complex and closed its reparations! fool Rave. Poland was pumped up against Russia for 400 years by England and driven forward by the Vatican.
      1. 0
        6 February 2023 13: 32
        Quote: Mavrikiy
        I do not mind reasoning about ...., but the author is delusional. What Germany was in 1920-21, what opposition to it, the author recalls the independent issues of stamps of Danzig and W. Selesia, so maybe he will remember the denominations of postage stamps in Germany up to 5 marks (such money)!

        It's just that the Entente then had no illusions about Germany's potential for restoration. Marshal Foch warned at Versailles:This is not peace, this is a truce for 20 years!"So they decided to weaken the future Reich as much as possible within the framework of the Versailles agreements, while strengthening the violent neighbor (but not to the end - so that the claims remain).
        It was only later that some people realized that they had lost the counterweight of France in their favorite game of checks and balances in Europe - and began to actively turn a blind eye to the movements of the Reich.
  6. +3
    5 February 2023 07: 58
    As for Poland's "appetite" at the Paris Conference, one should remember how Poland in general by that moment was again at the table where geopolitical dishes were handed out. This happened from the failure of Nicholas II to fulfill his promises after the WWI, all three lands of Poland divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria should be united under Russian control to the status of autonomy within the Russian Empire. But Germany and Austria-Hungary did not grind into an empty tongue, and those who defeated Russia on the fronts in the Russian part of Poland created an independent Kingdom of Poland there. Well , the liberal government of Prince Lvov , after the April Revolution in Russia , recognized Poland 's right to self - determination , put an end to it . Well, if Russia itself abandoned Poland, Germany and Austria-Hungary were in the camp of the losers in WWI, then under such circumstances, almost any Pole could recreate the Polish state. Well, they were not allowed to anyone, but they were allowed to compete with the concepts of Dmowski and Pilsudski. And of course, in the end, the concept of the brightest hater of Russia, Pilsudski, won against the concept, moderately not against Russia-Dmovsky. And then the Americans and the British spat on the fact that before the WWI, Pilsudski formed and trained militant detachments from selected Polish young nationalists in Galicia, and then during the WWI they fought on the side of the war that lost Austria-Hungary. The main thing was that Pilsudski then from these detachments could form formations for the occupation of Russian lands
    in Vilna Governorate, in Belarus and Ukraine. So it's good that the Stalinist Bolsheviks then collected the land again. And if such liberal governments as Prince Lvov or Kerensky remained in Russia, then by the thirties of the last century Russia and Siberia and the Caucasus and the Far East would have lost. And so, lost only the Russian part of Poland ...
    1. 0
      5 February 2023 12: 26
      This happened from the failure of Nicholas II to fulfill his promises after WWI, all three lands of Poland divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria to unite under Russian control to the status of autonomy within the Russian Empire

      And how could he do it?
  7. -2
    5 February 2023 10: 33
    One would like to say that there is no Hitler on them. And Polish Nazism is no worse. Many have forgotten their cries of the 30s about the need for colonies for Poland.
  8. +4
    5 February 2023 15: 41
    The author, for the sake of the current moment, pulls an owl on the globe, trying to present the United States as the "creator" of modern Poland. By the time of the conclusion of the Versailles Peace, despite the fact that only the entry into the war of the United States made it possible to defeat Germany, and Britain and France were real ruins in financial and economic terms, European politicians considered the United States a shabby province, whose opinion should be reckoned with last.
    American President Wilson arrived in Europe with his own program of eternal peace. We will never know how his thoughts would have come true, because the US allies did not even want to hear about Wilson's Fourteen Points. Georges Clemenceau said: “Mr. Wilson tires me with his fourteen points; even the Lord only had ten of them.” Some have called Wilson's proposals altruistic.
    Therefore, Poland after the First World War is an exclusively European product.
    Moreover, for the American politicians, this issue was also completely secondary. Therefore, the US Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles. From the word at all. The Americans believed at the time that Europe could "cook nicely in its own juice." With or without Poland.
    1. +6
      5 February 2023 15: 54
      Therefore, Poland after the First World War is an exclusively European product.
      If we also take into account that she was shod, dressed, armed, especially before the Soviet-Polish war, France, and even during the war, provided great assistance
  9. -1
    5 February 2023 19: 24
    the Vester Peninsulaparade ground; on the Westreplatte peninsula
    Are these two big differences? However, yes. Given that the first, the real crap... request
  10. -1
    6 February 2023 11: 18
    It's time to return the eastern German lands occupied by Poland - Silesia, Pomerania and the southern part of East Prussia back to Germany in order to decommunize Poland - this will clash Poland and Germany. Only I doubt that the Russian Foreign Ministry will have eggs for this.
  11. 0
    6 February 2023 22: 16
    It is very relevant in the light of possible future events on the accession of the Eastern Creuses to Poland. Poland has long had views of these lands and most likely will receive them, but the general population is unlikely to be happy in the bottom line. The Poles are well-known nationalists and they have extensive experience in Polonization, so most likely they will simply squeeze out the inferior population from the newly acquired lands. And as usual, under the tacit approval of the democratic public ..
  12. 0
    9 February 2023 08: 31
    Quote: Mavrikiy
    What Germany was in 1920-21, what opposition to it, the author recalls the independent issues of stamps of Danzig and W. Selesia, so maybe he will remember the denominations of postage stamps in Germany up to 5 marks (such money)! What a terrible Germany and the United States began to pump up its military-industrial complex and closed its reparations!


    Terrible, terrible ... It was clear that Germany would rise from its knees over time, the Germans proved their economic and technological power, their combat capability. The French began to create the Maginot Line and the "Little Entente" when the future Fuhrer was still a hooligan and inflation in Germany beat all records. One damn thing didn't help.
  13. 0
    9 February 2023 08: 38
    Quote: Ruyter-57
    The author, for the sake of the current moment, pulls an owl on the globe, trying to present the United States as the "creator" of modern Poland. By the time of the conclusion of the Versailles Peace, despite the fact that only the entry into the war of the United States made it possible to defeat Germany, and Britain and France were real ruins in financial and economic terms, European politicians considered the United States a shabby province, whose opinion should be reckoned with last.


    This only proves the inadequacy of "European politicians", for which they will later pay dearly.
    Already after the First World War, the "shabby province" will come out on top in terms of economic power, overtaking the British Empire. And the financial center of the world will begin to move to the United States.
    When the US begins to shake the economic crisis (Great Depression) a wave will cover everyone, which is typical.
    Usually, what happens on the outskirts, in the provinces, does not affect the rest. And here ... so the United States was definitely not a "shabby province." And the United States got out of this crisis more than successfully, pretty much lowering the arrogant political class of Europe. So all these Germany-Frances are still jumping half-bent before the Yankees.
  14. 0
    April 15 2023 07: 31
    Are there currently contradictions between Poland and Germany? In 1939, this contradiction included the Ukrainian territory within the USSR. Plans for this territory were an irreconcilable contradiction between Germany and Poland.
  15. 0
    April 22 2023 14: 05
    707 thousand people (56,6%) voted for Germany, 178 thousand (40,4%) voted for Poland.

    Where did you study mathematics?
  16. 0
    April 22 2023 14: 19
    This is not the world. This is a truce for 20 years. ©
    Even with the term, I guessed exactly.

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