Great riots and the "Quiet" Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

41
Great riots and the "Quiet" Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Miniature from Titular

Many are confused and confused by the nickname with which he entered history Alexei Mikhailovich - the second king of the Romanov dynasty. Indeed, what upheavals and cataclysms could occur during the reign of the "Quietest" king? However, the time of his reign for our country was truly terrible: during these years, Russia experienced not only great riots - bread (in Pskov, where the rebels held out for six months, and in Novgorod), salt and copper, a real civil war - Razinschina, but also the tragedy of the great a split that left a bloody wound that did not heal for a long time in the very heart of the Russian people. Here is such an apparent paradox: the king is supposedly the Quietest, and the age is rebellious.

However, historians believe that “The Quietest” is not a characteristic of this king, but part of his title, saying that during his reign



“Piety is firmly observed in the whole kingdom, and all Orthodox Christianity shines with serene silence.”

Given the reforms of Patriarch Nikon, followed by the Great Schism, these words seem filled with sinister irony. However, Feofan Prokopovich in the "Trilingual Lexicon" translated the word "Quiet" as "lordship" (serenissimus). And this already gives it a completely different meaning.

It is known that the children of Alexei Mikhailovich were also officially called "Quiet", including Peter I, who became the last "Quiet" Russian Tsar (even "Clear Quiet").

We have already spoken about Patriarch Nikon and great schism, as well as about Stepan Razin and some of his associates. This article will talk about the Salt and Copper riots.

Salt rebellion


Mikhail Fedorovich, the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, died in 1645, when his son Alexei was only 16 years old. Naturally, such a young king could not rule the country. The Miloslavsky clan, from which the first wife of Alexei Mikhailovich, Maria Ilyinichna, came from, had a great influence on all state affairs. But a special place in the hierarchy was occupied by the former tutor of the new tsar, Boris Ivanovich Morozov, who was married to Anna Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, the sister of Tsaritsa Maria.

Morozov was one of the first "Westernizers" of the Russian kingdom, and his views had a great influence on the worldview of his pupil. As a result, Alexei Mikhailovich anticipated many steps of Peter I, moreover, some of his undertakings were later attributed to his son.

Boris Morozov was fabulously rich, there were up to 55 thousand serfs in his possessions, and about 9 thousand peasant households. In addition, he owned salt mines, was engaged in metallurgy and distillation, through his people controlled the most important Orders - the Big Treasury, Aptekarsky, Streletsky New Chet. And this, of course, did not please the other boyars.

Enemies were enough. Other boyars were especially outraged by Morozov's low-born employees, who "stole beyond their rank." One of them was Nazar Ivanovich Chistoy - a native of a provincial merchant family, whom Morozov brought closer to himself in 1646, and then made a duma clerk and put him at the head of the Ambassadorial Department.

Another favorite of Morozov was the nobleman Leonty Stepanovich Pleshcheev, who, under Mikhail Romanov, rose to the rank of Vologda governor, but in 1640 was arrested for embezzlement and witchcraft and sent to Siberia. Morozov returned him to Moscow and appointed him a judge of the Zemsky order. Soon Pleshcheev was actually the head of the capital of the Russian state.

Shurin Pleshcheeva - Petr Tikhonovich Trakhaniotov was put at the head of the Pushkar order, which was also in charge of the construction of fortresses. It must be said that both Morozov and his closest employees were, in general, efficient people, but extremely dishonest: they did not disdain bribes, and confused their own pocket with the state.

Meanwhile, the financial condition of the state was far from brilliant. By historical standards, the Time of Troubles has recently ended, the people and the state were devastated by strife and interventions. In search of funds, the government of Tsar Mikhail Romanov repeatedly imposed a special tax on the population, called "five money", forcing them to pay 20% of their annual income or movable property.

Steps were taken to further enslave the peasants: the “lesson years”, during which landlords or monasteries could demand the return of fugitive peasants, were gradually increased to 15 years. And in 1646, already under Alexei Mikhailovich, the "lesson summer" was completely canceled.

In 1646, Morozov conceived a tax reform, the meaning of which was the rejection of direct taxes: they were to be replaced by indirect taxes. The author of this idea, as many believe, was Nazar Pure. According to Morozov, this was supposed to reduce tension in society. The result turned out to be the opposite of what was intended and led to the resignation of Morozov and the death of Nagogoy, Pleshcheev and Trakhaniotov.

So, in 1646, the “streltsy” and “pit” money collected from the population were abolished. As compensation, indirect taxes were introduced - trade duties on honey, wine and salt were increased. Especially sensitive for the people was the increase in the price of salt, the sale of which was a state monopoly. Its cost has tripled - from one hryvnia per pood to three.

Thus, salt became almost inaccessible to many segments of the Russian population, which caused general indignation.

It was not only the desire of peasants or philistines to salt cabbage soup, fish soup or some other stew. Salt was then the only available preservative for many perishable foods - meat, some vegetables, and especially fish, which was cheap and the main source of animal protein for the lower classes.

The high cost of public salt led to the development of smuggling and the emergence of a black market, where prices were lower (but salt was still extremely expensive for the main population groups). As a result, state revenues not only did not increase, but even fell. In addition, many products spoiled that year, primarily fish (especially the Volga).

In 1647, the salt tax was abolished, and it seemed that everything should have ended there. However, the government decided to compensate for the losses of the budget by announcing the collection of debts on the former, canceled taxes, and immediately for two years. Another method of saving budgetary funds was the lowering of the salaries of the clerks and archers, that is, the "siloviki" who were supposed to protect the government from the indignant people.

The uprising of Muscovites began on June 1, 1648, when a crowd of townspeople surrounded the young tsar, who was returning from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. He was simply given a petition with requests to convene a Zemsky Sobor and punish officials hated by Muscovites, in the first place - Pleshcheev.


K. Lebedev. Peasants near Moscow bring a complaint about the oppression of the boyars to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich upon his return from the Trinity

The frightened tsar agreed to all the demands, which, of course, greatly displeased Pleshcheev and his people. Contrary to the words of the king, he gave the order to disperse the crowd, 16 people were arrested. This led to indignation in all districts of the capital, and on the second day Alexei Mikhailovich ordered the release of those arrested.

However, Morozov was not going to give up. Not wanting to lose even a part of his power, he decided to restore order in Moscow by force. This is where the recent reduction in the salaries of the archers, who declared that they would not protect the boyars from the people, but, on the contrary, would take revenge on them for "violence and lies," played a fatal role. Many rich houses were looted, fires broke out in the city.


E. Lissner. Salt riot in Moscow. 1648

On the third day, Patriarch Joseph and the boyars, who were in opposition to Morozov, tried to negotiate with the rebels (these were led by Nikita Romanov, the tsar's cousin). However, it became clear that it was possible to pacify the people only by sacrificing the most odious figures. And because the crowd was given Leonty Pleshcheev, who was killed "like a dog, with clubbing." Then came the turn of Nazar the Pure. Pyotr Trakhaniotov was sent as governor to Ustyuzhna-Zheleznopolskaya, but under pressure from the rebellious Muscovites, he had to be returned to be executed at the Zemsky Court. Later, he was officially recognized as an innocent victim.

But the tsar managed to save Boris Morozov: after 10 days he was sent under strong guard to the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery, from where he returned after 4 months. Since then, he has not held official positions, but until the end of his life he retained a great influence on the king. Only in 1651, during a campaign against the Lithuanian lands, Morozov received the honorary position of a yard governor, that is, the commander of the “sovereign regiment”.

The collection of arrears was postponed, and in the following year, in 1649, the Zemsky Sobor was convened, which adopted the first systematized printed set of laws of Russia (Sobornoe Uzhdenie), according to which Russia was governed until 1832.


Cathedral Code of 1649

On the one hand, this limited the arbitrariness of officials and governors. However, it was this Code that officially fixed the abolition of "consumptive years" and finally legally approved serfdom in its classical form.

Copper riot


In 1654, at the Pereyaslav Rada, the Orthodox population of the Hetmanate voted for the annexation of these lands to Russia. In Moscow, this initiative was treated without enthusiasm, since the satisfaction of the request of the Khmelnitsky delegation did not bring the Russian state the slightest benefit, on the contrary, it promised continuous unrest in the newly acquired territories and inevitably led to a new war with the Commonwealth.

This is exactly what happened, and the outbreak of the Russian-Polish war lasted until 1667. And in parallel with it in 1656-1658. There was also a war with Sweden. The main argument in favor of joining the Hetmanate was the humanitarian considerations of protecting fellow believers - the local Orthodox population, which was in a desperate situation. And the financial situation of Russia has only slightly improved compared to 1648. The war made huge holes in the state budget and demanded money, which was simply nowhere to take.

The situation did not improve and the emergency tax - the "five" mentioned above. There was a shortage of cash, since there were no own gold or silver mines in Russia at that time, and coins at the Money Yard were minted from foreign ones, mainly German and Dutch.

Under these conditions, the devious Fyodor Rtishchev (according to other versions - Ilya Miloslavsky or Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin) proposed putting copper money into circulation, which was to be accepted at the price of silver.

I must say that Rtishchev has great merits as a politician, educator and philanthropist. He even won a place on the famous Millennium of Russia monument in Novgorod.


Monument "Millennium of Russia" (fragment). F. Rtishchev in the background

However, any reforms in the financial sector in Russia in the XNUMXth century ended in a resounding failure. And the introduction of copper money into circulation was no exception to this sad rule. Moreover, taxes were then accepted only in silver coins, and salaries were issued in copper. Peasants and merchants refused to sell goods for copper, and if they agreed, they set a high price.

Very soon a black market for silver money appeared, and for 6 silver rubles they asked for 170 copper. Yes, and counterfeiters were very happy: it was much easier to get copper than silver.

Silver and copper ruble of Alexei Mikhailovich:



This time the rebellion was provoked by anonymous sheets, where F. Rtishchev, B. Khitrovo (head Armory chambers), the boyars from the Miloslavsky clan, the wealthy merchant Shorin and some others were accused of treason and ties with the Poles. But most of all, Muscovites liked the calls for the abolition of taxes and copper money contained in these leaflets.

On July 25 (August 4), 1662, several thousand Muscovites who came to Kolomenskoye, where the country palace of Alexei Mikhailovich was located, forced the tsar to accept a petition demanding lower prices, taxes and punishment of those responsible. They say that during this conversation, the "interlocutors" held the "God's anointed one" by the buttons and even, concluding an agreement, "beat him on the hands."

The second crowd, which came after the first, was even more aggressive, but two archery regiments had already managed to approach Kolomenskoye. And now the tsar no longer talked to the rebels, but without hesitation ordered to deal with them in a demonstrative manner:

"Beat those people and hack them to death."

The protesters were pushed back to the river, where, according to various sources, from 200 to 1 people were killed, 000 were hanged, the rest (up to 150) were arrested, branded and deported from Moscow. Extraordinary measures were taken to identify the instigators. In order to find the author of anonymous letters, handwriting samples were taken from all literate people in Moscow, but they were not able to find the person who wrote them.

A year after the riot, the minting of copper coins was nevertheless discontinued. Coppers were redeemed from the population at a monstrously low rate: 1 ruble for 5 silver kopecks. The country somehow got out of this crisis situation. But ahead was the grandiose uprising of Stepan Razin (1667-1669), which shook the foundations of the state, but, as it turned out, did not teach the upper classes of the Russian kingdom anything.
Our news channels

Subscribe and stay up to date with the latest news and the most important events of the day.

41 comment
Information
Dear reader, to leave comments on the publication, you must sign in.
  1. +5
    8 October 2022 05: 44
    Age of upheaval!
    It must be remembered that it began with turmoil, and ended with the eve of the Northern War!
  2. +3
    8 October 2022 06: 32
    By the way, the unprecedented upheavals of the XNUMXth century are also not very useful for the current government. Everything is rushing like on rails to the results of a hundred years ago, i.e. into the abyss
    1. 0
      10 October 2022 15: 32
      Quote from: FoBoss_VM
      By the way, the unprecedented upheavals of the XNUMXth century are also not very useful for the current government.

      History teaches that it does not teach anyone anything.
  3. +7
    8 October 2022 07: 29
    "But now no one still wanted to live, because there was no urine. In all the villages they talked about the same thing: that the Cossack ataman Stepan Timofeevich showed up on the Volga and was going to save everyone, and with the ataman Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich, about whom the clerks the deposed Patriarch Nikon, an enemy of the boyars, also lied that he was dead. The peasants, with whom the elder stayed, all rejoiced at this and only waited for a decree from the deliverers that it was already possible to beat the governor and hang the clerks. Many stopped drinking wine so as not to miss the messengers from the ataman, prince and patriarch. This sobriety was the most disturbing of all. Martyry walked through Russia and prayed: to die soon, so as not to see the most terrible thing on earth - the new Troubles. " (FROM)

    I apologize for the long quote, I just remembered the book just about that time ..
    And the article, as always, is excellent.
  4. +9
    8 October 2022 08: 00
    “Piety is firmly observed in the whole kingdom, and all Orthodox Christianity shines with serene silence.”
    There was also the Bashkir uprising of 1662-1664. In addition, foreigners were under special protection. The British traded duty-free in Russian cities. And when Russian merchants tried to trade in England, they did not buy anything from them and explained that they had nothing to do on the island. In 1648, the Inquisition began in Russia against musicians and musical instruments. Playful songs, dances and even a game of chess were classified as demonic. All musical instruments were confiscated and burned, thus destroying a huge layer of Russian culture. The musicians, itinerant artists and buffoons suffered the most. From now on, all their activities went beyond the legal. The armed resistance of the monks in the Solovetsky Monastery from 1668 to 1676 is also known, as a result of which several hundred monks and laity were killed. The flight of peasants from the landlords in those days was massive.
    1. +4
      8 October 2022 09: 14
      Even at the Stoglavy Cathedral, chess was attributed to demonic games.
      1. +4
        8 October 2022 09: 56
        Well, to be absolutely precise, in Russia chess was banned by the Russian Orthodox Church back in the 1262th century, which was officially enshrined in the Pilot's Book of 1551 and confirmed in XNUMX by the Stoglav Cathedral. did not touch. Yes, even after Stoglav, Ivan the Terrible played chess.
        1. +3
          8 October 2022 11: 25
          This is even in the play by A. K. Tolstoy.

          As far as I understand, this is a question of excessive passions.

          And a number of provisions of the Stoglavy Cathedral were later canceled.
        2. +6
          8 October 2022 12: 19
          I want to note that in medieval France chess was also persecuted by church and secular authorities.
          1. +4
            8 October 2022 12: 40
            And at the same time, the Spanish priest Lucena remained in the history of chess.
            1. +4
              8 October 2022 13: 57
              From the persecution of chess in France, Lucena is separated by 2-2,5 centuries, place of residence, historical circumstances.
              1. +2
                8 October 2022 17: 11
                Do you think that in two centuries the situation in Spain has changed a lot in this regard?
                1. +2
                  8 October 2022 17: 26
                  It is not that it has not changed, it has been like this for 800 years.
                  1. In 1492, the Reconquista ended, but not the cultural Arab influence.
                  2. Spanish Catholicism, as it is, stood apart, this was especially evident during the reign of the "Catholic Kings".
                  1. +1
                    9 October 2022 06: 55
                    By the way, I haven't seen Lucena's book, but I would like to.

                    And she, of course, experienced the influence of the Arabs.
                    1. +1
                      9 October 2022 07: 05
                      Alas, I did not find any mention of its modern reissue.
          2. +2
            8 October 2022 22: 41
            I want to note that in medieval France chess was also persecuted by church and secular authorities.

            Chess with dice was persecuted - a hybrid of dice and chess, in which the move of the chess pieces is determined not only by the desire of the player, but also by the number that has fallen out after the throw of the dice. They existed in parallel with conventional chess in Europe from the XNUMXth to the XNUMXth centuries. There was no strict division into logic chess and gambling chess at that time, and since gambling was persecuted, the church, without going into subtleties, tried to ban everything. Although this did not particularly affect the popularity of chess.
            1. +2
              9 October 2022 07: 55
              I am aware of these circumstances. I just didn’t want to write a long comment, otherwise it’s possible to get to Katya’s Garden.)))
      2. +5
        8 October 2022 16: 16
        Prohibit, this is a favorite pastime of the authorities in Russia, from ancient times to our days. To ban, for example, some kind of "pseudo-science" and imprison (at best) its adherents - which is easier, only then it suddenly turns out that the country, in comparison with others, is in a deep ass and, in order to catch up with competitors, one has to make monstrous efforts, and it does not always turn out to catch up.

        Good day, Sergey! smile
        1. +2
          8 October 2022 17: 12
          Good afternoon, Konstantin!

          It's just a question of what kind of science is good, and what kind of entertainment.
          1. +3
            8 October 2022 17: 48
            Do you advise not to confuse astronomy with astrology? smile
            As for entertainment, everything is good in moderation. As it was with O "Henry in" Entertainment of the modern village. wink
            1. +2
              8 October 2022 19: 29
              Yes. Only the first sees the beauty of the world, and the second receives income. Only sometimes bad forecasts hit the predictors.
              1. +2
                8 October 2022 20: 04
                Only sometimes bad forecasts hit the predictors.


                Yes, and how they beat ...

    2. +3
      8 October 2022 22: 59
      Quote: parusnik
      The British traded duty-free in Russian cities.

      Until 1649 year.
      After the execution of Charles Stuart, the government of Alexei Mikhailovich limited the activities of the Moscow Company. And did not return the privileges even after the restoration of the monarchy.
      Quote: parusnik
      they did not buy anything from them and explained that they had nothing to do on the island.

      navigation act.
      Quote: parusnik
      Playful songs, dances and even a game of chess were classified as demonic.

      Well, yes. The quietest wanted to be holier than the apostles.
  5. +11
    8 October 2022 11: 01
    Yes, we loved and love to smear our rulers with honey. Wherever you look - entirely "fathers" and "mothers".
    The exceptions are Peter III and Paul I, who wanted to restore elementary order in the country, which, of course, they were not allowed to do, they were killed and declared crazy idiots.
    And Ivan IV and Stalin, who more or less succeeded in putting things in order, and they became the most effective
    rulers of the state
    declared monsters and tyrants.
    1. 0
      13 December 2022 08: 43
      The Romanovs-Oldenburgs were on their own minds.
      Title imp. Paul I:
      By God's hastening mercy, We, Paul the First, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonis, Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuanian, Volyn and Podolsky, Prince of Estland , Liflyandsky, Kurlyandsky and Semigalsky, Samogitsky, Korelsky, Tversky, Yugorsky, Permsky, Vyatka, Bulgarian and others, Sovereign and Grand Duke of Novagarod Nizovsky lands, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozersky, Udora, Obdorsky, Kondi, Vitebsk , Mstislav and all Northern countries, Sovereign and Sovereign of the Iberian land, Kartal and Georgian Tsars and Kabardian lands, Cherkasy and Mountain Princes and other hereditary Sovereign and Possessor, Heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Golstinsky, Stormarn, Ditmarsen and Oldenburg and Sovereign of Everskia and others, and so on and so forth.

      Title imp. Paul I from 1798 (addendum):
      ...Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem and others, and others, and others.
      The task, like the modern oligarchs (many fled across the cordon), was to rob as much as possible
  6. +5
    8 October 2022 14: 06
    "Peter Trakhaniotov was sent as governor to Ustyuzhna-Zheleznopolskaya, but under pressure from the rebellious Muscovites, he had to be returned to be executed at the Zemsky Court."
    The place of reference is interesting - Ustyuzhna (today the Vologda region).
    "... in the 25th century, almost 1567% of all smelted iron was mined here, in the area from Ustyuzhna to Cherepovets and Belozersk. Having such a metallurgical base, Ustyuzhna becomes one of the significant processing centers for blacksmithing. In 713, the city's main part of the population consisted of the black tax townspeople, that is, those who were subject to taxes and duties in favor of the state.There were 50 such households. Depending on their property status, they were divided into four categories: 250 "best", 213 "average", 200 "young", 53 "thin". 198 households of townspeople's beggars were also taken into account. In all cities, including Ustyuzhna, there were still privately owned, the so-called "white settlements", the population of which bore a duty in favor of the owners - monasteries, churches, boyars and nobles. In them, together with the yards of the clergy - 976 yards. And with the huts of the poor, only 2 yards and huts are included in the books. In some yards, 3-1073 families lived, so 1567 owners or families were taken into account.It is customary to determine the number of the population of that time, counting five people per living yard. Thus, about 5 thousand people lived in Ustyuzhna in 6, and with church beggars, monks and newcomers, temporarily living working people - at least 8 thousand (some sources give the figure of XNUMX thousand people).
    At that time it was a large and original city - a city of blacksmiths and gunsmiths, the entire population of which directly or indirectly participated in the execution of state orders for the Russian army. More than 70 blacksmiths and more than a hundred hammerers (hammerers) worked day and night in the forges. Silversmiths, watchmakers, boilermakers, frying pans, and lockmakers stood out in particular.
    It is interesting to note that in Tikhvin in 1583 there were only 4 blacksmiths, and the beginning of the Tula armory settlement dates back to 1593, when there were a little more than 50 blacksmiths. A well-known researcher, industrial historian S. V. Bakhrushin noted that in the XNUMXth century Ustyuzhna-Zhelezopolskaya "acquired the significance of an industrial center serving the entire state." K. N. Serbina, the author of a monograph on the iron industry in Russia, joins in the assessment of Ustyuzhna of the XNUMXth century "as the second center of the all-Russian weapons business after Tula."
    USTUZHENSKAYA OLD
    P. A. Kolesnikov
    doctor of historical sciences, professor,
    Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation
    1. +1
      8 October 2022 19: 04
      In Ustyuzhna there are the most beautiful pine forests, so, as a place of exile, such a place could prolong the life of the exile, at least in terms of lung diseases.
  7. -5
    8 October 2022 16: 11
    And why the Quietest maybe he could not talk. And it turns out that Peter 1 could not speak the local dialect.
    And in general, the Ramans are Germans.
    When we find out the truth is not known.
    1. 0
      8 October 2022 21: 19
      That's right, but Hohenzollern Russians
      1. 0
        8 October 2022 22: 01
        What else were there. Tin. I was shocked by the Scipios. And here are the mountain Germans.
    2. 0
      13 December 2022 08: 22
      And why Russian truth? So the authorities are hiding so that the brains do not warp ...
      Just kidding, I've been looking for a long time.
  8. +2
    8 October 2022 19: 29
    faterdom (Andrey), dear, I have never been to Ustyuzhna, and my wife has never been there, although, as I giggle, she graduated from the Vologda State University (she collected flax in the village of Kelebardovo, Vologda region and made bricks in Nikolsk, in Veliky Ustyug put bandages on the heads of the conditionally wounded).
  9. +1
    8 October 2022 19: 50
    "Let's clerk and archers, that is, security officials" Valery, I would not unite them into "security officials." After all, the clerk is a clerk. Secretary analogue.
    good evening everyone
    1. +3
      8 October 2022 23: 06
      Quote from lisikat2
      clerks and archers, that is, security officials "Valery, I would not unite them into" security forces. "After all, a clerk is a clerk. An analogue of a secretary.

      Not certainly in that way. Clerks are a special group of the service class. It was then that they were reduced to the position of petty clerks.
      And so they served no worse than others and others. And by the way, the Streltsy, Reitarsky or Zemsky orders had their own clerks.
  10. +3
    8 October 2022 20: 32
    Forgive me for being off topic, but yesterday I scared the police with Valery.
    If, remember, I said that I would go to the former Gestapo, to commemorate the dead. Usually, I put flowers every year, and yesterday I took household candles and lit them, and grandmothers, and some drunkard, grabbed me and the police: a Ukrainian terrorist.
    I explained that, candles in memory of those who died in the Gestapo.
    One grandmother said that she had been living on Ordzhonikidze for 31 years and had not heard that the Gestapo was there.
    I said boldly.
    Do you want Ryzhov to call? I don’t know about which Ryzhov, thought the policeman, but he was immediately frightened and obscene grandmothers. They are sowing panic.
    Next time I'll put a candle in the church.
    I tried to find the archive in order to establish all the dead, but the archive for 41 was not preserved.
    1. +4
      8 October 2022 21: 37
      Katya, I also went through inspections at Ordzhonikidze, in the nineties, in February, I saw a grandmother with flowers once or twice.
      She always flowers, clalla to the corner window. On October 20, I saw a gorgeous bouquet. So did you put flowers? I noticed that earlier they were artificial, cheap, and then bright.
      From a cousin I heard: at 50, flowers stuck out in every window. In the early 70s, the townspeople knew well where the Gestapo was, and then they forgot. Living witnesses are gone, but the young do not know.
      It seems that in the 90s, they attached a sign there, but we have people who don’t like to look at the sign.
      Thank you for honoring completely strangers to you
  11. +1
    9 October 2022 00: 53
    Quote: Tests
    faterdom (Andrey), dear, I have never been to Ustyuzhna, and my wife has never been there, although, as I giggle, she graduated from the Vologda State University (she collected flax in the village of Kelebardovo, Vologda region and made bricks in Nikolsk, in Veliky Ustyug put bandages on the heads of the conditionally wounded).

    Somehow we were put there for exercises. Summer. The forest is light, dry, even if you walk in slippers. I remember it among three or four dozen other places in LenVO. Now I go to St. Petersburg by car, there right at the gas stations - a meter - and in a pine forest.
    But from the Vologda region, Kushchuba was still remembered - the most ferocious mosquitoes that I saw bit through cotton easily. Gryazovets is also an interesting town, but it is already halfway to Yaroslavl.
  12. 0
    9 October 2022 15: 42
    The senior sailor (Ivan Ochenkov), dear, with the "Moscow Company" is still a lot of muddy and incomprehensible. It seems like they could sail to the Pechora and Ob, but whether their ships got to these rivers is not clear.
    Moreover, the great and terrible Wikipedia creates false goals and guidelines. The article "Moscow Company" presents a painting signed: "Richard Chancellor's Expedition of 1553. Nenoksa. Jagry. Artist V. Kosov, 2015" . Vladimir Vladimirovich Kosov served in Anapa, I don’t know if he was in the Northern Fleet. An English ship could not approach the Nikolo-Karelsky Monastery - shallowly on the Northern Dvina. After the British reached the sea and stood opposite Nenoksa (from Nenoksa, which stands on a high hill, to the White Sea, about 2,5 km, where from the 50s of the last century, the town of testers of the Central Order of Lenin of the Naval Sopka landfill with residential buildings, a school, a DOF, a canteen - there was a pine forest on white sand), they were taken to Yagry Island - almost 30 km directly to the east. It was on Yagry Island that 2 houses and warehouses of the Moscow Company were built. According to the research of our local historians, there were buildings of the British, approximately, somewhere in the area of ​​\u30b\u18bthe current Butoma Avenue - the ski base of the Belomorets ski resort ... In the picture of V. Kosov, the sea is wide in front of the Gateway of the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery, in fact it is shallow and narrow the strait between the mainland coast and Chayachiy Island. And the Passage Gate with a tower and part of the walls, in the XNUMXs of the last century, after the expedition of Grabar, now stands in the Kolomenskoye Museum. But that tower was built, like the rest of the towers around the monastery and the wooden walls, at the end of the XNUMXth century, and they couldn’t see Chancellor’s ship ....
  13. +2
    10 October 2022 08: 35
    low-born employees of Morozov, who "stole out of order."

    This is what I like, not for Senka a hat, like your business is to rub change in your pockets laughing
    And after all, they were not shy, presumably, to say so.
  14. 0
    16 November 2022 21: 51
    Parallels:
    Pyatina - VAT,
    damage to the coin - devaluation of the ruble
    indirect taxes - cancellation and return of transport and increase in excises
    salt tax on cars
    Ukraine
    enslavement of the taxable estate
  15. 0
    13 December 2022 08: 07
    There is a material on the net "Razin in a brow" (now they have changed one letter and the meaning of the word is radically unreadable. A brow is from the Russian word brow).
    Late 16th - early 17th century. brass was produced for the first time. The authorities threw brass money into circulation under the guise of gold. In Russia, uprisings against such an innovation were cunningly declared copper riots. Similar spontaneous uprisings swept across Europe.

"Right Sector" (banned in Russia), "Ukrainian Insurgent Army" (UPA) (banned in Russia), ISIS (banned in Russia), "Jabhat Fatah al-Sham" formerly "Jabhat al-Nusra" (banned in Russia) , Taliban (banned in Russia), Al-Qaeda (banned in Russia), Anti-Corruption Foundation (banned in Russia), Navalny Headquarters (banned in Russia), Facebook (banned in Russia), Instagram (banned in Russia), Meta (banned in Russia), Misanthropic Division (banned in Russia), Azov (banned in Russia), Muslim Brotherhood (banned in Russia), Aum Shinrikyo (banned in Russia), AUE (banned in Russia), UNA-UNSO (banned in Russia), Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People (banned in Russia), Legion “Freedom of Russia” (armed formation, recognized as terrorist in the Russian Federation and banned)

“Non-profit organizations, unregistered public associations or individuals performing the functions of a foreign agent,” as well as media outlets performing the functions of a foreign agent: “Medusa”; "Voice of America"; "Realities"; "Present time"; "Radio Freedom"; Ponomarev; Savitskaya; Markelov; Kamalyagin; Apakhonchich; Makarevich; Dud; Gordon; Zhdanov; Medvedev; Fedorov; "Owl"; "Alliance of Doctors"; "RKK" "Levada Center"; "Memorial"; "Voice"; "Person and law"; "Rain"; "Mediazone"; "Deutsche Welle"; QMS "Caucasian Knot"; "Insider"; "New Newspaper"