Battle of Philippi

119
Battle of Philippi

As you know, Caesar was killed in mid-March 44 BC. e. At this time, he was preparing for a war with Parthia, which, perhaps, would have been very difficult, and no one promised victory to Caesar. Mark Antony later did not achieve success in the war against Parthia.

According to the prediction of the Sibylline Books, only the king could defeat the Parthians, and on this basis Caesar demanded that the Senate endow him with the appropriate title. According to Plutarch and Appian, the senators were inclined to a compromise option: the title of king was assigned to Caesar in relation to the provinces and allied states, but in relation to Italy and Rome, he remained emperor and dictator. Nevertheless, rumors circulated among the republican milieu that Caesar, after his victory in Parthia, would proclaim himself king in Rome as well.



Gaius Cassius Longinus and Mark Junius Brutus stood at the head of the conspiracy, who were in the army of Pompey at the battle of Pharsalus (August 9, 48 BC), but received Caesar's forgiveness. However, it turned out that not all Romans were satisfied with the old republic with the always squabbling parties in the Senate. Many were quite satisfied with Caesar as a lifelong dictator. Moreover, according to Plutarch, his sole power

“since it depended on him, it did not resemble tyranny in any way.”

And when Caesar's will was announced, in which he ordered that each plebeian be given 300 sesterces, the conspirators in Rome became completely uncomfortable.

As a result, after the funeral of Caesar, the Republicans were forced to actually flee Rome. Brutus and Cassius went to the eastern provinces, where they began to prepare for war.

Triumvirate


The official heir of Caesar was his grand-nephew Gaius Octavian, adopted by him.


Octavian Augustus, Paris, Louvre

Another leader of the Caesarian party was Mark Antony, who enjoyed great prestige among the troops. Plutarch writes about this:

"The warriors immediately fell in love with Antony, who spent a lot of time with them, participated in their exercises and gave them gifts according to his abilities."


Marc Anthony, bust, museum Montemartini, Rome

However, this commander also had enemies, which can also be read about in Plutarch:

“By his carelessness, he (Mark Antony) was inattentive to the offended, listening to petitioners, often irritated and enjoyed the shameful fame of an adulterer ... However, he transgressed the measure more easily, rewarding than punishing.”

And Flor wrote about the role of Antony:

“After the death of Caesar and Pompey, the Roman people seemed to have returned to their former state of freedom. And he really would have returned if Pompey had not left children, and Caesar an heir, and, most pernicious of all, if Antony, once a companion of Caesar, and later his rival, a torch and a storm of the next century, had not survived.

Octavian and Mark Antony, to put it mildly, did not like each other very much. Suffice it to say that Antony did not give Octavian 100 million sesterces, which he took from Caesar's widow, and in order to fulfill the clauses of the will of the murdered dictator, he had to sell the property of his mother and stepfather.

And then in Italy the Mutinskaya war of all against all began, and only the news that Brutus and Cassius had gathered 20 legions in the East forced the parties to seek a compromise. Through another prominent Caesarian - Mark Aemilius Lepidus (at that time - the proconsul of Near Spain and Narbonne Gaul, an ally of Antony in the Mutinskaya war) in 43 BC. e. Octavian and Antony reconciled. Antony, Lepidus and Octavian entered into an alliance for a period of 5 years, called the "triumvirate".

Then this word itself appeared: we remember that the union of Caesar, Pompey and Crassus was called by contemporaries “partnership” (societas) or “secret agreement”, “conspiracy” (conspiratio). Mark Antony then played the leading role, since Lepidus clearly lost to him in popularity among the people and in the army, and Octavian was still too young.

The triumvirs arrogated to themselves dictatorial powers, having the right to legislate and enforce them. First of all, they began to settle scores with their political opponents, whose names were entered on proscription lists. Many prominent senators were killed or executed, and at the same time - wealthy citizens, financiers, tax-farmers, whose fortune was confiscated.

Among other things, the agreement between the triumvirs provided for an “exchange of victims”: Lepidus handed over his brother Paul for reprisal, Mark Antony sacrificed Lucius Caesar, his maternal uncle, Octavian allowed Cicero to be killed, whose head Antony then allegedly put on the table in feast time.


Pavel Svedomsky, "Fulvia (wife of Mark Antony) with the head of Cicero", Russian Museum

Octavian later said of Cicero:

"The scientist was a man, what is true is true, and he loved his fatherland."

But let's get back to the confrontation between the triumvirs and the republicans.

Mark Antony and Octavian went to war with Cassius and Brutus. Lepidus remained to govern Italy and Rome.

Cassius and Brutus


Not everyone knows that it was these leaders of the conspirators and murderers of Caesar that Dante in his Divine Comedy placed in the 9th circle of hell - on a par with Judas Iscariot. All three here, according to the poet, are forever tormented by the mouths of the three-headed beast - Satan.


Lucifer eating Judas Iscariot. Bernardino Stagnino, Italy, 1512

Gaius Longinus Cassius was an experienced military leader. As a quaestor, he took part in the unfortunate campaign of Crassus against Parthia and managed to return with 500 horsemen to Carrhae, and then to Syria. He later defeated the Parthians at the Battle of Antigony.

Mark Junius Brutus was not a military man, but a politician. However, he preferred science and philosophy to politics. As you remember, Caesar treated Brutus extremely well, some even call Brutus his son. On the eve of the battle of Pharsalus, Caesar ordered that Brutus be brought to him alive if he surrendered, and released if he resisted.


Sculptural portrait of Brutus. Museo nazionale romano di Palazzo Massimo

Leaving Rome shortly after Caesar's funeral, Cassius and Brutus went to the provinces, which they were appointed to manage by the dictator they had killed: Brutus to Macedonia, Cassius to Syria. It was in these provinces that the troops intended for Caesar's campaign against Parthia gathered. In Athens, the conspirators were given an enthusiastic welcome by the children of Roman aristocrats studying here, including the son of the murdered Mark Tullius Cicero.

The beginning of confrontation


Mark Antony in June 44 B.C. e. achieved a redistribution of the provinces: Macedonia now went to his brother Guy, Syria - Publius Cornelius Dolabella. Brutus was invited to go to Crete, Cassia - to Cyrenaica. Brutus and Cassius refused to recognize this decision, especially since it was canceled at the end of December 44 BC. e. I had to fight. Guy Anthony, who entered into a confrontation with Brutus, was defeated and in March 43 BC. e. surrendered at the besieged Apollonia. He was eventually executed for attempting to mutiny the soldiers.

Cassius also managed to establish himself in Syria. Dolabella committed suicide in the besieged Laodicea, his soldiers went over to the side of Cassius.

As a result, by 43 BC. e. Brutus and Cassius took control of most of the eastern provinces. Their army consisted of 20 legions, five of which (XXVII, XXXVI, XXXVII, XXXI and XXXIII) were formerly part of Caesar's army. Plutarch claims that

"The remnants of Pompey's troops, still wandering within the Thessalian borders, joyfully gathered under the banner of Brutus."

It turns out that these units waged a guerrilla war for 5 years that have passed since the Battle of Pharsal.

Octavian at that time fought near Sicily against Sextus Pompey, but was forced to stop hostilities and go to Brundisium, where in early September 42 BC. e. his troops joined the army of Mark Antony. The Republican fleet Station Murka, reinforced by the ships of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus sent by Cassius, could not prevent the crossing of these troops to Illyria, but subsequently acted effectively, preventing the supply of the armies of Antony and Octavian.

First Battle of Philippi


So, the triumvirs were able to transport 20 legions (about 110 thousand people) and up to 13 thousand horsemen to Illyria. The forces of the opponents were approximately equal. The armies of the triumvirs and the republicans met at the end of September at Philip. The troops of Brutus and Cassius took advantageous positions on the hills on the sides of the Via Egnatium: Brutus stood on the right flank, Cassius on the left.

The distance between their camps was about one and a half kilometers. Behind was the sea, which was dominated by the fleet of Tillius Cimvri, bringing in the necessary supplies. The triumvirs positioned their troops on the plain in such a way that Mark Antony was opposed to Cassius, and Octavian was opposed to Brutus. Cassius wisely suggested waiting, as the Caesarean armies were ill-supplied and the soldiers were already beginning to starve. Anthony's attempts to provoke an open battle were unsuccessful, and then he decided to cut off the enemy armies from the sea and go to their rear.

For ten days, his soldiers secretly paved the way through the swamp, which came as an unpleasant surprise to Cassius. He ordered to block this road with a wall, and on October 3, 42 BC. e. his troops clashed here with the army of Antony. An impromptu battle ensued, but at the same time, several of Antony's legions attacked the camp of Cassius, in which there were almost no troops left. Seeing their camp captured, Cassius' soldiers retreated.

Meanwhile, at the sight of the battle that unfolded on the flank of Cassius, Brutus ordered his troops to attack Octavian's positions - and achieved no less success than Antony: his soldiers broke into the camp and nearly captured Octavian, capturing even the personal stretcher of this triumvir. The losses of the Caesarians were twice those of the Republicans. Moreover, Brutus sent part of his cavalry to help the defeated army of Cassius, but his allies mistook this detachment for the enemy, which increased the panic.

Thus, the first battle of Philippi ended in a draw, and nothing has yet been decided.

It is said that Cassius, not knowing what was happening on the opposite flank, fell into despair and committed suicide. However, many modern researchers do not agree with this, who believe that this experienced and experienced commander could hardly succumb to emotions and become so discouraged. Perhaps he was killed during a fight in the camp.

They say that on the eve of this battle, Brutus, waking up, saw a huge ghost, who called himself his evil genius, who declared that he would see him a second time at Philippi. Brutus answered with one word: "I will see."

As we can see, the ghost in this case "wrong address": he should have come not to Brutus, but to Cassius.

Second Battle of Philippi


The next time Brutus decided to join the battle was three weeks later - on October 23rd. This battle was also very fierce, and the right flank of the republican army, led by Brutus, again managed to push the enemy. On the other flank, however, Antony's legions again overturned the troops formerly commanded by Cassius and put them to flight. The soldiers fled - some to the mountains, some to the sea, until dark they were pursued by the horsemen of the Caesarians.

Brutus managed to muster about four incomplete legions. A trusted person sent to assess the situation accidentally died on the way. Without waiting for him, Brutus was convinced of the complete defeat and catastrophic defeat. It is said that Brutus nevertheless made another attempt to rectify the situation, but when he asked the soldiers remaining with him if they were ready to go on a counterattack and recapture their camp, they replied that they had done enough for him, and now everyone should take care of yourself.

Brutus was told to run away, to which he replied:

“That's it, run, and as quickly as possible. But only with the help of hands, not feet.

According to one version, he threw himself on his sword, according to another, he asked one of his friends to kill him.


Death of Brutus. Illustration for Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, 1802, British Museum

The remnants of his troops surrendered to Antony and Octavian in the morning.

In addition to Brutus and Cassius, many leaders of the Republican Party died or committed suicide in this battle. Among the dead were Sextus Quintilius Varus (father of the commander who was defeated in the Teutoburg Forest), Livy Drusus (father of Octavian's future wife), Antistius Labeo (his son became the actual founder of the science of jurisprudence), the only sons of Cato the Younger, Lucullus and the famous orator Hortensius.

Some well-known republicans were executed, and Octavian then showed particular bloodthirstiness. Ordinary soldiers (about 14 thousand people) went to the service of the triumvirs. This victory glorified Mark Antony, whom everyone in Rome began to consider the most outstanding of the living generals and the true heir of Caesar, he was predicted to be a dictator. However, as we know, he later agreed to the division of the lands, choosing for himself the rich eastern provinces, as well as Spain and Gaul. Lepidus received Africa, Octavian - Italy. With a total of 38 legions in his provinces, Antony could easily deal with the other triumvirs, but missed the moment.

Having lost their leaders, the Republican Party of Rome practically ceased to exist. Sextus Pompey also continued to fight, but he fought for himself, and not for republican ideas. And then the former allies, Mark Antony and Octavian, entered the war. But this has already been discussed in the article. "Last of the Ptolemies". Only after the death of Anthony Rome forgot about civil wars for 50 years of the so-called August peace.
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  1. +5
    14 October 2022 06: 01
    As you know, Caesar was killed in mid-March 44 BC. e.
    “It means this: Caesar was killed, but they still didn’t succeed there! Two more were found: Caesar’s relative, Octavian, and Caesar’s workmate, Antony.” (c) Good morning! Everyone! hi
  2. +5
    14 October 2022 06: 53
    Good morning friends! smile

    Somehow it was a shame for one of the triumvirs, for some reason his portrait was not included in the article. I mean Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.
    Let's try to fill this gap, the man is not as famous as Antony and Octavian, but he was still part of the triumvirate.


    Well, at the same time, portraits of two other heroes of the article.
    Octavian

    Mark Antony
    1. +3
      14 October 2022 07: 20
      I mean Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.
      Hi Uncle Kostya!
      I am tormented by doubts that you are mistaken and the one whose image you brought lived a century and a half earlier than the hero of the article.
      1. +3
        14 October 2022 07: 32
        I am tormented by doubts that you are mistaken and the one whose image you brought lived a century and a half earlier than the hero of the article.




        Hello Anton! wink
        1. The comment was deleted.
          1. +3
            14 October 2022 07: 56
            Ask.


            I took an interest. smile



            As well as in Rome -- Markov Lepidov ! laughing

            You are right, Antony, but I was in a hurry. drinks
      2. +2
        14 October 2022 08: 06
        Something, but the genus Emiliev took place. Can not argue.
    2. +1
      15 October 2022 16: 30
      Quote: Sea Cat
      Good morning friends! smile

      Somehow it was a shame for one of the triumvirs, for some reason his portrait was not included in the article. I mean Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.
      Let's try to fill this gap, the man is not as famous as Antony and Octavian, but he was still part of the triumvirate.


      Well, at the same time, portraits of two other heroes of the article.
      Octavian

      Mark Antony

      They knew how to make ancient sculptures.
      1. +1
        15 October 2022 16: 49
        They knew how to make ancient sculptures.


        Thank God, Tsereteli had not yet been born. laughing
  3. +1
    14 October 2022 07: 31
    But Dante managed to visit these circles. How is unknown. But it's noticeable on the face.
    1. +2
      14 October 2022 08: 03
      But Dante managed to visit these circles.


      Even "illustrations" of his journey have been preserved.



      Hello, Sergey! smile
      1. +2
        14 October 2022 08: 28
        Hi Constantine!

        Someone's thought that you look at the portrait of Dante from the engraving by Gustav Dore, and you understand that he has been there.
        1. +2
          14 October 2022 08: 51
          I thought they didn't come back...

          1. +3
            14 October 2022 08: 58
            Some succeeded. For example, Orpheus and Odysseus.
            1. +4
              14 October 2022 09: 40
              Well, Odysseus had a slightly different hell, not the one that Dante described, but some not real, or something. And if Dante was in his hell on an excursion, then Odysseus jumped into the kingdom of Hades purely on business, as he jumped in, he jumped out. smile
              1. +3
                14 October 2022 11: 07
                That is, over time, the underworld is improving.
                However, it is not surprising. Humanity continues to multiply.
                And not only saints.
                1. +2
                  14 October 2022 17: 48
                  Humanity continues to multiply.


  4. +4
    14 October 2022 08: 44
    It seems that humanity simply cannot do without wars. If there is no war with an external enemy, they organize a civil one. The veterans of the last war are leaving, who remember all the horrors, dirt, blood - their children and grandchildren immediately step on the old rake, dreaming of "small victorious wars" and blitzkriegs. As it is now - out of the blue, Russia plunged into a war, moreover, into a civil war, since at least 50% of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are ethnic Russians with Ukrainian passports. That is why the war is of such a stubborn nature - "Russians do not give up."
    .
    1. 0
      14 October 2022 09: 24
      This is of course off topic, but did Russia have options? When one goat says first that Minsk is outdated, and then that we will withdraw from the Budapest Agreement. This war has been brewing for a long time.
      And as for antiquity, no grandchildren forgot anything, because not only their grandfathers fought constantly, but also fathers and their sons, respectively. And most often at that time they died from bloody diarrhea.
      1. +6
        14 October 2022 09: 50
        And this is the failure of the policy of the unfairly extolled Lavrov. He became Minister of Foreign Affairs on March 9, 2004 - so one cannot blame the Yeltsin period for ignoring Ukraine's slide into Nazism. Until 2009, Chernomyrdin was the ambassador to Ukraine, who could compete with Klitschko in terms of "eloquence". Here is what he did in Ukraine:




        And who was appointed to take his place? Zurabov! Hated by all doctors, the Minister of Health, who almost ruined the effective Soviet health care system. Failed - and was sent as an ambassador to the most important country in the post-Soviet space. Became Poroshenko's bosom friend.


        He sent blissful reports: they say, "he who does not jump is a Muscovite" and "a Muscovite against a Gilyak" - these are cute pranks of "they are children", do not pay attention to this. I slept through 2 euromaidans. He is called "the man who cut off Ukraine from Russia and handed it over to the United States." But who appointed him? And who held this position? Lavrov!
        1. +1
          14 October 2022 10: 09
          Can you suggest what could be done there? I'm interested, because I live in the Crimea and therefore lived half my life on the territory of a state called Ukraine. Lavrov became a minister when the first Maidan passed, my student years 1996-2001, I already saw and read in places, for example, a two-volume history of the Ukrainian army, a book was already written under the authorship of Kuchma "Ukraine is not Russia", the Moscow-Crimea fund ceased to operate in our country, and Zatulin became persona non grata. I cannot fail to note the pro-Russian activities of Luzhkov, that same Luzhkov, in Sevastopol even the microdistrict was nicknamed Luzhkovka.
          And you do not remember the attack on the Crimean autonomy, because you simply do not know about it and what could be countered to this pressure? But Lavrov studied with Gromyko, and this is a whole school.
          1. +1
            14 October 2022 10: 26
            Bad Lavrov turned out to be a student of Gromyko. He failed his staffing. Ukraine, with Chernomyrdin and Zurabov as ambassadors, is the most striking example. The first Maidan in Ukraine happened under Lavrov, from November 22, 2004 to January 23, 2005 - no conclusions were drawn. The second became fatal. And Lavrov led Russia to almost complete external isolation, brought even Armenia and Kazakhstan to Russophobia.
            1. +2
              14 October 2022 12: 01
              Are you broadcasting this with a blue eye? Let me tell you a little about the Armenians, or you yourself will dig and listen to interesting stories. And then they will be banned for inciting. I don’t know Kazakhs, but I’ve come across Armenians, they even interfere in everyday life. This also applies to Azerbaijanis, as soon as we opened a market for Kherson farmers, so the fights began.
            2. +6
              14 October 2022 12: 10
              Colleagues, is there not enough space for you on the site to talk about Ukraine here?
              Women, vodka, personal memories, cooking, philosophy - please. But get rid of politics, especially from Ukrainian. And so this crap rushes from every iron, everyone argues with such frenzy, as if something depends on them, someone listens to them. Let me rest here in peace.
              1. +6
                14 October 2022 12: 22
                I fully support!
                My respect, Michael!
                1. +4
                  14 October 2022 16: 19
                  We have an unspoken agreement on this subject.
                  1. +2
                    14 October 2022 17: 27
                    tacit agreements
                    Remarkably, they are indeed "unspoken".
                    1. +1
                      14 October 2022 17: 41
                      I liked the division into “distractions” from Mikhail more. It remains to conduct a statistical analysis of which direction dominates.
                      1. +2
                        14 October 2022 17: 55
                        It remains to conduct a statistical analysis of which direction dominates.
                        I will say without statistical analysis: cats! Even this cup has not passed you!
                      2. +2
                        14 October 2022 19: 28
                        Who will you hang out with. But the Marquis gets fewer cues from me than the pets of the rest of the regulars.
                      3. +3
                        14 October 2022 19: 34
                        This is because the rest of the "pets" are virtual and do not ask you to eat.)))
                      4. +2
                        14 October 2022 20: 15
                        This one is like customs. At the sound of the refrigerator door - right there. But not all cat Shrovetide.
                      5. +1
                        14 October 2022 20: 38
                        Three or four times to press the head of the curious with the door of the refrigerator (holding it for a couple of minutes, it doesn’t take much time, but what an effect!) - he will quickly understand. The main thing is not to respond to the cries of the female sex about your hard heart.
                      6. +1
                        14 October 2022 21: 26
                        He is correct.
                        But the view with the offer to share has been worked out for centuries, generations and is priceless.
                      7. +3
                        14 October 2022 19: 29
                        My cats are listed in the "cooking" section. smile
                      8. +3
                        14 October 2022 19: 38
                        I have absolutely nothing against it!
                      9. +2
                        14 October 2022 19: 43
                        Quote: Trilobite Master
                        My cats are listed in the "cooking" section. smile

                        Ugu Michal is not only a valuable fur, but also ...
                        drinks
                      10. +4
                        14 October 2022 19: 54
                        Quote: Kote pane Kohanka
                        but also …

                        Boots? smile drinks
                      11. +1
                        14 October 2022 20: 23
                        Boots?
                        Not enough for pima. For some reason, the farther to the European south, the more romantic the legends ... No, we also have Emelya, but at least he rode an SUV "through the electorate".
              2. +4
                14 October 2022 18: 51
                Quote: Trilobite Master
                Colleagues, is there not enough space for you on the site to talk about Ukraine here?
                Women, vodka, personal memories, cooking, philosophy - please. But get rid of politics, especially from Ukrainian. And so this crap rushes from every iron, everyone argues with such frenzy, as if something depends on them, someone listens to them. Let me rest here in peace.

                Correctly! However, as a “cat”, I added the word “dog” to the list of obscene words !!! laughing
                Good evening everyone!!!
                Thank you Valery for the above work!
                1. +2
                  14 October 2022 19: 07
                  However, as a “cat”, I added the word “dog” to the list of obscene words !!!
                  Thank you Kitty! I love you too!
                  1. +1
                    14 October 2022 19: 41
                    Quote: 3x3zsave
                    However, as a “cat”, I added the word “dog” to the list of obscene words !!!
                    Thank you Kitty! I love you too!

                    Yes! Allow Mr. Dog a rhetorical question? Do you like cats for breakfast or lunch? Please kindly reply!!!

                    Anton, my friend, could not resist, he was acting up !!!
                    Recently, there is no time to write, it turns out to read only in fits and starts. Just don't get angry!!!
                    1. +1
                      14 October 2022 19: 59
                      Allow Mr. Dog a rhetorical question? Do you like cats for breakfast or lunch? Please kindly reply!!!
                      It depends how you cook. And depending on the region of stay and historical reality. In the Soviet Union, Thursday was considered a "fish day" (we will eat a sea cat), in medieval Europe, forest dormouse was not considered meat (you called the cat the wrong name) ...)))
                      1. +3
                        14 October 2022 20: 22
                        Well, Sonya - Sonya was named by her daughter! She really has a “sleepy” lifestyle in her life! What would you name the ship?
                      2. +2
                        14 October 2022 20: 46
                        Well, Sonya - Sonya was named by her daughter!
                        Oh those women!
    2. +7
      14 October 2022 09: 42
      ethnic Russians with Ukrainian passports. That is why the war is so stubborn - "Russians do not give up."

      Like any civil war.
  5. +1
    14 October 2022 09: 15
    It turns out that these units waged a guerrilla war for 5 years that have passed since the Battle of Pharsal.

    Until I finished reading the article, they were rather engaged in banal robbery, on whom among the local population could they rely? No one removed taxes from the population, and then they feed them.
    1. +3
      14 October 2022 10: 49
      Quote: Alexander Salenko
      on whom among the local population could they rely?

      To no one! The opposing sides, each time entering Rome, presented citizens with wine, bread and free "tickets" to a rock concert. So it was violet to the citizens of Rome who was winning the civil war there.

      P.S. I mean exactly this period ...
      1. +1
        14 October 2022 12: 02
        So I agree with you, but here the question concerns the Greeks and I strongly doubt that they had great sympathy for the Romans, when it was not even for the Macedonians.
        1. +1
          14 October 2022 12: 13
          I think that the Greeks, all the more, did not care about the civil wars that were in Rome. They didn't drip. And, unlike other Roman provinces, they were in a more privileged position...
          1. +2
            14 October 2022 14: 09
            When a bunch hangs around the neck, it is not known how many Roman soldiers there are - you don’t give a damn about it, it won’t work.
  6. 0
    14 October 2022 09: 56
    Maybe I don't understand something. But the Kingdom of Pontus was closer to Philippi. And Parthia was much further away. Or Pontic were together with Parthia, which is hard to imagine.
    1. 0
      14 October 2022 10: 45
      Let's put it closer. So what? What about Philippi and Parthia? The legions that Caesar intended for the war with Parthia, should have come as close as possible to the border of Parthia even before his arrival to the troops? To make clear intentions? And for the convenience of the Parthian spies?
      1. +1
        14 October 2022 10: 48
        I read that the Romans were already plundering Armenia at that time. They moved quickly.
        1. +1
          14 October 2022 19: 45
          Quote from DiViZ
          I read that the Romans were already plundering Armenia at that time. They moved quickly.

          Well, seriously, Rome under Octavian Augustus has not yet reached the modern territory of Armenia.
  7. The comment was deleted.
  8. +2
    14 October 2022 10: 44
    According to the prediction of the Sibylline Books, the Parthians could only win king, and on this basis Caesar demanded that the senate give him the appropriate title

    The word "king" appeared much later and it came from Caesar - king, Caesar, Kaiser ... And what was the title of the ruler among the Parthians? What about Rome? Rex? Principe? Or is the word "tsar" applicable only in Russian historical transcription? Thanks
    1. VLR
      +5
      14 October 2022 10: 54
      Yes, of course, it is more correct to write about the Roman monarchs "Rex". But according to tradition, "king" is written everywhere - not only about the Roman Tarquinius, but also about Alexander the Great, about Pyrrhus, etc. He did not violate this tradition.
      1. Fat
        +5
        14 October 2022 13: 27
        hi "King Caesar" ... It's good that there is such a tradition, otherwise this tautology is confusing for one or two ... Thanks for the article, Valery.
    2. +6
      14 October 2022 12: 51
      And what was the title of the ruler among the Parthians?

      Initially, something like "Arshak Sharu", Sharu - king, king, lord,
      (Babylonian)
      Later, among the Parthians, on the coins there is also a "shar sharrani" king of kings-calca from the Achaemenid title. There were also Greek inscriptions on the coin with the same meaning "basileus basileon". As far as I can judge, there was already an Iranian equivalent - "shahanshah", later adopted by the Sassanids.
      1. +2
        14 October 2022 14: 27
        the Iranian equivalent is "shahanshah"

        It would probably be better that way. They are all Farsi speaking...
        1. +5
          14 October 2022 15: 05
          The Parthians did not speak Farsi, they spoke Pahlavi.
          The Parthians themselves, apparently, came from the Saka region, and perhaps even earlier lived in the Sarmatian area.
          Old Persian form King of Kings in the Achaemenid time it looked like this xšāyathiya xšāyathiyānam and probably went back to the Median language (dialect)
          As you can see, by the end of 1 thousand BC. the same words in Iranian languages ​​could be very different
          The Parthian state was polyethnic and multicultural. At certain periods, Greek inscriptions on Parthian coins predominated.
          1. +2
            14 October 2022 16: 17
            Quote: Engineer
            The Parthians did not speak Farsi, they spoke Pahlavi

            Pahlavi is a Farsi-speaking (Iranian-speaking) branch of the Iranian languages. The Ossetian, Tajik, Kurdish, Pashtun languages ​​can also be attributed there ... Probably, some other languages, too lazy to look! Yes, the Parthians themselves are some kind of Persians. Something like Germans and Dutch...
            1. +4
              14 October 2022 16: 34
              He specifically showed how different forms can differ in Iranian languages.
              Try to see xšāyathiya xšāyathiyānam here shahanshah.
              Yes, the Parthians themselves are some kind of Persians. Something like Germans and Dutch...

              No. Read at least Skripkin. Nomads of Eurasia. The book has the status of a textbook for universities
              There is no need to lump Iranian-speaking tribes who lived in vast expanses into one pile.
  9. +5
    14 October 2022 11: 13
    Many thanks to the author, thanks to his articles there was a huge interest in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, I downloaded dozens of books on Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, the Ottoman Empire. Thank you.
    1. +5
      14 October 2022 12: 13
      Quote: merkava-2bet
      downloaded dozens of books

      It remains the case for small things - to read them and learn the material. smile
      I sincerely wish you that this stage will not cause any difficulties for you either. hi
      1. +3
        14 October 2022 13: 23
        Don't be afraid, a tablet is always at hand, I can sacrifice sleep, but I'll read it.
        1. +5
          14 October 2022 13: 43
          I recommend starting with Appian, his "Civil Wars".
          1. +3
            14 October 2022 14: 48
            I recommend starting with Appian, his "Civil Wars".

            Thank you. I'm reading now Legions of Rome. A Complete History of the Legions of the Roman Empire.
            1. +2
              14 October 2022 15: 12
              It is better to start reading with the peoples of the sea. Otherwise, you may get the impression that the Romans invented something, but in fact they took all the technologies from people Haplotype r1b1. And there, you look, we will find out what happened in northern Africa, Hyperborea and. Lemuria.
              1. +3
                14 October 2022 16: 17
                Quote from DiViZ
                find out what happened in northern Africa, Hyperborea and. Lemuria

                Like we have in Hyperborea,
                Where centaurs run
                seductive fairies
                Day and night they beat the timpani.
                There lies an open volume,
                Unread by Satyr.
                There is a wooden house
                called toilet.
                Odysseus sailed his
                Warm belly under a canopy.
                before god cunning devil
                And so he walks like a petty demon.
                Muses go to Syracuse,
                Patroclus has not yet been killed.
                Blues are in fashion on Olympus,
                Eggnog and Sophocles.
                Zeus in the arms of Morpheus
                Beelzebub sands the deputy.
                Illegitimate son of Orpheus
                Sleeps, having drunk a lot of balm.
                Sat Homer at the piano,
                The ringing goes all the way.
                In the middle of the oak forest zealously
                The bull seduces the shepherdess.
                The Flesh dances in an embrace with the Spirit,
                Sweet Kai and blea.
                And in the corner, gathering courage,
                I compose under Rabelais...

                (c) Alexander Ivanov
                Forgot about Atlantis. Isn't it interesting?
                1. +2
                  14 October 2022 16: 30
                  I'm not interested in the Phoenician alphabet. interesting about Ken and Kenat, and there is nothing in Phoenician about Atlantis. An ambush is stronger than a nuclear bomb.
                  1. +1
                    14 October 2022 17: 04
                    And the latest news from the Internet:
                    Killers sailed from Lemuria
                    The Goths sailed from Hyperborea to Africa and then to Europe
                    And the peoples of the sea are the inhabitants of northern Africa when Africa was habitable.
                    Well, very interesting.
                2. +3
                  14 October 2022 18: 06
                  Blues are in fashion on Olympus,
                  Eggnog and Sophocles.

                  "The Middle Ages are in the yard,
                  Obscurantism and jazz! "(C)
              2. +2
                14 October 2022 18: 15
                Quote from DiViZ
                in fact, they took all the technologies from people Haplotype r1b1

                Organization of the state and the army. Jurisprudence. And all this worked for almost 1000 years without failures... Did R1b have such a thing?
                1. 0
                  14 October 2022 18: 31
                  r1b1 habitat several continents, they were tribal unions.
                  For the Sumerians, the word was temple. Then the chosen ones got access to communion with God, and so on. and then the knowledge was lost.
                  The concept of the state depends on the knowledge and lifestyle of people.
                  And the question is how much they could evolve? And what stage are we at.
                  1. +1
                    14 October 2022 18: 39
                    And the question is how much they could evolve?

                    If you are talking about the Romans, then they evolved very seriously. So seriously that we still use some of their developments today, after almost 16 centuries. I mean the structure of the state, the army and jurisprudence ...
                    1. 0
                      14 October 2022 19: 02
                      I have a negative attitude towards the necromancer, therefore, to me, their story is worse than a nuclear bomb. There are much more interesting for me the peoples of which I have already listed.
                2. +4
                  14 October 2022 20: 02
                  Quote: Luminman
                  Quote from DiViZ
                  in fact, they took all the technologies from people Haplotype r1b1

                  Organization of the state and the army. Jurisprudence. And all this worked for almost 1000 years without failures... Did R1b have such a thing?

                  If serious. Without any R1b, etc. "Rome" was originally still that hodgepodge. In fact, the Senate and the Nard of Rome prevailed with their organization, which did not shy away from borrowing someone else's experience in everything.
                  This from the beginning helped him to become the first among equals in the Apennines, and later to defeat Carthage.
                  Rome has never been static. By the way, the “conservatism” of Rome is our stereotype. For example, the Roman army went through at least several dozen reforms, and we only know about three. Similar changes concerned issues from jurisprudence to religion.
                  1. +1
                    14 October 2022 20: 13
                    In fact, the Senate and the Nard of Rome prevailed with their organization, which did not shy away from borrowing someone else's experience in everything

                    Curiously, from whom could the Romans gain experience? At the Gauls? A little, however, among the Greeks, but this is later ...

                    And they took the upper hand over others precisely with their organization, I agree ...
                    1. +1
                      16 October 2022 09: 43
                      Quote: Luminman
                      Curiously, from whom could the Romans gain experience? At the Gauls?


                      The Romans seriously considered themselves descendants of the Trojans. The Trojans had experience, were vassals of the Hittites.
                      Rome got its name in honor of the Trojan woman Roma, the daughter of Aeneas.
                      Romulus and Remus may have been the sons of Roma and some Etruscan aristocrat.
                      The Romans gained most of their experience from the Etruscans, their closest neighbors. Actually, Rome at first was under the auspices of Etruria.
                  2. +1
                    14 October 2022 22: 23
                    And what to go far Rome, according to their version, was founded by Romulus and Rum, who were fed by a she-wolf, apparently their instincts prevailed to a greater extent.
                    1. 0
                      15 October 2022 08: 22
                      Quote from DiViZ
                      And what to go far Rome, according to their version, was founded by Romulus and Rum, who were fed by a she-wolf, apparently their instincts prevailed to a greater extent.

                      I think it is not necessary to interfere with the legendary and historical.
                      Based on the norms of the worldview of the man of antiquity, he and the gods trampled the earth at the same time.
                      According to Plutarch, Rome was formed as an outcast polis. In it, unlike other Etruscan, Greek and Italic settlements, there was no tribal core (alma mater, archons and metropolises). In fact, the institution of patricians is a system of struggle for power based on artificial tribal obligations. Where the vertical of the genus decided, in Rome, a bunch of piron-client. Not exclusive to Rome was the army building system, tactics, finances, religion and much more. The advantage of Rome was that they were not bound by dogmas and customs - they borrowed what lay on the surface. With a bit of luck - today we say "Roman law", "Roman army", "Roman system", etc. But they are not authors - a lot of this, but successful law enforcers. And - this does not beg their merits!
                      Who is the first - to that and slippers!
                    2. VLR
                      +1
                      15 October 2022 12: 03
                      She-wolf - in this case, a prostitute. And the brothel in Rome - lupanar - literally translated "house of she-wolves." This is not a new version, and the Roman authors themselves in a number of cases explain (apparently, for readers not from Rome) who this “she-wolf” was.
                      1. 0
                        15 October 2022 12: 59
                        The conclusion is that the Fantasies and worldview of people are different as well as the people themselves. And so it happens that the Kramoniens ousted the Neanderthals, but this does not mean that they were stupid. They used manganese for ignition, etc.
                        .e.
                        And the sculpture was made from a she-wolf and children.
                3. 0
                  16 October 2022 09: 38
                  They were skilled compilers, these Romans. They borrowed a lot from their predecessors (the Etruscans), from their neighbors (Phoenician-Carthaginians, Greeks).
                  And it did not work unchanged for 1000 years, constantly changing.
                  From foot legions (before and after Maria - two big differences) to cataphract cavalry, as the main striking force.
                  Jurisprudence? The notorious "Roman law" is actually Byzantine (Justinian's code).
                  And were Roman laws so perfect? Did they interfere with the lawlessness that Nero and Caligula did?
                  And Egypt had the most perfect legal system in antiquity. Even crime was forced to pay taxes, accounting and control was at such a height that we are like walking to the moon.
  10. +5
    14 October 2022 16: 13
    In the article, this moment was of interest.
    For ten days, his soldiers secretly paved the way through the swamp, which came as an unpleasant surprise to Cassius. He ordered to block this road with a wall

    The road through the swamp is understandable. But the wall across this road (and what else can "block" mean) in the same swamp - it somehow does not fit into my head at all. Was there really no other way to moderate Antony's activity?
    I decided to get on Google Mar and, referring to the map, read Appian, I remember that he paid attention to such details.
    I read it and my head popped. laughing wassat
    Found Philippa on the map. Not a bad place, surrounded by mountains on three sides with access to a flat valley through which some kind of river flows. It is interesting that to the seashore, the shortest path is through a pass 150 m high - about 12 km, and if along the river, then all 70.
    Read on for Appian.
    They (Brutus and Cassius) settled on a hill, he (Anthony) - on the plain; they were supplied with wood from the mountains, he - from the swampy area; the first received water from the river, he from the wells he had just dug; food they brought from Thasos, at a distance of a few stages, he - from Amphipolis, located at 350 stages.

    Amphipolis is located just on the same river, only near the sea and before it are just those same 70 km, i.e. 350 stages.
    The numbers converge. Where is Fasos? If this is the city of Thassos on the island of the same name, then from there to Philip 45 km (225 stages), of which 30 km by sea, then through the pass into the valley. Are these the "few stages"? Something is wrong here.
    Appian goes on to describe how the parties fortified themselves against each other.
    thus nothing was left unprotected by walls, except the side parts, where the cliffs adjoined the camp of Brutus, the marsh, and behind it the sea, adjoined the camp of Cassius.

    Wait a second. Sea? Beyond the swamp? There are mountains on all sides, and to the sea on foot for at least two hours, I remind you, through a pass 150 m high. Apparently, I did not correctly identify Philippa. But all reference books say that Philippi is exactly the same.
    I do not understand anything!

    (c) Koloboks are investigating laughing
    Further worse. smile
    Antony builds a road through the swamps and...
    Having worked in this way for ten days, Antony, unexpectedly for the enemies, sent detachments formed in columns at night, captured all the reliable places in the interior of the area and at the same time surrounded many fortifications with a fence.

    Per night. However, this is not all.
    Cassius was struck by the very idea of ​​​​this enterprise and its imperceptible implementation. Thinking, in his turn, to cut Antony off from the fortifications, he himself built a wall across the entire swamp across, starting from the camp and down to the sea, just like the enemies, cutting down reeds, erecting dams and attaching barriers to the fortifications. Thus he cut off the passage made by Antony, so that those inside could no longer run to Antony, nor could Antony come to their aid.
    Seeing about noon the state of affairs, Antony immediately turned his army, turned in the other direction, with energy and fury, and led him to the wall built by Cassius between the swamp and the camp;

    Do I understand correctly that Cassius saw the buildings of Antony in the morning, and by noon he had already built a wall across the road to the sea? Antony apparently slept until noon and did not order himself to be woken up. laughing Can anyone explain something? wassat
    Well, then the boys "played at war", the courageous Anthony, the sick Augustus, the confused Cassius and the faithful Brutus - we know that.
    But what about the wall? Who has any thoughts?
    smile
    1. +4
      14 October 2022 16: 41
      Also stumbled on this this morning.
      The wall in the swamp is nonsense.
      Maybe some kind of temporary structure blocking the road.

      And who wants to conquer the swamp in a different way - jump over the bumps.
      1. +2
        14 October 2022 17: 53
        Maybe some kind of temporary structure blocking the road.


        Of course, it is temporary, they borrowed the idea from their descendants. laughing

        1. +3
          14 October 2022 19: 29
          A typical notch: at least Kaluga, at least Tula.
          1. +3
            14 October 2022 19: 58
            All swamps, swamps, swamps,
            The eighteenth day of the swamp!
            We are wandering, damp with sweat ...
            What to do, such work,
            Such a job!
            1. +1
              14 October 2022 20: 20
              And I'm going, trusting lover
              Away from sideboards and troughs,
              And, as always, swamps are green fire
              It tells me that the way is open.
              1. +1
                14 October 2022 20: 48
                What are you, my friend, whistling?
                Does Paris prevent you from living?
                Look, there is taiga around you.
                Throw some wood on the fire
                Listen honey
                He is there, and you are at the devil's horns.
                1. +1
                  14 October 2022 21: 08
                  All rolls, yes rolls -
                  Send them to the address!
                  There is no map for this place.
                  We swim forward along the outline.
                  1. +1
                    14 October 2022 21: 20
                    From the island to the rod
                    To the expanse of the river wave
                    Painted floats out,
                    Stenki Razin Chelny.
                    1. +1
                      14 October 2022 21: 23
                      Down the Volga River
                      From Nizhny Novgorod
                      Equipped shavings,
                      Like an arrow it flies.
                      As on that on the shavings,
                      On the equipped
                      daring rowers
                      Forty-two are sitting.
                      1. +1
                        14 October 2022 21: 45
                        For four years our corsair prowled the sea,
                        In battles and storms, our banner did not fade,
                        We learned how to darn sails
                        And plug the holes with bodies.

                        A squadron is chasing us on the heels.
                        The sea is calm - and you can not avoid a meeting!
                        And the captain calmly told us:
                        "It's not evening yet, it's not evening yet!"
                      2. +1
                        14 October 2022 22: 02
                        There is a riot on the ship, seagulls are flying over us!
                        Yesterday because of golden doubloons
                        Two villains were pulled up on a yard,
                        But not enough - four were needed.
                      3. +1
                        14 October 2022 22: 21
                        And the sea sends
                        Us the entire merchant fleet:
                        And the Gishpan fleet,
                        And the Dutch fleet.
                        For all the good
                        For fur and silver -
                        A bullet will pay, a knife in the ribs!
                      4. +1
                        14 October 2022 22: 32
                        “All mine,” said the gold;
                        “All mine,” said damask steel.
                        “I will buy everything,” said the gold;
                        "I'll take everything," said the bulat.
                      5. +1
                        14 October 2022 22: 41
                        - Our dear breadwinner,
                        one-eyed falcon,
                        You look at the boarding
                        Don't climb around.
                        Do not visit unnecessarily
                        Evil haunts.
                        In vain do not offend orphans,
                        Take care of the cartridges
      2. 0
        15 October 2022 16: 43
        Quote from Korsar4
        Also stumbled on this this morning.
        The wall in the swamp is nonsense.
        Maybe some kind of temporary structure blocking the road.

        And who wants to conquer the swamp in a different way - jump over the bumps.

        Checkpoint. In general, the memoirs of ancient historians should be treated with a grain of salt. Roman historians wrote about the same Spartacus in different ways.
        1. +1
          15 October 2022 17: 48
          I agree. From improvised means. It is no coincidence that persistent associations with notches arise.
    2. Fat
      +4
      14 October 2022 17: 21
      Greetings, Michael. Asking the right question is already a big part of the answer. In the first Roman stages, it is about 185 m, in the calculation of distances, the error in the direction of increasing is about 8%. Secondly, the landscape can change so much in 100-200 years that it’s hard to believe, and even for a time exceeding 2000 years ... of course, rocks will not scatter into dust during this time, but an ancient swamp may well become a sea in the present be honored. laughing Such superficial thoughts ... It is theoretically possible to build a wall with several tens of thousands of legionnaires from dawn to noon, but with observers in strong points, not notice changes in the situation ...
      By noon, Antony noticed a change, apparently the work on the wall was hidden by the swamp fog. Although the version with the sound sleep of the warlord drinks is also legitimate laughing
      1. +4
        14 October 2022 18: 40
        My regards. hi
        Here is TVD

        The coastline is unlikely to have changed much - there are mountains under three hundred meters and a pass of one hundred and fifty.
        I marked the swamp presumably - around the river, everything is cut up by ditches there now - they drained it. Yes, and the valley itself, in which Philippi is located, has a height of about 40 m.
        Appian's description doesn't fit with the map.
        1. +4
          14 October 2022 19: 31
          For about two hours in the background, the thought - what was the Swamp of that time like? Subject to local climate.
          1. +5
            14 October 2022 19: 51
            I guess it's just a floodplain. It was in October - what was the weather like at that time?
            1. +1
              14 October 2022 20: 12
              Floodplain - understand discord. And for October, in our time, it is quite comfortable - 15 degrees above zero.
        2. Fat
          +4
          14 October 2022 19: 57
          According to Appian's descriptions, the following battle schemes were worked out:

          Pay attention to clashes along the main highway - Egnitievy road (Via Egnatia). This structure lay in more -menet convenient places.
          With a detour and a "wall" of reeds and mud crossing it, there is more or less an idea from this scheme.

          With respect.
      2. -1
        15 October 2022 16: 45
        Quote: Thick
        It is theoretically possible to build a wall with several tens of thousands of legionnaires from dawn to noon

        How many days did it take Crassus to dig a ditch and put up a wall across the Isthmus of Apennine against Spartacus?
    3. The comment was deleted.
    4. The comment was deleted.
    5. +2
      14 October 2022 18: 32
      Quote: Trilobite Master
      But what about the wall? Who has any thoughts?

      Caesar, during his campaign in Gaul, being surrounded, built a small fortified town in one night. The Gauls were very surprised by this. Building a wall costs nothing. The Romans during their campaigns carried with them not only weapons, but also construction tools, and besides the legionnaires, there were also engineers ...
      1. +2
        14 October 2022 19: 57
        One built a road in 10 days, the second in half a day a wall ... to the sea.
      2. +2
        14 October 2022 22: 41
        Quote: Luminman
        Caesar, during his campaign in Gaul, being surrounded, built a small fortified town in one night.

        Allow me to insert my "five cents" hi Caesar's largest building enterprise took place during the Gallic War (and which ended 8 years of war) at the fortress of Alesia in 52 BC. Caesar laid siege to Alesia, where the Gallic leader Vercingetorix locked himself with the army. Two rows of fortifications were built with moats, ramparts, towers and slingshots on the rampart. The descriptions are given in such a way that there were already three ditches, and the middle one was filled with water with dams, so that in which case it was possible to flood the nearby area. One line was turned inward, to the besieged Alesia. The second line was external, the front "out" to repel the attack from the outside. In general, after a series of battles, unsuccessful attempts by the Gauls to break the siege of Alesia, Vercingetorix surrendered. After 6 years in Rome in the Mamertine Prison, he was carried as a trophy in Caesar's triumphal procession in 46 BC. Roofing felts strangled, roofing felts starved to death, sources differ. Lionel Roye. Vercingetorix throws his weapon at Caesar's feet. 1899
        Henri-Paul Mott. Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar. 1886
        1. -1
          16 October 2022 10: 23
          Quote: Vladislav 73
          Quote: Luminman
          Caesar, during his campaign in Gaul, being surrounded, built a small fortified town in one night.

          Allow me to insert my "five cents" hi Caesar's largest building enterprise took place during the Gallic War (and which ended 8 years of war) at the fortress of Alesia in 52 BC. Caesar laid siege to Alesia, where the Gallic leader Vercingetorix locked himself with the army. Two rows of fortifications were built with moats, ramparts, towers and slingshots on the rampart. The descriptions are given in such a way that there were already three ditches, and the middle one was filled with water with dams, so that in which case it was possible to flood the nearby area. One line was turned inward, to the besieged Alesia. The second line was external, the front "out" to repel the attack from the outside. In general, after a series of battles, unsuccessful attempts by the Gauls to break the siege of Alesia, Vercingetorix surrendered. After 6 years in Rome in the Mamertine Prison, he was carried as a trophy in Caesar's triumphal procession in 46 BC. Roofing felts strangled, roofing felts starved to death, sources differ. Lionel Roye. Vercingetorix throws his weapon at Caesar's feet. 1899
          Henri-Paul Mott. Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar. 1886

          Excuse me, but was he there in person?
          1. 0
            16 October 2022 20: 21
            Quote: Pilat2009
            Excuse me, but was he there in person?

            Yes, I personally attended.
    6. +1
      14 October 2022 20: 50
      Now you have turned me on, and Tyrnet began to plow.
  11. +4
    14 October 2022 23: 34
    Yes, Octavian had one quality inherited from his adoptive father.
    It is incredible luck that in the career of a commander and politician you can sometimes put in the first place among all the qualities.
    Although, knowledgeable people argue that it is rather a combination of knowledge, skills, talents and some subconscious qualities, determination, confidence, a sense of the moment of bifurcations and much more. Many would like to, but few succeed.
    Even in this situation - in general, the triumvirs had a chance of defeating the Republicans and less than 50%. And Octavian ("Eights" in Nashensky) among the triumvirs has an honorable third place in terms of starting conditions.
    But, in the end, what they were afraid to get from Caesar was to proclaim himself someone like that, a guarantor, legislative, executive and military commander in chief ... In short, they stabbed to death, just like a fireman, for prevention. It’s good that at least the calendar from the strange village brought it into line with the astronomical one, it was enough for one and a half thousand years, and for whom it’s even up to Lenin’s Presovnarkom ...
    And who knows whether Gaius Julius was actually going to declare himself the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, in fact, who will figure it out now?
    But Octavian, having dealt with all sorts of minor misunderstandings, declared himself ... no, guys, not some kind of king, or there, Princeps, after all, now anyone can, which leads to a mess, like democracy. Enough already. Certainly over the last half century.
    This is not our way.
    It's just that I work... By God, Octavian said, passing through here, just call me August, so you don't forget - here's your favorite vacation month in my honor. And remember my uncle (father) - he was still a great man, and here's another vacation month for you - Julius!
    And after all rolled! Although there was already a comrade before him, who was also a living god, and could convince anyone of this, up to a fatal outcome, Alexander was called ... But not for long, and it didn’t take root somehow.
    But Mark Antony or Lepidus could? Nocturne, on the drainpipe flutes? History gave an exhaustive answer: no, they wanted to, or they didn’t want to, but they couldn’t - this is a fact!
    But Octavian did it!
    And it's a completely different story.
    Everything would be fine, but only monotheists lived and were in BV, who already had one God, and they were not supposed to be more in the state, which in turn also caused tectonic religious and social consequences.
  12. +4
    14 October 2022 23: 36
    The official heir of Caesar was his grand-nephew Gaius Octavian, adopted by him.
    The triumvirs arrogated to themselves dictatorial powers, having the right to legislate and enforce them.
    Well, first of all, Gaius Octavius. At birth - Guy Octavius ​​Furin. After Caesar adopted him in his will, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian became. 27 BC the senate endowed Octavian with a number of honors, primarily the name "Augustus" (divine), as a result of which the full official name of the ruler became "Emperor Caesar Augustus, son of god" (Imperator Caesar Augustus divi filius), and the short one - Caesar Augustus. Initially, Octavian was asked to add the name "Romulus" instead of "Augustus", after the mythical founder of Rome, but he refused. The reasons for the refusal of the ruler on behalf of "Romulus" were both associations with the murder of his brother Remus, and the royal power established by him. And we must remember that it was the accusations of trying to restore royal power that led to the assassination of Caesar. Further. Dictatorship in Rome during the period of the Republic was established by the so-called. by an emergency resolution of the Senate for up to 6 months, for example, in the conduct of war or other extraordinary circumstances. Thus, all power, like the monarch, was concentrated in one hand, and even consuls became ordinary citizens in relation to the dictator. For example, during the war, the dictator received the title - Dictator rei gerundae causa, i.e. dictator to wage war. The dictator received the right to "life and death" over all citizens except the people's tribunes. The first life dictator who "bent the Senate over his knee" was Lucius Cornelius Sulla the Happy. Gaius Julius Caesar became the second dictator for life, and he was accused of trying to "reform" the royal power (Tsar Tarquinius the Proud was deeply remembered!). Therefore, Octavian, given the "triumvirs" dictatorial powers after the victory and the beginning of sole rule, though formally folded from himself, but nevertheless, he had full power, only in several other forms and definitions. Third. Octavian pursued a more flexible policy. Having retained all the external attributes of republican power, he concentrated in his hands the most important powers of authority. "Princeps of the Senate" - the dominant position in the Senate. "Imperium" - the supreme military power, and power in the provinces. The position of "People's Tribune" gave power directly in Rome. He did not advertise the desire to concentrate all power in his hands (remembering the fate of Caesar), nevertheless, he concentrated power using republican forms of government. His form of government is called "principate" (lat. principatus, from princeps, after the honorary title of princeps - "preeminent (in the Senate)" in contrast to the openly monarchical later "dominate".
  13. 0
    14 October 2022 23: 52
    Among other things, the agreement between the triumvirs provided for an “exchange of victims”: Lepidus handed over his brother Paul for reprisal, Mark Antony sacrificed Lucius Caesar, his maternal uncle, Octavian allowed Cicero to be killed, whose head Antony then allegedly put on the table in feast time

    In times, here are the customs, now it’s clear where it came from in the Soviet zones to play someone’s head.
    Regarding Cicero, or rather his first wife, she lived for 103 years, nonsense.
    After the death of Cicero, she lived for another four decades. According to Pliny and Valerius Maximus, Terentia died at the age of 103.
  14. +3
    15 October 2022 00: 26
    Not everyone knows that it was these leaders of the conspirators and murderers of Caesar that Dante in his Divine Comedy placed in the 9th circle of hell - on a par with Judas Iscariot. All three here, according to the poet, are forever tormented by the mouths of the three-headed beast - Satan.
    In the three-headed mouth of the monster - Lucifer. According to Dante, the last lower circle of Hell was formed by the icy lake Cocytus, where three rivers flowed, transferred by Dante from ancient Hades - Lethe, Styx and Acheron. There, in ice captivity, the place of execution of Lucifer, who in turn executes the three worst sinners in history - Judas Iscariot, Mark Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius. The choice of these sinners, the researchers of Dante's work, is called, first of all, politics. Dante was an ardent supporter of the Ghibellines, supporters of the emperor and strong centralized power. And in his (Dante's) opinion, the murder of the first Roman emperor Gaius Julius Caesar was akin to the betrayal of Jesus Christ. By the way, the victory of his opponents, the Guelphs, led to Dante's lifelong exile from Florence and his condemnation to death in absentia. Well, as an epilogue: Portrait of Dante Alighieri and Beatrice Portinari
  15. +1
    15 October 2022 00: 39
    Yes, a cool work, "The Divine Comedy" by Dante. Forever crashed into a solder line:
    I TAKE TO THE LOST VILLAGES,
    I DRIVE THROUGH THE ETERNAL MOAN,
    I TAKE TO THE DEAD GENERATIONS.

    WAS TRUE MY ARCHITECT INSPIRED:
    I AM THE HIGHEST FORCE, THE COMPLETE OF KNOWLEDGE
    AND FIRST LOVE CREATED.

    ANCIENT ME ONLY ETERNAL CREATURES,
    AND WITH ETERNITY I WILL STAY ALONE.
    INCOMING, LEAVE HOPE.

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