"In the Ring of Enemies": Soviet Society in the 1920s-1930s and Official Propaganda

139
"In the Ring of Enemies": Soviet Society in the 1920s-1930s and Official Propaganda

Modern historiography talks a lot about the mobilization and militarization nature of Soviet society in the late 1920s-1930s. The presence of a constant external threat, the atmosphere of a "besieged fortress" served as an excuse for the difficult living conditions and an effective tool for suppressing resistance to radical measures implemented in domestic politics.

Soviet society, especially in relation to the period of 1930-1950s, is often referred to as closed. Despite the fact that the USSR actively maintained diplomatic and trade relations with many countries, there are certain grounds for this. According to the candidate historical Sciences Alexander Golubev in his book “If the world falls on our republic”: Soviet society and an external threat in 1922–1941”, the victory of the October Revolution, led to the mythologization of mass consciousness, especially in the era of the existence of a totalitarian political regime, in 1930–1950 th years.



This regime, like all regimes of this type, was distinguished by two features. First, he sought to control not only certain actions, but also the emotions and thoughts of the population. Second, such regimes have the ability to generate mass support for themselves. One of the main means of achieving this was the mobilization of society, or a significant part of it, to achieve a single goal of national importance [1].

In this paper, we will consider the following questions: how the prospects for war were seen by Soviet society in the 1920s–1930s, how society perceived the “military anxieties” of 1927–1929, and what role official propaganda played in the mythologization of public consciousness.

Picture of the outside world as part of the official mythology


As a national goal, the Stalinist regime put forward a program of qualitative renewal of the country, including industrialization, the transformation of agriculture and the cultural revolution. In essence, it was a modernization program (although the term itself was not used), leading to the transformation of Russia into an industrial society [1].

Totalitarianism could not but leave an imprint on the public consciousness. In particular, he contributed to the conservation of the mythological type of consciousness on which he relied. Unlike authoritarian regimes, the totalitarian regime did not seek to keep the masses away from politics; on the contrary, there was a general, deliberately pushed politicization of the mass consciousness. Already in the first years after the revolution, a system of institutions and mechanisms unprecedented in history was created, pursuing purely propaganda goals [1].

A certain picture of the outside world was an integral part of the official mythology. In full accordance with the mechanisms of mythological consciousness described above, she presented the world as an arena of a great struggle between the forces of progress, personified primarily by the communist and workers' movement, and the forces of reaction, and the victory of the former was inevitable, like the second coming of Christ in the view of believers [1].

The ever-expanding system of official propaganda led to the fact that the outside world, even in remote areas of the country, in the rural "outback", on the national outskirts, began to be perceived as a kind of reality that had by no means an abstract, but quite practical significance for everyday life.

At times, the not yet fully realized, almost instinctive, but already obvious understanding of the integrity of the world, of which Soviet Russia was a part, ceased to be the prerogative of only the educated sections of the population. The world acted either as a source of a very real threat (military or for the established political system), or, on the contrary, as a source of favorable changes, and not only for opponents of Soviet power, who were waiting from outside for liberation from Bolshevik power, but also in a number of cases for it. supporters, for example, could provide technical or food assistance, act as an ally in a war against a common enemy [2].

At the same time, the idea of ​​Western-style technological progress retained its appeal. The press of the 1920s - early 30s reproduced examples of the best organization of industry or agriculture in the developed capitalist countries. However, in the mass consciousness, such agitation sometimes had an unexpected effect. Thus, after the publication in Izvestia of a series of articles on peasant farming in Denmark, a group of prosperous Siberian peasants decided to immediately move to this country [1]. After the appearance in Pravda of V. V. Osinsky’s article “On the American Automobile and the Russian Cart”, as reported from Siberia, during a collective reading of the article by the listeners

“a deep sigh was heard, indicating that there really is such a happy and rich country ... and it was followed by new questions and discussions about where this happiest country is located, what kind of people live in it and whether it is possible to move there to live Siberian men? [one].

In this context, a radical transformation of the image of the West in the mass consciousness took place. The communist takeover is often interpreted as a return to isolationism, a victory for the anti-Western trend in development. There are some grounds for such an interpretation, but this is only a superficial level of understanding. At first, the Bolsheviks subjectively acted as convinced Westerners. The anti-isolationist dominant prevails at the beginning of the formation of Soviet society and reappears at the last stage of its existence. Isolationism dominates in the main spaces of the Soviet stage of Russian history, and during the culmination of the Cold War, it reaches its limit [2].

In anticipation of the inevitable war: "retrospective propaganda" in the USSR in the 1920s-1930s



Soviet Society in the 1920s–1930s lived in anticipation of the inevitable war. As the historian Svetlana Ulyanova notes, the Soviet authorities had two models of war at their disposal, the image of which could be constructed - the First World War and the Civil War.

Soviet propaganda in the 1920s–1930s actively used the "useful past", putting the country's recent history at its service. As stated in the first editorial of the Military Historical Journal, military history should, drawing on the experience of the past, illuminate the road to the future. The researchers note that the so-called "retrospective propaganda" was an integral part of the Soviet political project. The events of the past became actualized, acquired not only their own historical value, but also turned into an integral part of the model of today [3].

Historian A. Golubev, in turn, writes that the possibility of war with the "capitalist encirclement" in the 1920s was felt more acutely than in the 1930s. There were many reasons for this: there is a living memory of the World and Civil Wars with the participation of foreign powers, and Soviet propaganda, in which this topic was constantly exaggerated, and the peculiarities of perception, when, for example, reaching the village, foreign policy information was repeatedly distorted and “redrawn” according to the laws of mythological consciousness.

Despite proclaiming a policy of peace, party leaders spoke of a future war as inevitable and tried to predetermine its nature by using comparisons with the First World War. The joint plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on July 29 - August 9, 1927 declared that the coming war against the USSR would create a situation that would be fundamentally different from the situation in 1914. It should no longer be a question of a war between imperialist states, but of the struggle of imperialism against the proletariat "organized as a state power" [4].

The activity in using the tools of the policy of memory was largely determined by the desire of the Bolsheviks to create a “new person”, to form a new identity among people. The latter, as A. Assman rightly notes, is most effectively constructed through the affective assimilation of one's own history through the historical myth. The grandiosity of the plans to "redefine" the past, the scale of the tasks of the Bolshevik design determined the methods of the policy of memory [5].

In general, interest in the history of the First World War increased noticeably in the anniversary years - 1924, 1934, and especially 1939. Moreover, the interpretation of the war changed from anniversary to anniversary. So, in 1924, Soviet propagandists diligently hushed up the role of Russia in the Entente and the events on the Eastern Front and presented the war, first of all, as a conflict between the Western powers. In 1934, the focus was on the class struggle in the warring countries.

Constant reminders in the press about the coming war with references to the experience of 1914-1921. caused anxiety and fear among ordinary people, forced them to seek any information about the situation in the world. In particular, the materials of the agitation and propaganda department of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks show that these questions were often asked at meetings, lectures, etc. fight? Will fraternization be allowed in a future war? Will we fight if Germany goes against France? Which of the countries preparing war is the most dangerous for us?” [1935].

For all propagandists, since 1938, the “Short Course in the History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks” has served as a normative text, in Chapter VI of which assessments of the First World War were given, and in Chapter VIII much attention was paid to foreign intervention during the Civil War. War 1914–1918 was presented as a struggle for the redivision of the world and spheres of influence; the imperialists of all countries were named its culprits. It was unsuccessful for Russia in military and socio-economic terms: "the tsarist army suffered defeat after defeat"; "The war destroyed the national economy of Russia."

In 1939, when the 25th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War was celebrated, its perception was determined by the acute international crisis and the outbreak of hostilities in Europe. The outbreak of a new world war was presented not as a conflict of great powers pursuing their own interests, but as an impending attack by the fascist-militarist-imperialists on the peace-loving Soviet Union. However, a few weeks later, the propaganda machine had to urgently rebuild. If before the conclusion of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, publicists wrote about "fascist predators" and emphasized the special aggressiveness of German imperialism, then after August 23 the assessments changed.

The message of V. M. Molotov at the meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on August 31, 1939 became the normative propaganda text. The change in the orientations of Soviet foreign policy also led to a reassessment of the First World War in propaganda discourse. So, in the speech of V. M. Molotov it was noted:

“History has shown that hostility and wars between our country and Germany were not for the benefit, but to the detriment of our countries. The most affected from the war of 1914–18 were Russia and Germany” [7].

The British and French imperialists were declared the main warmongers.

Military alarms 1927–1929 in the mass consciousness of the population



Soviet society in the late 1920s and 1930s "was a prisoner of recent wars and continued to be in a state of "cocked the trigger", bristling all over the world." This also applied to the psychology of the political elite. Describing it, it is difficult to find a more successful formulation than that contained in one of the unpublished speeches of M. I. Kalinin in November 1934:

“Here, comrades, get it on your nose that the proletarians of the Soviet Union are in a besieged fortress, and in accordance with this, the regime of the Soviet Union must correspond to the serf regime” [2].

In 1927, a foreign policy crisis arose, which coincided with an active campaign timed to coincide with the 10th anniversary of Soviet power. Modern historians believe that the anxiety of the party and state leadership of the USSR about the new war pursued mainly propaganda goals, aggravated by psychological trauma associated with memories of foreign military intervention in 1918–1920[8]. In particular, historians A. Ya. Livshin, I. B. Orlov believe that the military phobia of those years was largely due to the provocative component associated with the intra-party struggle. At the same time, a number of Western historians believe that the danger of a military invasion in those years was real. In particular, this view was shared by the prominent Italian historian Giuseppi Boffa.

The "military alarm" in the spring of 1927 was caused by the rupture of diplomatic relations between England and the USSR, raids on the Soviet embassy in China. All this was considered in the peasant environment ambiguously. In the Voronezh district, wealthy peasants explained this as follows:

“Soviet power ruined Russia. Lenin robbed the peasantry. The Communists are now taking taxes from our brother and sending them to China and England in order to make a revolution there, and in this way our government is climbing into the war.

About the severance of Anglo-Russian relations in the Valuysky Uyezd they spoke as follows:

“England was forced to break off diplomatic relations with the USSR, since the Soviet representation, using its immunity, hid the communists who were conducting propaganda in England. Through this, the Soviet authorities lost the steamship named after Lenin, where the Bolsheviks, under the pretext of loading tea, were engaged in provocations.

In Bobrovsky district, all this was regarded as follows:

“The Comintern is planning a world revolution, let it deal with this matter on its own” [8].
The aggravation of the international situation caused a huge number of rumors. They appeared at the beginning of 1927, in connection with the ongoing re-registration of those liable for military service. In this regard, a massive purchase of essential goods began, primarily salt, kerosene, manufactory (fabrics). In many villages of the Voronezh province, for example, peasants sold livestock and made a large supply of salt up to 15-25 pounds. The poor were afraid that they would be left without salt, as during the Civil War, and in order to create its reserves, they began to sell cattle at a low price, which was bought up by local merchants [8].

Bogucharsky noted that the initiator of the rumors was the kulaks, who announced that in a future war with England they would begin to take horses, bread, and cattle. The peasants feared a revival of the surplus-appropriation policy. In the Voronezh district, one middle peasant sold a horse, bought salt and manufactory (fabrics) and said:

“Well, now in case of war I am provided with salt. It is much more expensive than a horse” [8].

Often the initiators of the rumors were merchants, since the buying rush was beneficial to them. Only in one district center - in the city of Bobrov - 12 wagons of salt were sold during the week. Previously, it was sold in the same volume for 4 months.

The Voronezh Provincial Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, after analyzing the political situation in the province, came to the conclusion that as a result of recent events, the village had split into 2 camps. The first is “the poor, the middle peasants, who stand for the Soviet power and the party” and the second is “the village kulaks and a small handful of “sub-kulakists” who are uncompromisingly disposed towards both the party and the Soviet power, hoping that “kaput will come to the communists soon.” However, it cannot be argued that the private entrepreneurial strata took a completely anti-government position and expected the fall of Soviet power. Although this is what party leaders and OGPU bodies sought to show in their reports [8].

Defeatist moods, for example, were observed in the village of Saguny, Rossoshansky district, Voronezh province, where, after hearing a report on the international situation, the middle peasant spoke and said: “We have already fought, if they drive me to war, I will lie down and lie down. A foreign warrior is the same as me, a peasant, and will not kill, we have nothing to fight with him. His speech was supported by the cries of the women present: "Down with the war, we will not fight." The second speaker said: “We have old bullets in our backs. All the people are oppressed, the best land is taken away by state farms. Who and for what will go to a new war? His speech was supported by the cries of the entire assembly: "That's right, that's right, we won't fight" [8].

According to the OGPU, in the Soviet countryside, the attitude towards a future war was determined exclusively by the social situation: “The poor and middle peasants have a negative attitude towards the possibility of war, fearing new devastation, while the kulaks are gloating” [1]. At the same time, summarizing the mood of the population, the information department of the OGPU stated:

"Soviet power in the upcoming war is justified by attributing the blame entirely to the imperialists."

It is worth noting that two groups stood out among potential opponents - the great powers (England, France, the USA, Japan) and the immediate neighbors of the USSR (Finland, Poland, Estonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, China). Characteristically, Germany, an adversary in the recent Great War, is extremely rare in this series, and, as a rule, only when practically all the neighbors of the USSR and the most significant powers are listed. Moreover, unlike other Western states, Germany sometimes figured as a likely ally in the coming war. For example, in October 1926, when rumors about a war with Poland once again appeared, statements simultaneously spread that “the German delegates who had arrived in the USSR called on the Russian workers to unite with them for a joint struggle against Poland” [1].

"All-censorship": political and ideological control over the mass media


Ideas about the outside world are formed on the basis of several information blocks. One of them, historiosophical, is information about the history and culture of a particular state. Here, the opportunities for independent obtaining and development of sufficiently objective information were preserved. The classical culture of the West was not only not banned, but, although with significant exceptions, it was actively promoted; museums and libraries were preserved, literature published before the revolution and in the first post-revolutionary years was used. Fragmentary ideas about history, political traditions, worldview, characteristic of other cultures, to some extent compensated for fiction [2].

The second most important block, political and informational, is information about the political, social, cultural modern life of other countries. It is this information that should have played a decisive role in creating an adequate picture of the world. However, both main channels for obtaining information related to this bloc, namely the education system and the mass media, were under strict political and ideological control.

“Self-isolation of the USSR has always been very relative. Thanks to books and films, interested Soviet citizens could get acquainted with the life of other peoples.

- writes the Russian researcher A. V. Fateev [10]. However, books or films about modern life and life in other countries were carefully selected, often translated or duplicated with significant cuts [2].

There were almost no alternative channels for obtaining information. Most Soviet citizens, including most of the political elite of the 1930s, did not have sufficient command of foreign languages ​​and, therefore, could not use foreign press or radio messages. In the 20s, however, foreign sources were to some extent replaced by the émigré press published in Russian. However, such publications were intended only for a relatively narrow circle, primarily the party elite. In addition, in January 1927, subscription to the émigré press was banned. Until that moment, any organization and person could officially subscribe to the emigrant press [2].

Since the mid-20s, the circle of people who had access to the foreign press and other alternative sources of information has been gradually shrinking. Instead of emigre publications, it was decided to send special surveys prepared by the information department of the Central Committee to the largest party committees, and the number of party committees entitled to receive them was constantly decreasing.

At the same time, as the historian A. Golubev notes, the content of such reviews and reports “for official use” often differed little from the materials published by the official Soviet press. So, in the closed information reports of the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (VOKS), in particular, for May-June 1935, the main place was occupied by brief retellings of Western press reports about various manifestations of the "crisis of capitalism" and the growth of revolutionary sentiment. There were only occasional neutral reports of the news cultural life. There were no materials that significantly supplemented the reports of the Soviet press or critically assessed Soviet reality in these reports.

The Soviet intellectual elite was, in terms of access to information, in a slightly better position than other social groups, including the political elite. Knowledge of languages ​​played a role, which allowed reading foreign press and listening to the radio. Thus, the diaries of Academician V. I. Vernadsky constantly contain references to the materials of the Western press that he read. But here, too, there was a constant tendency to closeness. Since the late 20s, budgetary funds allocated to scientific institutions for the purchase of foreign periodicals and scientific literature have been reduced [1].

“One of the most basic shortcomings of scientific work in our Union, requiring an immediate, radical and sharp change, is the limitedness of our acquaintance with the world scientific movement,”

- Academician V. I. Vernadsky wrote to the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V. M. Molotov in February 1936. He emphasized that the Soviet censorship paid attention to the scientific literature and since the summer of 1935 articles have been systematically excised.

“Censorship in general has become senselessly captious, unprecedentedly stupid and unceremonious,”

– the academician wrote in August 1936 [1]. Vernadsky's appeal to the head of government, however, had an effect: the head of Glavlit, S.B.

Even more restrictions existed in the sphere of personal contacts. Foreign trips, regardless of their purpose, were tightly controlled. In particular, it was difficult for even world-famous scientists, such as academicians E. V. Tarle and V. I. Vernadsky, to go abroad. As a rule, this required an appeal to the top leadership of the country (i.e., Stalin or Molotov), ​​but even such appeals did not guarantee success at all [1].

According to the American researcher M. T. Choldin, censorship in the USSR gradually became much more blurred, closed, supplemented by self-censorship, which, in particular, gave M. T. Choldin a reason to introduce a new term - “all-censorship”.

"Keep the people in a state of mobilization readiness" (as a conclusion)


In 1938, in one of his letters, I. V. Stalin wrote:

"It is necessary to keep our entire people in a state of mobilization readiness in the face of the danger of a military attack, so that no "accident" and no tricks of our external enemies could take us by surprise."

It was in this vein that Soviet propaganda worked in the 1920s and 1930s. Propaganda freely handled the "useful past", drawing from it elements of an ideal future. By the end of the 1930s. it already has a pattern of which wars and in what key Soviet citizens need to be reminded in order to contribute to the formation of mobilization moods and prepare them for a future war.

The thesis about the closeness of Soviet society in the second half of the 1920s, in the 1930s, is justified. As the historian A. Golubev notes, the trend of "closedness" of society was not only the attitude of the political leadership. In the course of the revolution, important changes took place in the mass consciousness. The stereotypes of a mass, through and through mythologized consciousness, long obsolete on the highest floors of culture, began to dominate society and official propaganda.

The stereotype of the “capitalist encirclement”, constantly threatening the USSR, reproduced the image of the outside world as a “dark zone” hostile to Soviet people. Obviously, these essentially archaic ideas had little to do with classical Marxism.

Использованная литература:
[one]. Golubev A. V. “If the world collapses on our republic”: Soviet society and an external threat in 1-1922: monograph - Moscow; Berlin: Direct Media, 1941.
[2]. Golubev A.V. "World Republic" or "Closed Society"? (USSR in the 1920s–1930s) // Russia and the modern world. 2003. No. 3. S. 123–147.
[3]. Ulyanova S. B. Recollection of the Future: The Historical Experience of World War I and the Civil War in Soviet Propaganda of the 1920–1930s. // Bulletin of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Series: History of Russia. 2021. V. 20. No. 2. S. 236–246.
[four]. Joint plenum of the Central Committee and Central Control Commission of the CPSU(b). July 4 - August 29, 9. M., 1927. S. 2020.
[5]. Porshneva O. S. “Imperialist War” in the Bolshevik Politics of Memory: Institutional Aspect (1920–1930s) // Modern History of Russia. 2020.
[6]. Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of St. Petersburg. F. 24. Op. 10. D. 145. L. 1–2, 52–54, 82–87.
[7]. Molotov V. M. On the ratification of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact // Military History Journal. 1939. No. 2. S. 9
[eight]. Bakhtin, V.V. Military alarm of 8 and radicalization of the political consciousness of the population (on the example of the Voronezh province) // Bereginya.1927.Owl. 777. No. 2010 (3). pp. 5–74.
[9]. Soviet village through the eyes of the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD. 1918–1939 Documents and materials. In 4 vols. / Vol. 2. 1923–1929 / Ed. A. Berelovich, V. Danilov. M.: ROSSPEN, 2000.
[ten]. Fateev A.V. The image of the enemy in Soviet propaganda. 10–1945 - M., 1954.
Our news channels

Subscribe and stay up to date with the latest news and the most important events of the day.

139 comments
Information
Dear reader, to leave comments on the publication, you must sign in.
  1. +10
    6 December 2022 06: 12
    The stereotype of the “capitalist encirclement”, constantly threatening the USSR, reproduced the image of the outside world as a “dark zone” hostile to Soviet people.
    At present, the stereotype is destroyed, in the dust, around, only partners, not friendly truth. smile
    1. +6
      6 December 2022 14: 06
      The article is good, but with anti-Soviet streaks ... and it's like a spoon, you know what, in a barrel of honey.
      1. 0
        9 December 2022 12: 04
        Quote: Civil
        The article is good, but with anti-Soviet streaks ... and it's like a spoon, you know what, in a barrel of honey.

        Here, too, such an idea arose. The author completely misses the fact that propaganda also worked against the USSR, including inside us. Pests and spies were in abundance.
  2. +12
    6 December 2022 06: 23
    "Soviet society in the 1920s-1930s lived in anticipation of an inevitable war." - And what, and what? So you didn’t wait?
    1. -7
      6 December 2022 06: 59
      Quote: mat-vey
      So you didn't wait?

      We waited and were fully prepared for it!
      1. +4
        6 December 2022 07: 03
        Quote: kalibr
        We waited and were fully prepared for it!

        With ideological almost completely. From a technical point of view, miracles do not happen, although it almost happened in the USSR ...
        1. -8
          6 December 2022 07: 07
          That is, consciousness and technology are not connected in any way? Interesting. And where did so many prisoners come from and a million (or even more) who went over to the side of the Germans. Miracles do not happen, everything comes from somewhere!
          1. +9
            6 December 2022 07: 17
            Quote: kalibr
            That is, consciousness and technology are not connected in any way?

            That is, do you think that industry can only be created with good wishes? And then why didn’t Stolypin succeed?
            Quote: kalibr
            Interesting. And where did so many prisoners come from and a million (or even more) who went over to the side of the Germans.

            And why are there a bunch of "citizens" who are ready not to put a penny on human lives for the sake of profit? I'm not even talking about all sorts of hot stages, but just about the state of medicine and the same food - identical to natural ones?

            And yes - where did a million deserters come from in WWI? Or also Soviet propaganda?
            1. -7
              6 December 2022 08: 48
              Matvey! Well, what do you write, you need to think first. That's just what Stolypin did not succeed because of the dominance of PATRIARCHAL CONSCIOUSNESS. The state of medicine we have is excellent - I judge by myself, the food is the most diverse and natural. For example, we bought a "machine" for the production of sour cream, yogurt, kefir, and we only eat them ... milk? At friends, where everything is clean.
              Further - a million deserters in the PVM. So they were infected for the capitalism that oppressed them. And our deserters - I had an article about them, and many prisoners fought for the best state in the world, right?
              Quote: mat-vey
              Or also Soviet propaganda?
              So this is not necessary. If you do not know how to present facts, do not undertake to argue with the propagandist of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the OK CPSU. In Soviet times, they asked me questions and more difficult ...
              1. +11
                6 December 2022 09: 12
                Quote: kalibr
                do not undertake to argue with the propagandist of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the OK CPSU

                With such a "propagandist" there is not even a desire ... Although it becomes clear why the ideological war was lost ... hack, it never leads to anything good ..
                1. -4
                  6 December 2022 10: 44
                  Quote: mat-vey
                  bullshit, it never leads to anything good ..

                  And again you write nonsense as much as possible, God forgive me. If there had been a hack for 9 years, they would not have been kept in the clip and no one would have sent to graduate school in the history of the CPSU ... you know, you had to earn it. However, how would you know...
                  1. +8
                    6 December 2022 11: 01
                    There would be no hack-work - there would be the USSR ...
                    Quote: kalibr
                    However, how would you know...

                    But where are we ... on the other hand, we saw your "work" - sheer trash.
                    1. -9
                      6 December 2022 12: 22
                      Quote: mat-vey
                      The main thing is that the authorities would appreciate

                      Matvey! You are stupid. I'm not afraid to tell you this. I gave lectures on the line of the Republic of Kazakhstan and OK not to the authorities, but to the people, factory workers, police, collective farmers, workers in pharmacies, hairdressers, defense plants in Penza and Kuibyshev. And nowhere was it like this: "do not invite this again." The choice of lecturers was large, so the problem of whom to invite only concerned the quality of the presentation. And if there were complaints in the Republic of Kazakhstan and OK - figs would let me see people. So the people, not the authorities, liked it. And people ... they feel hack work, insincerity, falsehood. This is at the level of the subcortex. Has it finally arrived?
                      1. +4
                        6 December 2022 15: 00
                        Well, it "got" about you a long time ago ... At the level of the subcortex ...
                      2. -5
                        6 December 2022 16: 04
                        Well, your opinion, Matthew, does not count! The only benefit from you is that you answer, so that the last word is yours. I approve of this approach!
                      3. +2
                        6 December 2022 16: 13
                        Quote: kalibr
                        I approve of this approach!

                        What a tragedy ...
                        Quote: kalibr
                        You are in charge so that you have the last word.

                        Did you calculate it by deductive method, or did you bring a magpie on your tail?
                        An opinion about you has developed a very long time ago. And we must pay tribute to you - they never let you down.
              2. +3
                7 December 2022 03: 51
                Quote: kalibr
                This is precisely the question of the effectiveness of management in the USSR.
                Here is a scream! And maybe because the propaganda was in charge of the same "propagandists of the RK and OK?
                Quote: kalibr
                If you do not know how to present facts, do not undertake to argue with the propagandist of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the OK CPSU.
                1. 0
                  7 December 2022 06: 56
                  Quote: Vladimir_2U
                  And maybe because the propaganda was in charge of the same "propagandists of the RK and OK?

                  Another one .... showed up. That is, the "scoop" fell apart from below, and not from above. Well, great. Up there were the children of workers and peasants who had climbed out of the dirt and into riches. But my social stratum is different.
                  1. 0
                    7 December 2022 08: 15
                    Quote: kalibr
                    But my social stratum is different.

                    Adhering to the people's nipple Your stratum?
                    1. -1
                      7 December 2022 08: 27
                      Quote: Vladimir_2U
                      people's

                      My stratum, which professors of plows and sledgehammers do not like very much, but which they cannot do without. Who treats them, teaches their children, writes books for them, broadcasts radio and TV programs. You gather at least a hundred peasants, they will not replace me alone at the university department. And you yourself? Are you able to write at least one article here? That one... So know your place. It is that in the past of the USSR, that now did not differ in anything. It’s just that then my country had to bow to the “hegemons” and they liked it. And now they don't like it when they tell the truth. That's all.
                  2. 0
                    9 December 2022 12: 22
                    Quote: kalibr
                    Quote: Vladimir_2U
                    And maybe because the propaganda was in charge of the same "propagandists of the RK and OK?

                    Another one .... showed up. That is, the "scoop" fell apart from below, and not from above. Well, great. Up there were the children of workers and peasants who had climbed out of the dirt and into riches. But my social stratum is different.

                    And from below, too ... because as a representative of these very bottoms, it is well known that the adage "pull even a nail from work, you are the master here and not a guest" did not arise from scratch. It was quite normal already in the 70s that on the way home the combine operator grabbed a ton of other grain home, farm workers dragged feed with grain and so on and so forth ... the whole society rotted.
          2. +5
            6 December 2022 08: 20
            And where did so many prisoners come from and a million (or even more) who went over to the side of the Germans

            And where did the Germans get 1940 million French prisoners in 2?
            1. +1
              6 December 2022 08: 52
              Quote: Luminman
              And where did the Germans get 1940 million French prisoners in 2?

              You asked a very interesting question. And it happened like this: on the eve of the war, Gitder sent a number of sociological professors abroad in order to find out the moral and psychological mood of society. And the professor, who presented himself as a victim of the regime, said that France had not recovered from the PVM, pacifist views prevailed, the military profession was not honored; they look at a soldier as a bastard, officers are losers in the eyes of society. And the conclusion: France is not morally ready for war and will surrender with a strong blow. And so it happened.
              1. +5
                6 December 2022 09: 34
                And it happened like this: on the eve of the war, Gitder sent a number of sociological professors abroad in order to find out the moral and psychological mood of society.

                On the eve of that war, which was not declared by Germany to France, but by France and England to Germany? Therefore, you can ask the source of the information you provided?
                1. -2
                  6 December 2022 10: 37
                  Quote: Nefarious skeptic
                  Therefore, you can ask the source of the information you provided?

                  I have this in my textbook on the history of PR. There is also a link there.
                  1. +6
                    6 December 2022 10: 42
                    I remember the last time you referred to your textbook on PR, I did not find the postulated theses there. I'm even intrigued how it will be this time.
                    1. -3
                      6 December 2022 12: 14
                      Quote: Nefarious skeptic
                      I'm even intrigued how it will be this time.

                      Timur must be. It's meant for university professors. And it's one thing that you will accuse me of lying, and another thing is that a corresponding review will come to your university ... from Beard or Musician (this is a surname).
                  2. +7
                    6 December 2022 12: 03
                    I have this in my textbook on the history of PR. There is also a link there.

                    I remember the last time you referred to your textbook on PR, I did not find the postulated theses there. I'm even intrigued how it will be this time.

                    In your work it is really written about sending specialists "to get a complete picture of the social structure of England, France and the United States in order to resolve the issue of confrontation with these countries." But there is no link from where you got it (at least in the electronic version of the textbook). In addition, there the situation with France is not painted in the same colors as in your message. The main disclosure of the "topic" is a report on the United States. A college football report is strong. Attempts to find confirmation of your words in the Russian-speaking and English-speaking segment of the network were unsuccessful.
                    1. -6
                      6 December 2022 12: 16
                      Quote: Nefarious skeptic
                      A college football report is strong. Attempts to find confirmation of your words in the Russian-speaking and English-speaking segment of the network were unsuccessful.

                      You see, giving a lot of references in a textbook is spoiling it. The students don't like it. But it is clear that I could not come up with it. To come up with such a thing and disgrace yourself throughout the country and - most importantly, disgrace your department. So where did it come from. But from where, for the prescription of years ... alas, I don’t remember. I have not worked at the university for 5 years.
                      1. +7
                        6 December 2022 13: 42
                        To come up with such a thing and disgrace yourself throughout the country

                        And the KGB emblem, copied from a German stamp in honor of the SA assault detachments?
                        Also taken from somewhere. And also for the prescription of years, I suppose.
                      2. -4
                        6 December 2022 16: 06
                        Quote: Nefarious skeptic
                        Also taken from somewhere. And also for the prescription of years, I suppose.

                        Timur, don't be angry, I don't remember anything. Not only did my memory deteriorate, but I also had and still have a rule. Once printed - immediately throw it out of your head and forget. And I think you understand why. Recently I had to look into a textbook to find out who is the author of 4 types of PR communication. Survived, it's called...
                      3. +1
                        9 December 2022 12: 26
                        Quote: kalibr
                        Quote: Nefarious skeptic
                        A college football report is strong. Attempts to find confirmation of your words in the Russian-speaking and English-speaking segment of the network were unsuccessful.

                        You see, giving a lot of references in a textbook is spoiling it. The students don't like it. But it is clear that I could not come up with it. To come up with such a thing and disgrace yourself throughout the country and - most importantly, disgrace your department. So where did it come from. But from where, for the prescription of years ... alas, I don’t remember. I have not worked at the university for 5 years.

                        A good excuse... my mother hasn't been working at school since 07, and despite her considerable age in the program, she has a much better memory.
                      4. 0
                        9 December 2022 16: 59
                        Quote: Alexey Sedykin
                        A good excuse... my mother hasn't been working at school since 07, and despite her considerable age in the program, she has a much better memory.

                        And your mother has a lot of published popular science books, textbooks for the Sun and articles on different sites. And don’t forget 10 more novels in the Russian Federation, Germany and Singapore ... Just ask ...
                      5. 0
                        9 December 2022 19: 52
                        Quote: kalibr
                        Quote: Alexey Sedykin
                        A good excuse... my mother hasn't been working at school since 07, and despite her considerable age in the program, she has a much better memory.

                        And your mother has a lot of published popular science books, textbooks for the Sun and articles on different sites. And don’t forget 10 more novels in the Russian Federation, Germany and Singapore ... Just ask ...

                        Textbooks, no. But why then refer to the source if it is impossible to confirm? I don't understand this...
                      6. -1
                        10 December 2022 06: 31
                        Quote: Alexey Sedykin

                        But why then refer to the source if it is impossible to confirm? I don't understand this...

                        Alexey, I agree with you. But ... there was no time to watch, but there was hope - suddenly there is. And then ... they don’t fantasize in textbooks, even if there are no footnotes in them. A textbook with facts is "a footnote in itself". Here are some theoretical provisions that can be gag - the author's experience, and the facts - only from somewhere.
                      7. 0
                        10 December 2022 09: 31
                        Well, it happens, we are all human. But here's what they don't fantasize about in textbooks here, I categorically disagree with you. They also fantasize as if to please the "party line". You will not deny that the history that is taught at school is very different from the one taught by students and, as I suspect, the history for academic professors is also not like the previous two.
                      8. 0
                        10 December 2022 10: 54
                        Quote: Alexey Sedykin
                        They also fantasize as if to please the "party line". You will not deny that the history that is taught at school is very different from the one taught by students and, as I suspect, the history for academic professors is also not like the previous two.

                        And here you are 100% right. I just meant other textbooks, primarily on PR and advertising. For example, I had a textbook on Japanese advertising published in Russia and Germany. There were practically no references. But nothing was invented. Or a textbook: Organizing and conducting promotional events through BTL communications. Tutorial. - M.: Dashkov i K, 2008. Withstood three editions. There was "from me and my co-authors" (personal experience), but everything else is strictly "from somewhere".
                      9. +1
                        10 December 2022 13: 20
                        Quote: kalibr
                        I just meant other textbooks, primarily on PR and advertising.

                        It's hard to imagine in such...
                      10. 0
                        10 December 2022 13: 38
                        Quote: Alexey Sedykin
                        It's hard to imagine in such...

                        Wow! And most importantly: the specialty is new, there are few books. In a foreign language ... all experts know each other by sight - they met at olympiads, courses and seminars. And it was simply terrible to lie or invent under these conditions. You could write: under my leadership, a PR campaign was carried out ... it was like this, this and that. But there you answered for it with your head. And if someone "stole", then everyone knew it, and if he skillfully "stole", then they laughed and approved. But if it's not good...
                      11. 0
                        10 December 2022 18: 30
                        Quote: kalibr
                        Wow! And most importantly: the specialty is new, there are few books. On a foreign...

                        Well, I'm a complete layman here, I'm more in history.
                      12. 0
                        10 December 2022 19: 39
                        If you want to read for general development, I can recommend you a very interesting book on PR. Not your own, do not be afraid, if anything. I think that it should already be on the Web for free. Although I, in collaboration with S. Shpakovskaya, have a free book on the HISTORY OF PR on the Web. If you want to
                      13. +1
                        11 December 2022 14: 51
                        Thank you, of course, but not mine. It's just that this topic is not very interesting. I don’t want to test and influence others, but in order to influence myself, I have to try, it’s possible, but difficult.
                2. +3
                  6 December 2022 11: 07
                  Quote: Nefarious skeptic
                  the war that not Germany of France, but France and England of Germany declared?

                  They just announced, following their obligations, and Germany attacked. Attacked using the Gleiwitz provocation.

                  However, if you look at it purely legally, then England and France officially started the war. As a result, those who judged, and not those who were judged in Nuremberg, turned out to be right ... wink
                  1. +6
                    6 December 2022 11: 12
                    Quote: Luminman
                    As a result, those who judged, and not those who were judged in Nuremberg, turned out to be right.

                    So the ideology inspired - in order to be right, you need to be strong ... Although then the question was generally about life or death ..
          3. +2
            7 December 2022 03: 43
            Quote: kalibr
            That is, consciousness and technology are not connected in any way? Interesting.

            You still can't "understand" the difference between countries that yesterday received a secondary education and completely graduated from a technical school? I'm talking about Russia/USSR and Germany. They poke your nose into this circumstance, poke you, but still nothing ...
          4. 0
            9 December 2022 12: 09
            Quote: kalibr
            That is, consciousness and technology are not connected in any way? Interesting. And where did so many prisoners come from and a million (or even more) who went over to the side of the Germans. Miracles do not happen, everything comes from somewhere!

            So the civil war has just ended ... and 20 years have not passed. Or do you think that all supporters of the white movement immigrated? And those who were dissatisfied with collictevization, there were also enough of them. Yes, and for the prisoners ... the majority, according to German testimonies, were not Russian.
        2. +6
          6 December 2022 08: 16
          With ideological almost completely.
          From the ideological point of view, they hoped for an uprising of the German "class brothers", as was the case at the end of WWI. However, hopes for the "fraternal German proletariat" ended just as they did for the "fraternal Ukrainian people" at the present time. The consciousness of the Germans was reformatted in 10 years, and the Sumerians in 30 years.
          1. +4
            6 December 2022 08: 19
            Quote: Aviator_
            From the ideological point of view, they hoped for an uprising of the German "class brothers", as was the case at the end of WWI.

            These illusions were done away with in the first few weeks..
          2. +1
            6 December 2022 08: 54
            There was even a film, dear Sergey, I don’t remember what it was called, but the essence is this: the Germans attack, ours strike back and win very quickly. And the German workers under our bombs sing the Internationale. As a child, I really liked him.
            1. +3
              6 December 2022 17: 47
              This, it seems, is the film "If Tomorrow is War" according to Shpanov's script. The song "if tomorrow is war, if tomorrow is on a campaign" ... from there. I also remember a shot from there, how clouds of heavy TB-3 bombers are floating across the sky towards Germany, and German soldiers say - "we thought they were poor, but they had thousands of planes."
              1. +1
                7 December 2022 18: 26
                A little different. The Soviet Red Army soldier, performed by young Sanaev, says: "You thought we were poor, but we have thousands of planes.")
                1. +1
                  7 December 2022 19: 39
                  May be. Sanaev acted a lot before the war, even played an old man with a beard in Volga-Volga.
            2. +1
              9 December 2022 12: 15
              Quote: kalibr
              There was even a film, dear Sergey, I don’t remember what it was called, but the essence is this: the Germans attack, ours strike back and win very quickly. And the German workers under our bombs sing the Internationale. As a child, I really liked him.

              There is such a "If tomorrow the war" is called.
          3. +7
            6 December 2022 10: 18
            Quote: Aviator_
            From the ideological point of view, they hoped for an uprising of the German "class brothers", as was the case at the end of WWI.

            The most interesting thing is that in army propaganda, the emphasis on 146% of the inevitability of class solidarity of representatives of the oppressed classes in the enemy army in a future war was canceled back in 1940.
            The harmful prejudice was deeply rooted that the supposedly population of the countries entering the war with the USSR would inevitably, almost without exception, rise and go over to the side of the Red Army, that the workers and peasants would meet us with flowers. This false belief arises from ignorance of the actual situation in neighboring countries. The war in Finland showed that we did not conduct political intelligence in the northern regions and therefore did not know with what slogans to go to this population and how to conduct work among them. We often treated peasants as a working class, but it turns out that this peasant is a big fist, a Shutskorovets, and he reacts in his own way. Collision with reality demagnetizes our fighter and commander, who is used to viewing the population of foreign countries from a general - superficial point of view. We need to know what the population of this or that country lives and is interested in.
            © Speech by L. 3. Mehlis at a meeting on ideological work in the army and navy on May 13, 1940
            However, the peacetime propaganda machine was so clumsy that stories about brotherly people for more than a year the German proletarian poured into the ears of the personnel.
            1. -5
              6 December 2022 10: 38
              Quote: Alexey RA
              tales about the fraternal people of the German proletariat poured into the ears of the personnel for more than a year.

              This is precisely the question of the effectiveness of management in the USSR.
              1. +3
                6 December 2022 17: 51
                to the question of management efficiency in the USSR.
                Management was quite efficient. But political work was based on the events of 20 years ago. And the German was already with a new ideology, which had to be beaten out of them for 4 years.
          4. 0
            9 December 2022 12: 13
            Quote: Aviator_
            Sumerians - for 30 years.

            Eka you have enough ... 30 years. They have been formatted since the end of the 19th century. And us including. After all, in our country they are not called Russians / Little Russians, but Ukrainians.
    2. +2
      6 December 2022 10: 42
      Colleague, I deliberately read Golubev's first book. This is the author's current view of events in a country that no longer exists, about the events of a hundred years ago. Author's personal view. To specifically deal with this article, you need to re-read the original source and.
  3. +1
    6 December 2022 06: 45
    This one is anti-Soviet. won't cover. the fact that the Armed Forces of Ukraine are bombing Russian cities, that there are homeless people and drug addicts in the country. And the existing oligarchs did not transfer a penny for the needs of the SVO,
    1. +5
      6 December 2022 06: 48
      Quote: Gardamir
      And the existing oligarchs did not transfer a penny for the needs of the SVO,

      Here, rather, the reverse process ... as it should be under capitalism.
    2. -1
      9 December 2022 12: 32
      Quote: Gardamir
      This one is anti-Soviet. won't cover. the fact that the Armed Forces of Ukraine are bombing Russian cities, that there are homeless people and drug addicts in the country. And the existing oligarchs did not transfer a penny for the needs of the SVO,

      Where did you find the homeless? I haven't seen them in 15 years. (Do not talk about professional beggars) but about drug addicts ... they were in both the Republic of Ingushetia and the USSR.
  4. +11
    6 December 2022 06: 57
    Somehow I even got tired of reading it, again one darkness in the past with the OGPU in addition, how did the USSR survive in general when striving to "zombify" the basis of the state, its own population, so to speak? Yes, there was a lot of controversy in our history, but not so hopelessly. My grandparents survived the civil war, on the one hand the poor, on the other, later dispossessed and exiled, there are those who emigrated. But none of them doused the country with mud.
    1. +6
      6 December 2022 07: 06
      Quote: Alexey 1970
      Somehow I even got tired of reading it, again one darkness in the past with the OGPU in addition, how did the USSR survive in general when striving to "zombify" the basis of the state, its own population, so to speak?

      How he held "Spark" in his hands ... But when he began to "zombify", he did not survive ..
  5. -3
    6 December 2022 06: 57
    Dear Viktor! Very good material, but I recommend that you read a series of my articles called POISONED FEATHER here on VO. You want everything, you want only those of them where we are talking about 20-30 years. There is a lot of useful material there. You won't regret the time spent.
  6. Eug
    +7
    6 December 2022 07: 24
    As for me, the following factors played the main role in the successful economic development of the USSR:
    - rigid monopoly of foreign trade;
    - the real multistructural nature of the economy, especially in the field of consumer goods;
    - really working social lifts based on education and science.
    As for me, much would not hurt even today.
    1. +3
      6 December 2022 11: 47
      As for me, a lot would not hurt today

      Yes, it wouldn't hurt...
  7. +9
    6 December 2022 08: 25
    "In the Ring of Enemies"
    ..Yes, there were no enemies at all, in the Baltic states, not totalitarian regimes, but essentially fascist regimes, Smetona, Pyats, Ulmanis, but completely democratic governments. Poland, of course, was then a stronghold of democracy, however, for people from Western Ukraine, Belarus and Jews, separate benches at Universities had other charms, but this is different. Japan, by that time, had captured Korea, Northern China, it’s not at all on the borders of the USSR. Small, sweet, social democratic Finland, does not live with thoughts of creating a Great , right up to the Ural Mountains, why fears and concerns? The Ural Mountains, they are probably somewhere in Australia .. All sorts of Small, Balkan, Baltic Ententes pursued other goals, were not directed against the USSR, like NATO is now, is this union not against Russia? Well, the whole world then lived a normal peaceful life, and only in the totalitarian USSR, they forged the sword, the "world revolution" against the whole world. smile
    1. +4
      6 December 2022 08: 44
      Yes, one golden embargo (although not one), this is such a friendly act of mutual assistance and support ...
      1. +4
        6 December 2022 09: 17
        So all the "embargs" at that time were purely friendly .. Type of joke .. There were no enemies, all friends joked as best they could. smile
        1. +4
          6 December 2022 09: 25
          Quote: kor1vet1974
          So all the "embargs" at that time were purely friendly .. Type of joke .. There were no enemies, all friends joked as best they could. smile

          Yes, it’s clear that the evil commies didn’t understand jokes smile No, they would laugh with everyone and rush around the world ... they bought grain from the Persians .. they broke such a joke ..
          1. +4
            6 December 2022 09: 42
            Yeah, American entrepreneurs were incited to build factories, to train Soviet engineers.
            1. +1
              6 December 2022 09: 47
              Quote: kor1vet1974
              to train Soviet engineers.

              That's all and climbed into the ministers-director-professor .. think the country was taken to the leaders, hunger was defeated ... it was all soulless ..
              1. +2
                6 December 2022 10: 09
                it was all insane..
                Yes, not the right word, not like now, shcha, much better. smile
                1. +3
                  6 December 2022 10: 13
                  I totally agree smile True, as a legacy of these, uh ... well, these ... problems began to end, they fell down, but these are trifles .. The main thing is there is no "iron curtain" .. or is there? And with the "ring of enemies" it's not at all clear ..
                  1. +2
                    6 December 2022 10: 46
                    The main thing is there is no "Iron Curtain" .. or is there? And with the "ring of enemies" it's not at all clear ..
                    So there is a curtain, chintz, no more .. A ring of partners, not friendly smile And so gas goes there, oil, all sorts of resources, in return, really nothing, through third countries, we buy kanesh .. with the proceeds. It is not necessary to produce it ourselves, we will buy everything ..
                    1. +2
                      6 December 2022 10: 55
                      What different rings are obtained ...
  8. +8
    6 December 2022 11: 22
    I liked the article and its general ideological message is generally close to me.
    Let's start with the fact that during this period the USSR was indeed "in the ring of enemies" and this hostility was determined precisely by ideology, and not by economic interests. The economy, on the contrary, said: "We must cooperate with the USSR," but the ideology shouted: "The USSR must be destroyed."
    It can be objected that the West, they say, defended itself against the "export of the revolution" from the USSR, but here the question is open - whether this "export" was a means of attack or defense. In addition, socialist ideas at that time were very popular in and of themselves.
    As for the war, the fact that it was inevitable was known not only in the USSR and not only in the USSR were preparing for it. The whole world sharpened knives, forcing us to do the same.
    The Soviet government had two main tasks in this context. The first is to prepare the country for the inevitable war ideologically (they did it) and technically (they didn’t have much time here), the second is to provide themselves with allies in this war so as not to fight the whole world alone. At first it seemed that Germany would be such an ally, but in the end it turned out differently. It's good that it worked out.
    The ideological preparation of the country for the inevitable war was complicated by the fact that the split of the civil war had not yet been overcome, and those who lost in this war, but remained in the USSR, certainly posed a danger to the authorities. In addition, there were other difficulties, for example, those that the author spoke about new ones in the article, such as, for example, the living memory of people about past wars and the desire generated by this memory to avoid participating in any conflicts. Under these conditions, only about a million collaborators in four years of such a war as the Great Patriotic War was - an unconditional success of Soviet propaganda and, in my opinion, a grandiose success.
    1. +3
      6 December 2022 15: 03
      Hi Michael! smile

      the unconditional success of Soviet propaganda and, in my opinion, a grandiose success.


      That's how they were brought up from childhood.

      1. +2
        6 December 2022 20: 11
        The guys were walking on a sunny road,
        Alyosha was the last and most dusty.
        By chance or on purpose, he himself does not know for sure
        Alyoshka stepped on the button with his foot.

        He picked up this button and took it with him,
        And suddenly I saw non-Russian letters on it.
        Guys with the whole crowd to the head of the outpost
        Running away, turning off the road, hurry, hurry, hurry!
        1. +1
          6 December 2022 20: 21
          And for some reason I remembered Pavlik Morozov. wassat
          1. 0
            6 December 2022 21: 33
            Various aspects emerged. Only a fair part of our history "To the foundation, and then ..".
            1. +2
              6 December 2022 21: 41
              And why, interestingly, is each New World newer than the previous one? People don't change. request
              1. +2
                6 December 2022 22: 10
                There is always something to share. True, the resource tends to decrease.
                1. +2
                  6 December 2022 22: 28
                  True, the resource tends to decrease.


                  And life is getting shorter. You won't be able to do everything. Even bite...
                  1. +1
                    6 December 2022 22: 44
                    It remains to make a list - and bite according to plan. Or just live without counting anything.

                    From the spinning of the potter's wheel of time
                    The meaning was extracted only by those who are learned and smart,
                    Or drunk, accustomed to the rotation of the world,
                    Nothing at all thinking in it!
                    1. +2
                      6 December 2022 22: 49
                      Barring wine is a law that counts
                      Who drinks and when, and how much, and with whom.
                      When all these reservations are met,
                      Drinking is a sign of wisdom, not a vice at all.
                      1. +2
                        7 December 2022 06: 05
                        More like a different translation.

                        Wine is prohibited, but there are four "buts":
                        It depends on who, with whom, when and to the best of his ability to drink wine.
                        Subject to these four conditions
                        All sane wine is allowed.
                2. +1
                  9 December 2022 12: 39
                  Quote from Korsar4
                  There is always something to share. True, the resource tends to decrease.

                  And what is sadder again we hear "Take away and divide" and then we will live. sad
                  1. +2
                    9 December 2022 17: 21
                    This is also repeated. And "Heart of a Dog" has already been published. What can surprise us?
                    1. +1
                      9 December 2022 19: 54
                      Quote from Korsar4
                      This is also repeated. And "Heart of a Dog" has already been published. What can surprise us?

                      It is surprising that many, even not stupid like people, neither their own nor someone else's history teaches anything.
                      1. +1
                        9 December 2022 21: 08
                        She never taught. Explained well.
                        But the fact that cheap slogans are enough to be believed is really disappointing.
  9. +3
    6 December 2022 11: 41
    Quote: Trilobite Master
    The economy, on the contrary, said: "We must cooperate with the USSR"

    The economy of Europe howled from Soviet dumping, and with the onset of the Great Depression - howled like a wolf ...

    Quote: Trilobite Master
    It can be argued that the West, they say, defended itself against the "export of the revolution" from the USSR

    And how he defended himself! Remember the ideological remote-controlled bomb planted under Europe. The button for this bomb was in the Kremlin, and the name of this bomb is International...
    1. +2
      6 December 2022 12: 13
      Quote: Luminman
      The economy of Europe howled from Soviet dumping, and with the onset of the Great Depression - howled like a wolf ...

      And how could the USSR "dumping" at that time besides raw materials?
    2. -2
      6 December 2022 12: 28
      Quote: Luminman
      Europe's economy howled from Soviet dumping

      Let's remember what the first transport ships were built in the USSR? Timber trucks! And the forest went to the West. Send furs - remember the movie "A Girl with Character", we crushed the American fur market through AMTORG, then from 1931 grain went. Since 1968 - oil through pipes and tankers ... then gas went. Today, 50% of European industry works on our REM. And despite the fact that 90% of the world's REM reserves belong to... China!
  10. +6
    6 December 2022 12: 56
    The author writes: "Totalitarianism could not but leave an imprint on public consciousness. In particular, it contributed to the conservation of the mythological type of consciousness on which it relied"

    Ege, we know, sir ... - having shot the All-Russian Congress of People's Deputies from tanks in October 1993 and banning the congresses of the legislature - Yeltsin completely put an end to "Soviet totalitarianism"

    The author is obviously pro-bourgeois brought up, maybe he does not understand the meaning of the word "totalitarianism". I asked one such leader a question; "And universal education in public schools and universal registration in polyclinics, is this totalitarianism?" - He answered - "no!". "Why?" - I ask ... "And therefore!
    That's why. that "totalitarianism" is bad, but medical service is good "... Modern "creative" people are flogged - they are guided by what is good and what is bad ....

    So ; In principle, no "totalitarianism" can be state-owned. Because the State is limited by law. And the Law primarily protects the rights of a citizen from lawlessness, and does not suppress. But even grandfather Lenin wrote: "In any capitalist country, the Government is bought by big capital." And the State is just one of the levers of influence of capital on the people. And there are others; crime is subordinated to capital, social movements, media, culture - everything is subordinated! The author of this opus, too, I believe, does not just work like that ...
    The power of money - this is totalitarianism. It penetrates into all the cracks, everywhere ...... and it is lawless. But where the power of the State and the Law begins, the arbitrariness of money ends there. Where the Law is, there is no totalitarianism... That's the point.
    Law separates us from lawlessness, and Civilization from savagery.

    Well, about "Soviet totalitarianism" - this is 100% lies. In the USSR, the rights of the elected Top Council were much greater than those of the modern, disenfranchised State Duma.
    1. -3
      6 December 2022 15: 18
      You do not really understand what the concept of "totalitarianism" means (it has nothing to do with the economy) and think, in general, in archaic patterns.

      Totalitarianism (from Latin totalis - whole, whole, complete) is one of the forms of the state, characterized by its complete (total) control over all spheres of society, the virtual elimination of constitutional rights and freedoms, repression against opposition and dissent. In such a state, complete unification and unilateral regulation of all political, social and spiritual life takes place.

      The main signs of totalitarianism, for example, according to Brzezinski, are: the presence of an official all-encompassing doctrine, to which every person had to be guided, at least passively, i.e., the monopoly of a single ideology; the presence of a single mass, hierarchically built party with a single charismatic leader; monopoly control of the state over all major means of political power and the media; the presence of a system of police violence not only in relation to "enemies", but also to any groups of persons in society.

      The Stalinist regime in all respects fell under this definition. It's just a statement of fact. As for the fact that “the law does not suppress” - in the USSR one could only be a communist. For example, it was impossible to be a conservative (in the classical sense). In general, the interpretation and origin of the concept of totalitarianism is a topic for a separate article :)
      1. +4
        6 December 2022 15: 39
        This is just a statement of fact.

        Does the United States fall under the statement of fact, for example, in the second half of the 40s and until the end of the 50s?
        The Stalinist regime in all respects fell under this definition.

        And how could it be otherwise, if Friedrich summed up the Soviet Union under the created term? If there were elves and unicorns in the USSR, then one of the signs of totalitarianism would be elves and unicorns.
        1. +2
          6 December 2022 15: 57
          Quote: Nefarious skeptic
          And how could it be otherwise, if Friedrich summed up the Soviet Union under the created term?

          But China and North Korea do not fall under the definition - they have a multi-party system smile
    2. -4
      6 December 2022 16: 12
      Quote: ort
      The state is limited by law.

      According to the laws of the USSR, the accused was entitled to a lawyer, the right to appeal, and further according to the Constitution. And how were the notorious "troikas" judged? Where there was a lawyer, an appeal and so on. This is what totalitarianism consists of - in the LAW one thing, in life - another.
      1. +2
        6 December 2022 16: 32
        and beyond the Constitution.

        Then, offhand, today in the Netherlands, China, Thailand and the United States - totalitarianism.
        1. -1
          6 December 2022 17: 50
          Quote: Nefarious skeptic
          Then, offhand, today in the Netherlands, China, Thailand and the United States - totalitarianism.

          And there they judge without lawyers and without the right to appeal?
          1. +1
            6 December 2022 18: 23
            There is a distinction on which legal issues the repressive measure is determined by the court, and on which - the administrative apparatus, bypassing the court.
  11. +7
    6 December 2022 14: 13
    Quote: kalibr
    And the forest went to the West. Send furs - remember the movie "Girl with character", we crushed the American fur market through AMTORG

    Yes, the forest has gone and the furs have gone! But you forget the reverse movement!

    Let me remind you that with the help of the United States, we have built 90 metallurgical plants. The Stalingrad Tractor Plant and the Gorky Automobile Plant were built by the Americans. Dneproges can also be attributed here. AZLK is an exact clone of the Ford plant, and the famous Magnitka is a copy of a metallurgical plant from some city in Indiana!

    So, Amtorg, which you do not like, in addition to espionage and trade, published advertisements in newspapers about the presence of many vacancies in the USSR in the industry and, as a result, turned into a powerful pump that pumped out the knowledge they had and the products that the country needed so much!

    Again, thanks to Armtorg, which you so disliked, by about the beginning of the 30s, the number of foreign specialists - from engineers to skilled workers - reached more than 20 thousand people.

    So, for example, in the well-known Gosproektstroy, which you have not yet had time to douse with sewage, a body specially created to learn from foreign experience, there were about 30 American and 30 thousand young Soviet engineers who studied Western experience in the design and construction of large industrial facilities.

    And finally! The last blooming at the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works was dismantled only in 2005...

    P.S. Entire volumes can be written about the complex trajectory of the movement of forests, furs and oil! Only now the money received from their sale did not go into the pockets of party officials and did not settle in foreign banks, they went to the industrialization of the country ...
    1. +2
      6 December 2022 15: 24
      Quote: Luminman
      Yes, the forest has gone and the furs have gone!

      And what else could "go"? Shpakovsky, as a "historian", should have known about all sorts of "embargoes". There, even gold was excluded from the "list of permitted goods", in fact, only grain remained (to cause famine in the country), forest and fur .. And at the initial stage, it was impossible to carry out industrialization without purchasing production and technologies from outside at an accelerated pace. And without industrialization, there could be no question of survival (which the Second World War in practice (and in the philosophical sense) showed) ..
      1. -1
        6 December 2022 16: 22
        Quote: mat-vey
        And what else could "go"? Shpakovsky, as a "historian", should have known about all sorts of "embargos".

        Do you think I don't know? We even exported shag dust to earn some money. And this is very correct. But then you don't forget how the same America paid us for furs, and... makhorka dust. That the fact that the Germans did not beat us to the end, we owe to our starving collective farmers (see Sholokhov's letter to Stalin) and ... American factories, which the Kahn agency built for us. Reading: In total, Kahn's firm built in the USSR, according to various sources, from 521 to 571 plants. The most famous are automobile plants in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod - AZLK and GAZ. Plus machine-tool factories in Kaluga, Novosibirsk and Verkhnyaya Salda. Foundries in Chelyabinsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Kharkov, Kolomna, Magnitogorsk, Sormov and Stalingrad. Without Kahn, we would not have industrialization and victory in the Second World War.
        1. 0
          6 December 2022 16: 40
          Quote: kalibr
          Do you think I don't know?

          If you read your answer "Luminman (luminman)", then there is simply no other opinion ...
          PySy .. Although if only the komunyaki took care of the gold ... "Kana Firm" was not engaged in construction - this is a design office ..
          1. +1
            6 December 2022 17: 09
            Quote: mat-vey
            "Kana Firm" was not engaged in construction - it is a design office ..

            Didn't do any construction work. But the design and maintenance of technical supervision of construction is a task no less important than the construction of an object.
            1. 0
              6 December 2022 17: 27
              Quote: Luminman
              But the design and maintenance of technical supervision of construction is a task no less important than the construction of an object.

              I am aware of what is "second supervision" ..
              And I am aware of what kind of "scam" the USSR did with the "turnover of personnel in the Soviet branch of Kahn's company.
    2. 0
      6 December 2022 16: 17
      And why did you decide that I do not like AMTORG? Is it possible to draw such a conclusion from my article about him here on VO? He gave us a lot of things and it was a very skillfully (and all skillful cannot but rejoice!) operation. You probably didn’t read my novel “Three from Ensk”. There, several chapters are devoted to Amtorg in the 2nd book ...
    3. 0
      6 December 2022 16: 26
      Quote: Luminman
      Let me remind you that with the help of the United States, we have built 90 metallurgical plants.

      I do not need to remind textbook truths. I even know that in reality there were much more factories built by Kahn!
      1. +2
        6 December 2022 16: 38
        I even know that in reality there were much more factories built by Kahn!

        Especially if you count those that his bureau did not designed, as it was with you with GPZ-1))))
        1. 0
          6 December 2022 17: 49
          Quote: Nefarious skeptic
          how was it with GPZ-1

          I don't know anything about this, Timur.
          1. +1
            6 December 2022 18: 06
            I don't know anything about this, Timur.

            Here you go. I even sent you a private message. June 30, 2021 ))
            1. 0
              6 December 2022 18: 21
              Quote: Nefarious skeptic
              Here you go. I even sent you a private message. June 30, 2021 ))

              Dear Timur, do not be offended. You would know how much they write to me. Sometimes I can't see everything. After all, I have a lot of work. Replying to comments is relaxing. So that!
              1. +1
                6 December 2022 18: 26
                Vyacheslav, I had no reason to be offended.
                1. 0
                  6 December 2022 18: 36
                  Quote: Nefarious skeptic
                  I had no reason to be offended.

                  Oh, thanks!
      2. +1
        6 December 2022 16: 38
        Quote: kalibr
        And why did you decide that I do not like AMTORG?

        By the background that surrounds your message.
        I apologize in advance for the foreign word...

        Quote: kalibr
        I even know that in reality there were much more factories built by Kahn!

        Perhaps more. But not only Kahn was involved in the design and construction of industrial facilities. This I mean that furs sold abroad, oil, timber and something else there were only for the benefit of the state. Although this was done, alas, not at the expense of the prosperity of the peasants and workers.

        Quote: kalibr
        You probably didn’t read my novel “Three from Ensk”

        Do not read. I don't read novels. I prefer journalism and documentaries. Well, for fun - science fiction and detective stories ... wink

        P.S. Here is a great topic for an article. People who think it will be interesting!
        1. -1
          6 December 2022 17: 39
          Quote: Luminman
          were for the benefit of the state.

          Who would argue?! Too bad about the novel. Just like you would love it. There are a lot of documentaries and historical facts. Actually invented there only heroes and some of their adventures.
          And thanks for the tip: Here's a great topic for an article. People who think it will be interesting!
          You're right. But ... you have to drop everything and sit down for this topic. And so far, I have all the materials laid out by topic: manuscripts, weapons (miscellaneous), castles, art. There is simply nowhere to squeeze Amtorg (and I have to say about it, it went through it) with Kahn. And throwing out these topics is impossible for a number of reasons.
          I know what a backgrounder is. He taught his students to write.
    4. 0
      6 December 2022 22: 12
      Not a bad art book "A man changes his skin."
    5. +1
      9 December 2022 12: 59
      Plus, the Belarusian MTZ is still the same Ford ... VAZ is Italians, KAMAZ is generally international.
      1. +1
        9 December 2022 14: 36
        Plus, the Belarusian MTZ is still the same Ford

        All that I have written is just an easy sample, the top layer.
        There were hundreds of such enterprises!
  12. +2
    6 December 2022 16: 54
    Quote: Viktor Biryukov
    You do not really understand what the concept of "totalitarianism" means (it has nothing to do with the economy) and think, in general, in archaic patterns.


    No, you do not understand the meaning of what you write. Definition . which you accepted does not correspond to the truth, it is completely hypocritical and biased. Since the custom of society, based today on the power of money, exercises complete control over the individual, and the laws of any state cannot be so comprehensive. They protect the individual from the savagery of iniquity! You at least carefully re-read what I wrote earlier.
    And remember what our classic A.S. wrote about. Pushkin: "Custom is a despot among people." Custom controls everything .... it is totalitarian in any system. This is a biological law. Throw away the dogmas that have been hammered into you and see what the world really is.

    Once again for those who have problems with perception;
    1. In the USSR, the elected body of the Top Soviet of the USSR had more rights than in the USA or today we have the State Duma. It's stupid to deny it.
    2. Law is determined by the laws of the State. Only
    3. The work of laws - law enforcement - is determined by the same custom.

    But in Russia this custom is feudal under any government. Under any laws, both Soviet and anti-Soviet, we live as in an absolute Monarchy. This is an empirical fact. This is our natural feature. We still elect the President for life. Just like Mikhail Romanov was elected in the 17th century. And we also have "everything by order," as Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote.
    And no "totalitarian USSR" has nothing to do with it. There was the power of the landowner; today it has been replaced by the power of money. That's the whole difference. And lawlessness is still the same - ancient.
    1. -1
      6 December 2022 17: 44
      Quote: ort
      In the USSR, the elected body of the Top Soviet of the USSR

      And from the "congress of winners" in the end, how many% of the deputies were shot? And Smushkevich and many others without trial at all ... Why didn't the Council use its rights? After all, his deputies ended up in execution pits in a considerable number.
      1. 0
        7 December 2022 14: 05
        And from the "congress of winners" in the end, how many% of the deputies were shot? ... Why didn't the Council use its rights? After all, his deputies ended up in execution pits in a considerable number.

        Vyacheslav, do not disgrace yourself.
        1. 0
          7 December 2022 14: 49
          And what is the shame? I asked. Let someone answer. Think about the content of the answer at the same time. This is the "toe maeutics" of Socrates. There is nothing shameful in this.
          1. 0
            7 December 2022 15: 01
            Your questions show either misunderstanding or ignorance of the state apparatus of the USSR. It is very strange to hear such questions from a person who "was in the cage for 9 years" and tells others about 20/80. And this is the only answer you can count on them to get.
            1. 0
              7 December 2022 16: 51
              Quote: Nefarious skeptic
              get on them.

              In any case, Timur, lawlessness is lawlessness, whether I know the state apparatus of the USSR or not.
  13. 0
    7 December 2022 08: 35
    The stereotype of the “capitalist encirclement”, constantly threatening the USSR, reproduced the image of the outside world as a “dark zone” hostile to Soviet people. Obviously, these essentially archaic ideas had little to do with classical Marxism.


    Is the area really bright?
    Or have cult-gragers with a swastika come to us from Asia?
  14. +2
    7 December 2022 08: 41
    Quote: kalibr
    Without Kahn, we would not have industrialization and victory in the Second World War.


    The place of this Kahn would be taken by another bourgeois. Soviet orders in times of crisis for the gentlemen of the bourgeoisie were like a lifeline. And they were paid not only with tobacco, but also with gold, by the way.
    And to complete the picture, let's not forget that the American capitalists did a great job of helping the growth of the industrial power of one Central European country. Guess what it's about?
    If not for American capital and American technology, the military power of the Third Reich would have been much more modest by 1941.
    1. 0
      7 December 2022 14: 52
      Quote: Illanatol
      The place of this Kahn would be taken by another bourgeois.

      That's it. Without the bourgeoisie, we are nowhere then.
      1. 0
        7 December 2022 15: 51
        Quote: kalibr
        Quote: Illanatol
        The place of this Kahn would be taken by another bourgeois.

        That's it. Without the bourgeoisie, we are nowhere then.

        What about the advice of people who wish you good, do not heed (it seems quite sincerely wish) .. I'm talking about "The vile skeptic (Timur)". . ACCELERATED INDUSTRIALIZATION WAS NEEDED TO CREATE DEFENSE FIRST. Even the peasants know that they will not replace you .. And the defense industry was so needed just to defend and fight back from these same bourgeois.
        1. 0
          7 December 2022 16: 54
          Quote: mat-vey
          Even the peasants know that they will not replace you .. And the defense industry was so needed just to defend and fight back from these same bourgeois.

          Yes, Matvey, here you are on the point: in life everything is changeable, what is good for one is bad for another, what is good today is bad tomorrow and vice versa. You can’t be ossified, every time you need to use what fate sends you, and not try to shove it in defiance.
          1. 0
            7 December 2022 17: 04
            Please accept the assurances of the highest respect.
      2. 0
        8 December 2022 08: 48
        Quote: kalibr
        That's it. Without the bourgeoisie, we are nowhere then.


        And the bourgeoisie themselves invented and created everything?
        Even in the USA, there were once credit cartoons that clearly showed that Labor creates everything, and Capital and Trade only contribute. They understood what was what, and therefore developed in reality, and not virtually.
        The most talented businessman without working hands is only Manilov with his "projects".
    2. 0
      7 December 2022 16: 13
      Quote: Illanatol
      The place of this Kahn would be taken by another bourgeois.

      So different options were considered .. but Kahn's methods of standardization and unification) made it possible to speed up both the design itself and the construction of enterprises.
      Py.Sy. I understand that this is not for you - Kan did not build anything, Kan is a designer .. And for the money that Kan was paid, it was possible to hire more than one design office. unification of the construction process (and thousands of enterprises had to be built), that they decided that it was better to overpay at the beginning and save in the future .. Moreover, they actually "deceived" Kahn by tripling the false staff turnover, and his company, without knowing it, prepared something in the area 500 specialist designers..
  15. 0
    8 December 2022 08: 54
    Quote: kalibr
    Yes, Matvey, here you are on the point: in life everything is changeable, what is good for one is bad for another, what is good today is bad tomorrow and vice versa.


    And you need to look and think systematically. And focus not on the interests of individual social groups (even if you yourself belong to one of them), but on the strategic interests of the society/nation as a whole.
    Then - they knew how to do it and the priorities, in general, were correct. That's why they developed.
    Sacrificing private interests in favor of the whole is normal, it is right. That's what Mother Nature does, by the way. But sacrificing the interests of the whole to the whims of a handful of the elect ... leads, ultimately, to very sad consequences.
    1. 0
      8 December 2022 09: 05
      Quote: Illanatol
      Sacrificing private interests in favor of the whole is normal, it is right.

      In theory! In practice, everyone does the opposite. I like the USE system, it is socially useful. But for my granddaughter, I did everything so that she would not spend her strength, nerves, and money on his surrender. And... the whole family just thanked me. And now she is already receiving higher education and is a manager in a large firm. So Arkady Raikin said everything correctly - the kingdom of heaven to him! "Personal peace, first of all!"
  16. +1
    8 December 2022 09: 21
    Quote: kalibr
    In theory! In practice, everyone does the opposite.


    What is the contradiction? What makes you think that in practice everyone is doing the right thing, including you?
    Everyone drags a blanket over himself, and in the end we have what we have. Oh yes, the "bloody Stalin" is to blame for everything! laughing
    And we ourselves - white and fluffy, do nothing wrong.
  17. 0
    6 January 2023 13: 44
    "La Revolución Traicionada" de Trotski, es imprescindible para entender el devenir de la URSS durante los años citados. Baste decir que la gran preocupación de los más conocidos teóricos del marxismo, fue, como en los paises feudales y semifeudales, se llevaria a cabo la difícil tarea de sacarlos del atraso, sin que la clase obrera tuviera que pasar por los mismos o parecidos horrores que los obreros occidentales sufrieron durante la revolución industrial en el occidente. Esto no turbo el sueño ni trajo problemas de conciencia a Stalin. Fiel a sus métodos brutales, instauró un sistema de represión y sanciones contra los obreros por impuntualidad, absentismo, o incumplimiento de los objetivos, que hicieron de las fábricas campos de concentración, y de la vida de los obreros un infierno en el país que teóricamente , les pertenecía y era a la vez su paraíso. Cosas de los hombres de acero, muy añorados por demasiados. Por contra, la burocracia del Partido, de los sindicatos, del Ejército, funcionarios del Estado, vivian muy por encima de la clase obrera soviética. Como Trotski decía con amarga ironía, "Es más fácil y sustancioso repartir el excedente entre unos pocos, que entre todos". En fin, esas cosilllas sin importancia tales como las tiendas exclusivas, los privilegios diversos, etc; sistema que se mantuvo hasta el colapso de la URSS, pais, en el que, paradojas de la Historia donde las haya, la clase obrera, en el Paraíso de los Trabajadores, fue siempre la clase más baja de la escala social. No sorprende que la Clase Obrera Rusa, protagonista de las Revoluciones de Febrero y Octubre de 1.917, no moviera un dedo en su defensa cuando la URSS, sencillamente, se derrumbó.
    Muy pocos, o puede que ninguno de entre los pueblos de la ex URSS, introduzca el citado factor en sus analisis sobre el colapso de la Unión Soviética. Prefieren seguir culpando a sus fantasmas y no parece que algo vaya a cambiar. Sosteniendo que la culpa jamás fue nuestra, sino de los traidores, se sienten menos infelices.

"Right Sector" (banned in Russia), "Ukrainian Insurgent Army" (UPA) (banned in Russia), ISIS (banned in Russia), "Jabhat Fatah al-Sham" formerly "Jabhat al-Nusra" (banned in Russia) , Taliban (banned in Russia), Al-Qaeda (banned in Russia), Anti-Corruption Foundation (banned in Russia), Navalny Headquarters (banned in Russia), Facebook (banned in Russia), Instagram (banned in Russia), Meta (banned in Russia), Misanthropic Division (banned in Russia), Azov (banned in Russia), Muslim Brotherhood (banned in Russia), Aum Shinrikyo (banned in Russia), AUE (banned in Russia), UNA-UNSO (banned in Russia), Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People (banned in Russia), Legion “Freedom of Russia” (armed formation, recognized as terrorist in the Russian Federation and banned)

“Non-profit organizations, unregistered public associations or individuals performing the functions of a foreign agent,” as well as media outlets performing the functions of a foreign agent: “Medusa”; "Voice of America"; "Realities"; "Present time"; "Radio Freedom"; Ponomarev; Savitskaya; Markelov; Kamalyagin; Apakhonchich; Makarevich; Dud; Gordon; Zhdanov; Medvedev; Fedorov; "Owl"; "Alliance of Doctors"; "RKK" "Levada Center"; "Memorial"; "Voice"; "Person and law"; "Rain"; "Mediazone"; "Deutsche Welle"; QMS "Caucasian Knot"; "Insider"; "New Newspaper"