Ukraine vs. Russia: artillery
Today, in the course of military operations of the Northern Military District, artillery, like a century ago, plays the most significant role. Aviation, which so well provided an advantage during the Second World War, is practically not used today, being practically countered by air defense systems.
The theater of operations has a new weapon, a kamikaze drone and high-precision missiles of the Hymars type, but hardly anyone will try to downplay the role of artillery. "Hymars", "Tornado-S", an ordinary barrel with "Excalibur" or "Krasnopol" - it's all good, these are swords that can inflict a fatal thrust, as happened in the same Makiivka. But the usual cannon artillery in decent quantities is a club that will beat the enemy until he is completely destroyed. An ideal tool for processing the front edge and rear of the enemy.
Everything that has been happening in the Donbas since 2014 to this day is a saga of two calibers, 120mm and 152mm. A mortar and a howitzer, everything else is the same ... Now the 155-mm caliber, which is more long-range and more accurate, definitely rules the ball. Of course, no one is going to underestimate the capabilities of 152-mm howitzers, but if we talk about counter-battery firing, then longer-range 155-mm guns have a clear advantage.
If we are talking about the capabilities of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and Azerbaijan, then everything must be considered from different positions. If you look at the payroll of the artillery of the two armies, they look different. We, I repeat, are talking about cannon artillery, both self-propelled and towed.
The Russian army is armed with 9 types of self-propelled guns and mortars and 6 towed ones.
The army of Ukraine is armed with 15 types of self-propelled guns and mortars and 24 types of towed guns and mortars.
On the one hand, what the Armed Forces own is a terrible mess and a complete cancer of the brain for logisticians and suppliers. 15 types against 39 - it looks scary, because all 39 models of Ukrainian guns and mortars require spare parts, equipment, and the worst thing - shells. 3 mortar calibers (60mm, 82mm, 120mm) and 6 gun calibers (105mm, 120mm, 122mm, 130mm, 152mm, 155mm) is a lot.
For comparison, the AR artillery operates 3 calibers of mortars (82 mm, 120 mm and 240 mm) and 3 calibers of guns (122 mm, 152 mm and 203 mm). The difference, although small, is there.
In order to get a picture of what is happening, we will begin to cross out those systems that are in service with both armies.
Mortars
The 82-mm mortar 2B14 "Tray" is in service with both armies.
The 82-mm automatic mortar 2S9 "Vasilek" is in service with both armies.
The 120-mm mortar 2S19 "Sani" is in service with both armies.
The 120-mm gun-howitzer-mortar 2B16 "Nona-K" is in service with both armies. In the Russian army, of course, there are many times more guns than in the Ukrainian one.
Towed artillery
122-mm howitzer D-30. It is in service with both armies.
152-mm howitzer 2A65 "Msta-B". It is in service with both armies.
152-mm gun 2A36 "Hyacinth-B". It is in service with both armies.
Separately, it should be emphasized that ALL the listed artillery systems were developed and produced in the Soviet Union, which led to their presence in the ranks of both armies.
The newest of the Russian towed systems, the Msta-B, was developed in the 70-80s of the last century and, with a very big stretch, can be considered a modern weapon.
Now let's take a list of what came to the Ukrainian army from friends and neighbors. Mortars are not even worth considering, a mortar is a melee weapon by artillery standards, and since the Second World War it has practically not changed and is used in exactly the same way.
105 mm Howitzer M101 (USA). The oldest weapon, developed back in 1919, put into service in 1940.
105-mm howitzer M119 (USA). Developed in the 70s of the last century, a light infantry support weapon.
105 mm howitzer L118 (Great Britain). British gun, adopted in 1972.
130 mm gun M-46 (USSR). It has been in service with the Soviet army since 1951, in Russia it exists only as a museum exhibit. Croatia handed over the cannons to Ukraine. The firing range of the OFS is up to 27 km, the AR is up to 35 km.
155-mm self-propelled howitzer TRF1 (France). In service since 1979. According to performance characteristics - an analogue of "Msta-B". But it can move at speeds up to 8 km / h. The firing range of the OFS is up to 24 km, the AR is up to 30 km.
155-mm towed self-propelled howitzer FH70 (Germany-Italy-UK), in service since 1979. Analogue of "Msta-B". The firing range of the OFS is up to 24 km, the AR is up to 30 km.
155 mm howitzer M114 (USA). In service since 1939. Firing range up to 14 km.
155 mm howitzer M777 (USA). The only modern gun on the list, in service since 2005. A little, but exceeds the range of other towed guns (up to 40 km with Excalibur). Given the initial number of M777s in 152 units (a certain number may have been destroyed during the hostilities), a very significant component in the Ukrainian artillery. The firing range of the OFS is 24 km, the ERFB projectile is 30 km, and the Excalibur projectile is more than 40 km.
Self-propelled artillery
This is the saddest part of the story, because here the RA is inferior to the APU in full. It is in terms of the most necessary artillery, long-range and mobile.
Here, in principle, we have the same situation as in towed artillery, that is, the Armed Forces of Ukraine are armed with both Soviet-made self-propelled guns and mortars, as well as imported ones. Figures for Soviet equipment are given at the beginning of the conflict, imported - the total number of receipts.
120-mm gun-mortar 2S34 "Hosta" / 2S32 "Nona" - are in service with both armies. RA - about 80, APU - about 40.
122-mm howitzer 2S1 "Carnation". RA - 150 pieces, APU - about 300.
152-mm howitzer 2S3 "Acacia". RA - 800, APU - 250.
152-mm howitzer 2S19 / 2S19M1 / 2S19M2 "Msta-S". RA - about 1500, APU - no more than 80.
152-mm gun 2S5 "Hyacinth-S". RA - about 100, APU - about 20.
203-mm gun 2S7 "Peony" / 2S7M "Malka". RA - about 60, APU - no more than 15 2С7, about 80 in storage.
240-mm mortar 2S4 "Tulip" in the amount of 40 pcs. only RA has it.
In general, it turns out that at the time of the beginning of the NMD, the artillery of the Armed Forces of Ukraine was a very dull and sad sight. The same as the Russian artillery, because without exception, all models of the above list were developed and produced in the USSR. That is, until 1992. The exception, and even then, relative - 2S19M2 "Msta-S", the modernization was made in Russia.
However, with the beginning of the SVO, self-propelled guns from volunteers went to Ukraine, and the picture changed dramatically.
Here it is worth bringing the 2S19M2 Msta-S self-propelled guns as the starting point, as the latest Russian self-propelled guns.
The firing range of an HE projectile is 25 km, the firing range of an active-rocket projectile is up to 29 km, the firing range of a guided projectile is up to 25 km. Compared to 2C3 "Acacia", the growth is just fine. Compared to NATO artillery...
So, NATO provided the following self-propelled guns at the disposal of the Armed Forces of Ukraine:
152-mm self-propelled gun-howitzer vz.77 "Dana" (Czechoslovakia). Supplied by the Czech Republic 20 pcs. Developed in the 70s of the last century, produced from 1981 to 1989. The maximum firing range did not exceed 20 km.
155-mm howitzer Zuzana 2 (Slovakia). Produced since 1998. 8 pieces were delivered, delivery of 16 more is expected. Deep processing of Dana to NATO standards, a 155-mm barrel with a length of 52 calibers provides a firing range of up to 41 km.
155-mm self-propelled guns CAESAR (France). Designed in the 70s of the last century, but in production since 2002. APU received 24 self-propelled guns. The maximum firing range of an HE projectile of the ERFB type is 41 km, an active-rocket projectile is 46-49 km. The self-propelled guns can fire the M2005 V-LAP long-range projectile with a range of 54 km.
155-mm self-propelled guns AHS "Krab" (Poland). In service with the Polish army since 2010. It is a self-propelled howitzer based on the chassis of the South Korean K9 Thunder howitzer, produced in Poland under license, using the English AS-90 turret system, also produced under license. 18 self-propelled guns were delivered to Ukraine and 54 more were contracted.
155-mm self-propelled guns PzH 2000 (Germany). Produced since 1998. APU delivered 28 units, contracted about 100 units. The best self-propelled guns in the world, the firing range of the HE shell is up to 50 km, the AR shell is up to 67 km.
155-mm self-propelled guns M109 (USA). Produced from 1962 to 2003, it was the main self-propelled gun of the US Army. In service with more than 25 countries around the world. The barrel length of 39 calibers does not allow you to shoot far, but numerous electronic control systems provide very decent accuracy. The range of fire with an HE shell is up to 22 km, with an AR shell up to 30 km.
It turns out not a very pleasant conclusion: the guns of the NATO armies (with the exception of the Dana) easily shoot down Russian howitzers. Moreover, not only in terms of range, although range is sometimes very important, but also in terms of accuracy.
Artillery systems of 155-mm caliber, according to the memorandum on ballistics JBMOU (Joint Ballistics Memorandum of Understanding) with a barrel length of 52 calibers, having a more progressive barrel cutting system, provide better stabilization of the projectile in flight on the outer trajectory and, accordingly, greater range and better shooting accuracy.
ANN, various sensors on the gun itself, a system for receiving and transmitting data, a ballistic computer coupled with a navigation system for automatic aiming of the gun - this is no longer science fiction, but today. Interaction with reconnaissance satellites through the NAVSTAR system for more accurate target designation is a useful option, while in the Russian army the gunner's best friend is still the compass.
We are simply silent about the additional option as a quadrocopter-spotter.
It should also be said about the artillery ammunition of the NATO countries, which is supplied to the artillerymen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Not only did the development of the shells themselves not stand still, the shells themselves became more accurate thanks to the use of various electronic corrective devices.
Guidance systems such as PGK, FGK, CCF, placed in the nose of the projectile with a stabilizer for correcting the flight path and a protected programmable GPS-guidance module - this is strong.
And literally two words (because the topic deserves separate consideration) about Krasnopol and its opponents. "Krasnopol" is a good projectile, with a decent range and accuracy when compared with conventional HE shells. Krasnopol's chances of hitting a single target are 1 to 10, that is, it takes 1 regular projectiles for 10 AP to reach the same target.
But in reality, Krasnopol is outdated both morally and physically. The maximum firing range of 25 km is nothing today, especially in comparison with the Excalibur, which quietly flies twice as far (data from Block 1a-2). But even 36 km of the minimum range is quite a decent difference. Ten kilometers is a lot.
The cost ... 36 thousand dollars for the Krasnopol against 100 thousand for the Excaliber is not that impressive, it’s worth remembering that the Soviet projectile has been in operation since 1986, and the American one since 2005. Ten years in technological terms is an abyss, because many rightly believe that "Krasnopol" is much inferior to "Excalibur".
The question then is where the $100 will go. If in a tank or headquarters - this is one thing, and if in the field - another.
To more or less sum up, let's look at the number of delivered guns for the Armed Forces of Ukraine from among those that are better than Msta-S and Msta-B.
Of the towed guns, this is exclusively the 155-mm American howitzer M777, delivered in the amount of 152 units. Yes, a certain number of these guns were destroyed, but it is difficult to say how many, as it is not entirely clear yet.
Self-propelled guns:
ShKH Zuzana 2 - 8 pcs. (and 16 more on order).
"CAESAR" - 24 pcs.
AHS Krab - 18 (and 54 planned).
PzH 2000 - 28 pcs.
That is, the Armed Forces of Ukraine theoretically have more than a hundred towed M777 guns and more than 50 (78) self-propelled guns, which are better than the Msta-S.
Много это или мало?
Of course, if you look at the fact that the Russian army, in theory, has more than a thousand self-propelled guns "Msta-S" - this is generally a penny.
If you look from the side of the fact that the Armed Forces of Ukraine have more than 150 barrels capable of firing Russian guns while outside the affected area, the situation takes on a completely different color. Counter-battery combat today is a very topical issue, and the way it is posed by the Armed Forces of Ukraine makes it a very unpleasant affair for Russian gunners.
More long-range NATO howitzers, coupled with reconnaissance drones and satellites in low orbit, transmitting data almost to battery commanders, are capable of doing the most unpleasant thing - completely leveling the superiority of Russian artillery in terms of numbers.
Indeed, as many barrels as you like can be concentrated on a separate section of the front, but the guns of the Armed Forces of Ukraine will begin to work on them because of the zone of destruction by artillery. Yes, it is possible to use MLRS, but this is a double-edged sword, since for each volley of Tornadoes and Hurricanes, the accuracy of which, we admit, is not at the highest level, a response volley of Hymars can fly in, the accuracy of which is already known and estimated by dignity.
But "Hymars" are pinpoint injections, but a hundred barrels operating in the KBS mode for target designation from satellites and UAVs may well bring significant problems to Russian gunners. And by the way, they do.
And we have nothing to answer. Although shooting at a distance of 30+ kilometers will not be so accurate, but alas, Msta-S cannot oppose anything to NATO guns.
Today it’s too late to say why it happened, although it’s worth saying that work on the 2S33 product was stopped in favor of the 2S35 Coalition-SV, which remained in the same place as the Armata, Kurganets ... And the 2S35 itself is still not ready for serial production. As a result, we fight with what we have at our disposal, not even dreaming of being on the same level with NATO.
At least 12 manufactured self-propelled guns "Coalition-SV", which has been hoarded since 2002 for more than 20 years, cannot have absolutely no effect on the current situation.
So far, the Armed Forces of Ukraine do not have as many barrels of modern artillery as they would like, but work in this direction is underway and modern howitzers will still arrive. And how then our gunners will have to work is very difficult to say.
They, the gunners, are absolutely not to blame for the fact that peace and quiet reigned in the quiet and warm offices of the Russian Ministry of Defense for more than 30 years. And no one was bothered by the fact that the artillery of the AR is 100% made up of barrels of Soviet design and production.
Yes, of course, the development of the "Coalition" greatly helped to strengthen the defense capability of the Russian army. All specialized media paid tribute to this self-propelled guns, describing how good it is and why the “German” PzH 2000 is worse than 2С35.
But the PzH 2000 was made for four hundred, but the 2S35... But what can I say, there are more German self-propelled guns in service with Ukraine than the Russian army has 2S35.
There is something to think about while our gunners, without exaggeration, heroically carry out their tasks at the front.
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