"This nut was very cruel, however, thank God, it was happily gnawed." Brutal assault on Noteburg

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"This nut was very cruel, however, thank God, it was happily gnawed." Brutal assault on Noteburg
A. E. Kotzebue. Assault on the Noteburg Fortress


prehistory


After Narva, the Swedish king came to grips with his main enemy, the Saxon elector. Charles XII led an army into Lithuania and Poland and got stuck there chasing after Augustus II. The Swedish ruler considered Russia a secondary enemy, unworthy of special attention. The border with Russia was left to cover small detachments that supported the Navy and which relied on a system of fortresses in the Baltic and Karelia.



Meanwhile, Peter was restoring the army at an accelerated pace, began to build a fleet, and developed military production. Against the enemy in Ingermanland (Ingria, Izhora land, regions along the banks of the Neva, Lake Peipus and Ladoga, Sheremetev's army was put up.

After reconnaissance in battle, the Russian command realized that the enemy had rather weak forces here. In the battle of Erestfer in December 1701, Sheremetev defeated the Schlippenbach detachment (Defeat of the Swedes at the Battle of Erestfer). In July 1702, Russian troops defeated the Swedes near the town of Hummelshof (The defeat of the Swedish corps Schlippenbach in the battle of Hummelshof). The Russians marched with fire and sword throughout southern Livonia, destroying fortifications, capturing prisoners and food supplies.

As a result, the Swedish troops lost the opportunity to fight in the open field. The remaining forces hid behind the walls of the fortresses and waited for reinforcements from the king. The entire countryside was abandoned. In the autumn of 1702, Russian troops devastated Livonia, and the following year, Estonia:

“so that there is no shelter for the enemy and it would be impossible to give sikurs (help) to their cities.”

After these events, Schlippenbach was replaced as commander in chief of the southeastern strategic direction by General Adam Lewenhaupt. Schlippenbach received the post of vice-governor of Estonia.

At the same time, the Russians won a number of victories on the water. Peter I began to build and arm small vessels (plows, karbasy, boats, etc.). Small teams of soldiers were planted on them - 10-20 fighters each. rivers were created flotilla on the Ladoga, Onega lakes, on the rivers Svir, Tikhvin, Volkhov. The Russians bravely attacked the Swedish small warships and boarded the yachts.

As a result, the Russians broke into Lake Peipsi, and the Swedes had to leave Lake Ladoga. Swedish ships sailed along the Neva to the Gulf of Finland. Russian troops got the opportunity to take the Noteburg fortress (ancient Russian Oreshek) at the source of the Neva River, which could not be done if the enemy dominated the water.


Siege and assault


Nut was of strategic importance, since at that time it closed the exit from Lake Ladoga to the Baltic Sea. Not a single ship could pass this fortress. The Swedes perfectly understood the importance of this fortress, so Noteburg, long before the Northern War, was turned into the main stronghold for control over the occupied territories. There were 150 guns on the walls and bastions, the garrison numbered 450 people. An additional difficulty was that the stronghold was located on an island, and it was believed that it could not be taken by attack.

In August 1702, Peter personally came out with the guards from Arkhangelsk (where he at that time led the construction of the fleet), sending an order to Sheremetev to concentrate forces around the fortress. At the end of September, Sheremetev's army occupied both banks of the Neva near the fortress. To block the fortress from the sea, 50 boats were dragged from Lake Ladoga to the Neva. Batteries were placed on the banks for shelling Noteburg - 51 guns.

The Russians had more than 12 thousand soldiers near Oreshok itself and over 20 thousand on the near approaches to it. The Swedish commandant Gustav von Schlippenbach expected to be assisted by the commander of the Swedish forces in Ingria Kroniort, and refused to capitulate. But help did not come to the Swedish garrison: shortly before the start of the siege of Noteburg, Apraksin completely defeated the detachment of Kroniort on the banks of the Izhora River.

On October 1 (12), 1702, the bombardment of Oreshok began. The shelling lasted ten days and partially damaged the fortress walls. But it was not possible to break through a full-fledged gap. On October 11 (22), the assault on the fortress began, the soldiers were transferred to the walls by boats. A fierce battle went on for 12 hours, but the Swedes repelled all attacks. Russian troops suffered heavy losses.

As a result, Tsar Peter decided to stop the attack and continue the siege. The situation was saved by the initiative of Prince Mikhail Mikhailovich Golitsyn. He refused to leave:

"I do not belong to you, sir, now I belong to God alone."

And he ordered to push the boat away from the shore, so that the soldiers would not be tempted to retreat. Part nevertheless escaped, the deserters were then severely punished (disgraced and executed). They sent a detachment under the command of Menshikov to help them. A hundred soldiers led by Menshikov managed to break through to one of the walls.

The Swedes, having exhausted the possibilities of defense (most of the soldiers died or were injured) and not wanting to die, threw out the white flag. The capitulation was accepted on honorable terms: the Swedes were released on all four sides, the banners were kept. The freedom of choice - to stay or leave - was also given to the townspeople.

The Swedes lost 367 men killed and wounded. The total losses of the Russian army are about 2 thousand people. The assault was heavy and bloody.

“It is true that this nut was extremely cruel, however, thank God, it was happily gnawed. Our artillery has miraculously corrected its work, ”

- wrote the sovereign Peter A. Vinius.

Russia returned the ancient Russian fortress Oreshek. Peter called it Shlisselburg - "the key-city", because it opened the way to mastering the mouth of the Neva. Tsar Peter I greatly valued the conquest of the Noteburg fortress. On December 6 (17), 1702, on the occasion of the capture of the fortress, he made a solemn entry into Moscow. During his reign, when time allowed him, he celebrated the victory 5 times in Shlisselburg itself.


Ancient engraving of the battle for the fortress

The application.
P. P. Dirin. History of the Life Guards Semyonovsky Regiment. St. Petersburg, 1883


“On the 7th <October according to the old style> the assault on the 11th was decided. Since during the bombardment two curtains and the tower were breached, but despite this the walls were so high and the shoots to the breaches were steep that it was very risky to storm, on the 9th hunters were called from the regiments; most of them volunteered from the Semyonovsky regiment. They were given assault ladders and prepared boats for the crossing.

On the same day, a flying bridge was thrown across the Neva. On the night of the 11th, 3 volleys of mortars were fired, the agreed signal for the assault; on this signal, the hunters of the Semyonovsky regiment, including 40 people under the command of Sergeant Mordvinov, moved towards the fortress, running under a hail of bullets and buckshot to the moat, they went down into it, rushed to the breach, but were repulsed.

Then a detachment was sent to help them under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Semyonovsky Regiment Prince Mikhail Golitsyn, the hero of that day. The Semyonov detachment consisted of 122 people, not counting the hunters ...; Following this reinforcement was sent from the Preobrazhensky Regiment under the command of Major Karpov, who at the very beginning of the case was wounded in the rib and arm by buckshot.

The fierce struggle continued for 13 hours in a row, but did not lead to anything, the Russians remained in the places where they were at the very beginning of the battle, and could not move forward, since the assault ladders turned out to be 1,5 fathoms shorter than the height of the breach, and retreat did not want; the Swedes defended stubbornly, firing from top to bottom with buckshot, red-hot cannonballs and dropping logs and stones on the attackers.

During the battle, there was one moment when several soldiers rushed to run to the river; then Prince Golitsyn, in order to take away any thought of retreat, ordered all free boats to be pushed away from the shore.

Peter, not seeing success, sent a command to retreat, but the one sent to the prince could not get through. Some, claiming that the messenger reached Prince Golitsyn, but received an answer: “Tell the Sovereign that now I do not belong to Peter, but to God.”

Meanwhile, the scorer, Lieutenant Menshikov, on the opposite bank, without waiting for orders, began to catch boats, put on them as many Preobrazhensky and Semyonovites as he could, and came to Golitsyn to help.

Seeing such perseverance on our part after 13 hours of battle, the commandant at 5 o'clock ordered the drums to be beaten for surrender. The attack immediately stopped, and secretary Shafirov was sent to the Swedes for negotiations.

On the same day, the surrender of Noteburg was signed and ours, without entering the city itself, took up guards along with the Swedes in three breaches.


Silver medal in honor of the capture of Noteburg
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  1. +3
    22 October 2022 04: 58
    I wonder what kind of three-masted ship is depicted on the medal in honor of the capture of Nut?
  2. +4
    22 October 2022 05: 22
    Good morning, Sasha! smile

    Do you mean this one?



    I don't know, and I wouldn't have noticed it at all if you hadn't paid attention to it.
    1. +4
      22 October 2022 06: 02
      Hi Kostya!
      It's not me. There are quite a few who believe that we are not being told the whole truth about the assault. Even in Samsonov's text, there are 50 cannons from the Russian side against 150 from the Swedish side, somehow neuvchzoska's! drinks
      It is clear that the matter is dark.
      Let the heroes be: Golitsyn, Mordvinov and Menshikov!
      1. Fat
        +2
        22 October 2022 14: 34
        Greetings, Alexander, Samsonov gave a too stingy cut of the events of 1702, outlined the topic, so to speak, and somehow got off a little. I have been saving up material about the guards’ campaign against the chepyzhs for more than 3 years. And here it is, as if the sovereign’s road had not happened. Fraud.
        1. +1
          22 October 2022 19: 00
          Good evening!
          And if in more detail.
          It is possible in a personal
          1. Fat
            +1
            22 October 2022 20: 01
            A little later. I will be careful. But the infa is more detailed. Let's figure it out - I think
            Sincerely
    2. Fat
      +1
      22 October 2022 14: 51
      hi Hello, Konstantin, you can continue to ignore this frigate. In fact, Peter transferred 5 companies of guards and about 2000 from the clergy and ambassadors to the forest road. That's where there was a super special operation to conceal the movement of the troops. The frigates were not dragged along this road - this is a beautiful legend of the guard. in fact, two bombing boats were dragged along this path, a couple of years after the capture of Noteburg. And yes.
      I am very, very disappointed am
      1. +1
        22 October 2022 19: 31
        Hi Andrew! smile
        You can continue to ignore this frigate.

        So it's hard not to pay attention, it's a painfully beautiful ship. smile
        1. Fat
          0
          22 October 2022 20: 12
          Yes, rubbish vorpos ... Save Konstantin from ....
          1. +1
            22 October 2022 20: 21
            Yes, you fucking vorpos...


            What are you, got on board? belay

            1. Fat
              +2
              23 October 2022 02: 42
              There is such a thing. However, not much. The Swedes surrendered there without any cool heroism. After the hike it got worse. How do I feel about the Preobrazhenians, especially the Semenovites, you know. Salaga! only had that red stockings.
        2. Fat
          +2
          23 October 2022 02: 50
          Yes, beautiful, 19th century. Konstantin my business is small. Reclaim the ship. I don't even try to build frigates. Mine are brigs...
          1. +1
            23 October 2022 16: 56
            "Black brig, gunfire thunders,
            Gold rings in pockets ... "(c)

            Romance... smile drinks
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  5. +1
    22 October 2022 06: 05
    https://youtu.be/jgizcZ5GPYg
    Those who are really interested will be interested.
  6. +1
    22 October 2022 07: 43
    on the medal in honor of the capture of Noteburg, a three-masted frigate is depicted, which fires volleys at the fortress. But then Russia did not yet have three-masted frigates either on Ladoga or in the Baltic. So whose ship and why did it fire on the fortress? By the way, the Swedes, realizing that the garrison of the fortress would end, could decide to save the garrison. But for this it is necessary to somehow make large openings in the fortress walls. Siege artillery could not fire so specifically at a specific point in the walls of the fortress. Only the commanders of a large frigate could do this from a fairly close distance, concentrating all the cannon fire from one side of the frigate at one point in the wall of the fortress in order to make an opening in the wall. But Peter had no frigates on the Neva, either in the Baltic or on Ladoga. So whose frigate is depicted on the medal? Maybe historians embellished in favor of Peter or Menshikov there, how everything really happened then ...?
    1. 0
      22 October 2022 07: 50
      I just imagined in what terms the Swedish garrison would comment on such assistance.
    2. +1
      22 October 2022 08: 08
      To organize the blockade of the fortress, 50 boats were brought to the Neva from Lake Ladoga along specially cut clearings, and the frigates "Holy Spirit" and "Courier" were dragged from the White Sea. For this purpose, the Osudareva road was built in record time.
      The Sovereign's Road is a 174 verst path laid overland from the Nyukhcha pier on the White Sea to Povenets on Lake Onega. The land route, which was built in places “empty and green stony”, actually connected two seas - the White and the Baltic. It was the first stage in the transformation of Russia into a maritime power.
      1. PPD
        +1
        22 October 2022 11: 04
        There is information that these small frigates remained on the White Sea. They were not taken anywhere.
        And if you think about it, nothing would be left of the frigates after the movements.
        Yes, and small frigates. They are of little use in such an assault.
        It’s easier to make a pram on the spot from a karbas, boat, etc.
        There are no ships in the description of the assault, neither we nor the Swedes.
        1. 0
          22 October 2022 11: 26
          The ships, I think, were not dragged, but rolled - they laid logs, for example. I took the information from the book "Admiralty shipyards. Ships and years. 1704 - 1925".
          1. PPD
            +1
            22 October 2022 14: 48
            This is understandable.
            Not in this case.
            The ships themselves in the documents of that era flicker in the north. After the events, they didn’t drag them back.
            After such distances, nothing will remain even of a galley, let alone a frigate, albeit a small one.
            It’s not like driving on an asphalt highway. Roughness, shaking, bumps, etc. Not to mention the labor costs that are not comparable with the value of that we are dragging. Moreover, this road itself is a controversial thing.
            Everyone is caught on the word frigate.
            They are small frigates, they are even far from the Standard. There is controversy about the species. According to one of the assumptions, the basis of the yacht of St. Peter.
            There is no point in dragging - the weapons are weak. Made badly.
            So it's a legend.
            1. Fat
              0
              22 October 2022 15: 07
              NORMALLY DONE! not bullshit British. And the road scorer Shchepotiev is an irrefutable fact. Hurry up to draw conclusions. You don’t even know the part of Peter’s preparation for hitting the Swedes. Although this is not a secret for a long time.
              1. PPD
                0
                22 October 2022 16: 23
                You don’t even know the part of Peter’s preparation for hitting the Swedes
                be careful with words.
                NORMALLY MADE

                After that, you can not communicate with you. pointless
                1. Fat
                  +1
                  22 October 2022 16: 40
                  Hello, Shipbuilder Another one. Wait at least one model, Then you can lie systematically.
                  1. PPD
                    -1
                    22 October 2022 20: 29
                    Are you okay?
                    And why don't you be rude!
                    And also try to read from the beginning and try to understand the meaning of what is written.
                    Hold on to at least one model

                    On what wait should I put models, why? fool
    3. Fat
      +1
      22 October 2022 15: 22
      There were no frigates there. Or do you not know where the then Noteburg is located? The guardsmen took the town in a couple of nights, even without artillery and numerous broads impudently.
      1. PPD
        +1
        22 October 2022 16: 30
        There were no frigates there

        What are we talking about
  7. 0
    22 October 2022 10: 40
    All historians evaluate this battle in different ways. Some argue about an easy victory, the enemy barely noticing the Russian army gave the order to surrender. Others that we fought to the last soldier and only the exorbitant heroism of a Russian man, while still a Russian, helped complete the task. Still others are about total betrayal, including Golitsyn himself. But all as one emphasize the importance of taking the fortress.
    1. Fat
      +2
      22 October 2022 15: 41
      There was no battle, Victor. They came and took the town. Years after the Army had to wage a semi-partisan war in one of these clashes, and Ivan Shchepotiev died ....
  8. +1
    22 October 2022 16: 22
    Gentlemen
    it is part of ancient Russian military history. I am a falerist, I know this question as well as you. It is quite reasonable to admit that the medalist did not have a model of how the fleet of the Russian Tsar should look on the medal. The addition of a large ship to the medal was a matter of course for the medalists. The king did not object, and this is not surprising. The medal is beautiful, and the heroism of a soldier always completes the legend. am
    1. Fat
      +2
      22 October 2022 16: 49
      Ladislav, I am outraged by such Articles that merge All Battles into one, supposedly significant, Yes, "ours" excellently defeated the Swedish forces. But there was no battle for Noteburg itself.
      Peter founded my beloved St. Petersburg quite unrestrictedly.... I expressed almost all my bitterness....
  9. +1
    22 October 2022 22: 19
    "There were 150 guns on the walls and bastions, the garrison numbered 450 people."

    Anyone in the know please explain these figures. For 150 guns of that time, people seem to need much more. On battle canvases near each cannon, there are usually a very large number of servants.
    Thank you.

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