"Valley, wonderful valley." Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan – nature of conflict and opportunities

31
"Valley, wonderful valley." Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan – nature of conflict and opportunities

The SCO summit gathered not only the maximum number of participants, but also, perhaps, became one of the leaders in terms of saturation with various problems and clashes. In addition to the Iranian protest and the events in Karabakh, a virtual war in miniature unfolded to the southeast between the two CSTO allies, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, over the borders of the fruitful and at the same time ill-fated Ferghana Valley.

Hostages of old schemes


To some extent, we have already become hostages of some “global schemes” - we try to see signs of a common plan in everything and pull each event, albeit involuntarily, into its (plan) framework. So here, when events went literally in a chain, one after another, the first thing you want to see is an overseas hand, and maybe tentacles. The hand, of course, was present in the region and is present, but the fact is that, according to a long tradition of the owner of this very hand, he does not ignite conflicts with it - the participants in the events themselves blow up the situation, but the owner learned really masterfully to add gasoline to the fire and not let it go out .



Therefore, Russia cannot lose sight of the Ferghana Valley, for all its remoteness. Even despite the fact that all attention today is focused on the issues of mobilization and military operations in Ukraine.

The Fergana Valley is, firstly, a territorial knot where the borders of three states converge: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, and the borders there are such that the author does not remember precedents in political geography. The valley itself is predominantly the territory of Uzbekistan (Fergana region, Namangan, Andijan), the main part of the Pamir-Alay bordering it is Kyrgyzstan (Batkent region, Osh region), and Tajikistan is wedged into it from the west and north-west (Sogd region .). Wedging is putting it mildly: inside the Batken region of Kyrgyzstan there are several isolated enclaves of Tajikistan, the largest of which is Vorukh. It turns out that the territory of Tajikistan, as it were, flows around the Batkent region from the south, west and north, having also internal inclusions, while most of the border is officially conditional and not fixed by the final documents

Secondly, the most fertile part of the valley is behind Uzbekistan and a little behind Tajikistan, but the main flow of rivers, including the river. The Syr Darya, the main glaciers and mountain lakes are controlled by Kyrgyzstan. A network of the Great Ferghana Canal stretches across the valley with hydroelectric facilities and a cascade of hydroelectric power stations, which feeds all three republics simultaneously. But the drain goes not only to this hydraulic system.

In spring, when mountain lakes open up and glaciers begin to melt, rivers overflow according to the “as God sent” principle, exactly according to the same principle, neighbors take water, and in the absence of a fixed border. Largely for this everyday reason, the main part of the conflicts on the border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan occurs precisely in the period of March-April. So it was this year, so it was last year, and so on.

Thirdly, this node is one of the most densely populated in Central Asia, a kind of analogue of the fertile crescent in the Middle East. The total population is approaching 10 million people, which is a lot, even a critically large number for such a generally small territory: 22-25 thousand square meters. km.

Fourth, the road network. Until very recently, in order to get to the Fergana region, one had to travel from Tashkent through the Sughd region of Tajikistan along the Syrdarya River. Only a few years ago, a 19-km tunnel along the lane was fully operational. Kamchik of the Angren-Pap section, which connected Tashkent and the Ferghana Valley within the same border. This site has become one of the most costly projects in the region ($1,63 billion) and was built with Chinese investments from the Chinese CR Group.

If you are traveling from southern Kyrgyzstan to the northwest, then you get a very interesting route where you cross the border with Tajikistan four times and the border with Uzbekistan twice. To travel from one part of Kyrgyzstan to another, due to the mountainous terrain, you will inevitably have to cross those same Tajik territorial enclaves. There are shorter routes, but much more fun, there are more authentic and harder ones, but the general situation is approximately clear - it is even technically difficult and inconvenient, and often simply dangerous.

On the whole, given the fact that half of the border in this area is not delimited, story with border control acquires such a specific oriental flavor.

By the way, fifthly, about the taste.

The fact is that this area is a traditional supplier of greenery, and, importantly, early. It is from there that the first bales arrive in Moscow and go to the markets. Its cost as you approach the capital increases not at times - by orders of magnitude. In addition to greenery, other early crops ripen there, which allow you to remove an additional margin. For these channels, the parties are often ready to fight not for life, but for death. The author will deliberately not name the price tags, not even tons (they don’t carry it like that), but one bale of such “green gold”, so that the reader will not be disappointed in life when going to the store.

Sixthly, where greens like parsley, dill and other cilantro grow abundantly, other fragrant-oily plants grow there. It is not for nothing that the song says: “Valley, wonderful valley, you were sent from heaven from grief and sadness.” Nature is usually, if generous, then generous to everything at once. And this is a separate and very tough question.

When our political scientists try to explain everything to us by the intrigues of the United States or Britain, and maybe all of them together, and even against the CSTO specifically, it should be taken into account that in such a knot of contradictions it is not even necessary to arrange any special intrigues, no political mines to lay and undermine: there everything, for whatever you take on, is one continuous powder keg.

Ideal point of interest


At the same time, this is simply an ideal point of interweaving of the interests of the three countries and an excellent leverage if the region needs to swing the balance in one direction or another. Moreover, there is also the seventh point of local features - generic economic geography. For Kyrgyzstan, this is a division into North-South (Osh and Batkent are south), for Tajikistan, these are four “poles”: Garm, Kulyab, Khujand (the same Sughd region, the border of which broke out) and Pamir.

This time, the area around the Tajik enclave of Vorukh, which was mentioned just above, shook again. At seven o'clock in the morning on September 14, according to the Kyrgyz side, while patrolling the "unmarked area" (and there is a little less unmarked than everyone else) in the area of ​​​​the Kekh-Bulak-Boshi border crossings, they notice Tajik border guards who allegedly begin to occupy combat positions and then open fire on them from small arms weapons, they begin to shoot back. Dushanbe, of course, defends the opposite version. Further - the Kyrgyz side deploys as much as a mortar battery and covers the shooters. Later, the sides begin to block the roads with rubble and sand.

During the day, such skirmishes cover the entire sector of the Isfaninsky district of Tajikistan and Batkensky Kyrgyzstan. The frontier outposts come under fire first, then Batken and Isfana proper. For three days, helicopters and UAVs, guns and MLRS were hit from both sides, right up to the Uragan systems. Then people began to leave the settlements, because what was happening was clearly larger than the previous clashes. Refugees are gradually moving into the interior.

A ceasefire was declared three times and violated three times, until the sides stopped for the UN General Assembly meeting. However, on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly, the leaders of the countries exchanged accusations.

The result of the “operation” on both sides is over a hundred killed, three hundred wounded and 140 thousand “displaced persons”. This is so much that it made people remember the early 90s.

Over the past week, the author has counted ten materials in the Russian press with the version about the “Afghan trace” of the fighting and “Dushanbe’s flirting with the Afghan opposition”, and three materials of the opposite direction, where Bishkek acted as the source of the provocation, which almost instantly used mortars, as if preparing for such turn of events in advance. However, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the presence of mortars at an outpost in a mountainous area should hardly be taken as a sensation, they were used by both sides, and it is not very logical to use Afghan detachments for such an operation - the pole is not the same.

It is technically possible to involve ethnic Tajiks who fled from the Taliban (banned in the Russian Federation) in the clash, but they are the same Islamists as everyone else. To use their homegrown “Vovchiks” (Wahhabis), again the pole (Khojent) is not the same, especially since today this phenomenon is no longer national, but international, and there are enough such “Vovchiks” from the opposite side. To involve the Taliban themselves in this conflict is primordial absurdity.

Another thing is that the use of the “Afghan Islamists” factor by both sides is one of the ways to attribute provocations to a third party for the practical purposes of ending the hot phase. But for an analyst, the emphasis on this particular factor can, on the contrary, play a negative role, leading the analysis of the situation away from specific causes and prerequisites, attributing everything to some “Islamists”. That is, for the parties to the conflict, this thesis is rather a blessing, but for analysis it is a departure to the side.

Behind the emphasis on the mysterious Islamists, the peculiar uniqueness of the situation is lost - both sides stopped fighting virtually on their own! The CSTO, unlike last year (April and the fighting in the same area), did not play a role here at all, the United States and China did not have time to react, Iran was more busy with its own protests, Turkey limited itself to a duty statement, Kazakhstan acted similarly, obviously not understanding what mechanisms should be applied here.

As a result, the parties stopped themselves. And this independent stop just indicates that we are witnessing not a new act of the “Great Game” of Britain, the intrigues of the United States and third-party forces in general, but the very aspect of politics that everyone is mentally weaned from - an objective combination of factors and circumstances (historical , geographical, economic and ethnic).

From afar, everything is often seen within the framework of global politics, and today there is talk that, they say, these battles allegedly showed the uselessness of the CSTO format. But, on the other hand, the CSTO is an organization that helps the parties to protect the borders, but what if there are no physical borders? There is no document fixed and ratified by the parties, where it is possible to put a permanent border post.

Are such issues generally within the powers of the CSTO? No, this is a question of the Foreign Ministries of the respective countries and of a different format. Not defense, but diplomacy. To us, this whole situation is presented in such a way as if “the CSTO does not work”, and it turns out that diplomacy seems to be secondary here. And she really is the first!

A non-functioning CSTO is one problem, and an agreement on the border and the operation of water and roads is another. And here is the statement of Kyrgyzstan that it will begin the procedure for "extraction" from the CSTO of Tajikistan, looks just provocative, and some domestic authors echo it, suggesting to start withdrawing the 201st base home, because E. Rahmon "flirts with the Islamists. It is possible to deduce something, but is this really all that we can offer in the region as a serious partner, is it possible to build such steps on such a shaky analytical base?

Arbitrator


At the same time, this provocativeness of Kyrgyzstan of Russia can, if desired and goal-setting “beautiful in the east,” be turned into a common benefit, since it is obvious that such a conflict requires only external moderation and external arbitration for the parties. And who can become an adequate arbiter - the USA, Turkey, China? That's the thing, no.

The problems of this "Pamir Knot" are based on the decisions made during the period 1979-1989. at the level of the central leadership of the USSR in response to repeated armed clashes between Tajiks and Kyrgyz. The number of regulatory documents and details of the transfer of land from one republic to another, including criminal cases, is such that not a single intermediary from outside simply “masters” this topic in principle. It is possible to kindle such a conflict and maintain the intensity of passions from the outside, but it is not possible to solve at least approximately and gain political weight in the region.

Uzbekistan will also not be able to play the role of an arbiter, since it is itself a third party. For Kazakhstan, at this stage, before political reforms, this is too difficult a challenge.

The fact that the Americans are well aware of the importance of the Ferghana Valley and its problems for Central Asia, as well as the fact that their role as an arbitrator can only be temporary and nominal, has long been known. Just as they are well aware there is not the national character, but the internationalism of the ideology of the “Vovchiks”.

“…Like the tribal zone, the future Ferghana Valley will be a significant ungoverned territory that will serve as a refuge, incubator and springboard for armed extremist groups and militants. The IMU and other extremist militias will use this sanctuary, as well as their new rear areas in Afghanistan, to build up pressure from Islamist insurgents on the secular governments of Central Asia.”
(Colonel T. Donelly, USA, 2012.).

But, if Fergana is an ideal lever for destabilizing the situation, then it should be taken into account that it is also an ideal stabilization mechanism - if your policy has taken root here and affects the interests of each side, then attempts to deeply destabilize Central Asia will end unsuccessfully. If you build ten international organizations, hold forums, make investments in the region, but do not deal with this particular node, then your geopolitical adversary will always be able to nullify your efforts by adding kerosene, now in one place, then in another, then in a third . For the author, it is an absolute mystery why the Kremlin went and goes exactly along the second path, after all, it is simply financially irrational.

For an external moderator, this regional node is a serious professional challenge due to the depth of contradictions, but, on the other hand, his task, as a moderator, is made easier by the fact that three neighboring peoples, to put it bluntly, don’t “love” each other very much, as they say. . It is pointless to look for the roots of this antipathy, and even more so to defeat it. The USSR did not succeed in this, and today's players will not succeed either, but it is possible and necessary to formulate a truly integral concept of interaction and try models of cooperation.

In other words, it all depends on the skill level of the moderator and the outside arbitrator - the weak one will be torn apart in this inter-ethnic chatter, and the strong one will tie the parties into a triple knot. The player who can connect will actually control Central Asia, and one would like to hope that Moscow will nevertheless find ambitious specialists for this task in the depths of its departments. Otherwise, we will be listening to stories about the “non-functioning CSTO” and its analogues for years.
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  1. 0
    29 September 2022 16: 17
    The Fergana Valley was constantly coveted even by China, how many times it tried to conquer it. The place is such a shame.
  2. +1
    29 September 2022 17: 01
    In no case should the influence on this region be weakened. The reason for disagreements arises for only one reason. All these countries are economically connected with large partners, but are weakly connected with each other. If they had close ties, then their attitude towards the Russian language would change. After all, they speak different languages. And our native would be common. And within Russia it is necessary for the republics to act according to the same scheme.
    1. +2
      29 September 2022 17: 56
      Influencing this node is the key to the region as a whole. A unique place and specialists, it requires exceptional qualifications.
      1. 0
        30 September 2022 22: 10
        Michael!
        Thank you so much for another very thoughtful and thoughtful post.
        Yours faithfully,
        hi
        1. +2
          30 September 2022 22: 14
          Thanks for rating!
          It was a pleasure to work for useful reading)
  3. 0
    29 September 2022 17: 25
    At the time of the union, these issues remained secondary, everything was limited to a hooligan and a police station, now sovereign peoples will tear each other's throats for an incorrectly driven stake into the ground.
    1. 0
      30 September 2022 12: 04
      Quote: AlexFly
      At the time of the union, these issues remained secondary, everything was limited to a hooligan and a police station,

      In the days of the Soviet Union in the Ferghana Valley, it was worth loosening the nuts a little - and ten thousand policemen and Vovans had to be urgently transferred.


      And this is only along the line of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, not counting the Airborne Forces.
      1. 0
        30 September 2022 15: 15
        This was already after the actual collapse of the Union in 91. When EBN began to shake the country, it started everywhere - the small-town leaders wanted more power, the shortest path through the nationalists .. And at the end of the 80s there was still a nishtyak.
        1. 0
          2 October 2022 00: 57
          Quote: AlexFly
          This was already after the actual collapse of the Union in 91.

          Ferghana pogroms - this is May-June 1989. The USSR was still alive.
  4. 0
    29 September 2022 18: 25
    Until very recently, in order to get to the Fergana region, one had to travel from Tashkent through the Sughd region of Tajikistan along the Syrdarya River. Only a few years ago, a 19-km tunnel along the lane was fully operational. Kamchik of the Angren-Pap section, which connected Tashkent and the Ferghana Valley within the same border. This site has become one of the most costly projects in the region ($1,63 billion) and was built with Chinese investments from the Chinese CR Group.

    Complete and absolute nonsense. The author even read Wikipedia. Since time immemorial, there has been a road from the Tashkent region to the Ferghana Valley through the Kamchik pass, which completely passes through the territory of Uzbekistan. In order not to go through the mountains, there was a road along the bed of the Syr Darya through Toy-tepa (UzSSR) - Leninabad (Tajik SSR) - Kokand (UzSSR). There was also a railroad. This road was actually closed after 1991.
    After the collapse of the USSR in the mid-90s. an automobile tunnel was built through the Kamchik pass, consisting of two sections 1500 and 450 meters long, through which traffic was carried out to the valley by road.
    And in 2016, the RAILWAY Tunnel was opened.
    1. +2
      29 September 2022 18: 38
      The article has a whole paragraph about the construction of the tunnel. And yes, I don't read Wikipedia much.
  5. +1
    29 September 2022 18: 30
    The Englishwoman died ... but continues to crap ...
    -----
    In addition to the post Image of the future. The situation with the explosions on the three branches of the Nord Stream can be considered as follows. First, the Britons arrange a provocation on gas pipelines going to Europe along the bottom of the Baltic Sea on behalf of a certain European power, the role of which Poland perfectly fits after the post of Radoslaw Sikorsky with gratitude to the United States for undermining, and then they strike at one of the European nuclear power plants, already allegedly on behalf of Russia (it’s in vain that iodized tablets are distributed in Europe and at European NATO bases), which, they say, reacted in this way to the strike on the branches of the Nord Stream. The EU and Russia sharply increase the level of escalation of relations up to the slide into the Third World War, and the Anglo-Saxons are watching this with a smile again on the sidelines, after which they again join the winner.

    The Anglo-Saxons used this scenario repeatedly - either to unleash the First World War, or during the recent provocation on the border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan - a blow on one side, then on the other, retreat, and they start to fight among themselves. At the same time, convincing opponents that they did not open fire first. Of course, they didn't open it, because they were shaved. So London, only London.
    (С)TK Image of the future
    1. +1
      29 September 2022 18: 44
      "Image of the Future" is a rather specific TG channel. So far, the situation is such that the parties on the spot are coping without the "Englishwoman" on their own. And they fight and make up. But after such a mess as happened now, here our good "partners" can do a lot of bad things in fresh footsteps. It’s clear that you can’t insure yourself from this with a couple of steps, well, there are still different international formats so far, in order to at least reduce the number of provocations if they start rocking the barge from outside.
      1. +1
        29 September 2022 19: 09
        Specific, you say ... Can you elaborate?
        And now you are talking about "global politics" in your article, but what is it? Tell us more, otherwise there is not a single book about this, where is the Ministry of Global Policy? feel Here is the Ministry of Internal Affairs - domestic policy, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - foreign policy, but where is the IHL?
        1. +2
          29 September 2022 19: 27
          An example is Kissinger's famous work Diplomacy. This is American pathos, yes. It is difficult to read this panegyric to Americanism, but there are useful grains there and there are many of them. Including a description of the US transition from foreign policy to geopolitics.

          In one of the articles on the results of the SCO there is such a paragraph

          "Thus, we see that the SCO members in a particular direction have really integrally approached solving problems with the support of the "moderates" in Kabul, pulling Pakistan in this direction and forming a project in which almost the entire region is involved. Such integrality is the very feature which separates regional political and economic forms of organization from geopolitics"

          Therefore, there is no need to make an analogue of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but it is necessary to work with the method and goal-setting. Geopolitics is also distinguished from foreign policy by coalition. Work on the system of unions and alliances. The same United States is very vigilantly watching that someone did not run away from the alliance with them))
          1. +1
            29 September 2022 21: 46
            Geopolitics-Brzezinski.
            Kissinger, in turn, said at Brzezinski's birthday party...
            ***
            “Wait, Henry, you're not leaving because of what I'm saying?” - Mr. Brzezinski interrupted his speech.

            “I have been waiting for such a moment for 30 years,” Henry Kissinger answered with a German accent and headed for the door.
            1. +2
              29 September 2022 22: 50
              Brzezinski is a well-known theoretical bugbear. All these chessboards are PR. It cannot be based on a real model; moreover, it prevents even just reflecting on the past. This is not geopolitics, this is a simulacrum of geopolitics. Because the current understanding of geopolitics is far from playing around heartlands, living spaces. Methods of effective parasitism on planet Earth have become quite complicated)))
        2. +1
          29 September 2022 19: 33
          What about Image. In my purely personal opinion, this is one of the "project" TG channels, project-oriented in the sense that it has the task of forming an information agenda. I'm not saying it's "bad"/"good", whether I agree with it or not. But I treat the information there precisely as part of a managed information agenda. I could be wrong, but that's my opinion.)
      2. +3
        30 September 2022 11: 38
        Quote: nikolaevskiy78
        after such a mess as happened now

        And here the ears stick out, and stick out very strongly!
  6. +2
    30 September 2022 07: 21
    Considering all these intricacies is funny, but absolutely pointless. At one time, Russia annexed these territories to itself primarily because the Russian Law stopped endless clan wars and brought order to the tormented lands. The unfortunate inhabitants accepted Russia with delight, because they themselves were categorically incapable of forming stable state formations. The power of money and the power of violence have always destroyed everything, and people have been killed, killed, killed....
    No need to look for "power" there. It is necessary to come there again, and evenly write out lyuli to everyone who is politically and economically noticeable there. Feel free to shoot those who resist in cold blood. This is the ONLY way to bring imr there, and get real support from the population there.
    As soon as the hands reach ...
    1. +3
      30 September 2022 11: 42
      Quote: Mikhail3
      . At one time, Russia annexed these territories to itself primarily because the Russian Law stopped endless clan wars and brought order to the tormented lands. The unfortunate inhabitants accepted Russia with delight, because they themselves were categorically incapable of forming stable state formations.

      what So here it is, a brief history of Turkestan! laughing
      1. +1
        30 September 2022 14: 53
        Not only). Caucasus too. The history of all these guys should be described in this way. They tried. But the state begins when the people who form it, its driving force, limit their own power by laws and regulations. That is, they humble their desires and ambitions before something greater than themselves.
        It was at this moment that the seizure of a certain territory by a gang of bandits turns into the construction of a state. The peoples of Turkestan and the Caucasus with Transcaucasia did not pass this test. And they accepted our Law, because they did not pull their own. What kind of khan, bai, some other bandyugan wrote, spoke and grabbed, who considers what his own, all this does not matter at all, in general, completely.
        The whole movement now, which is rapidly pouring blood, is that these guys are fully aware that they will never build any state. And they try to grab something before it BEGINS. Who will take them, we or the Chinese, it does not matter to them. They still can't do it on their own.
        1. 0
          30 September 2022 22: 33
          Hello Michael!
          I always read your comments with interest, but did not join the discussion for a simple reason: write “I absolutely agree with you!” — looks like the apotheosis of idiocy.
          But these two posts of yours today, in my opinion, deserve “100500 pluses”, because this is what is called analytics.
          Yours faithfully,
          hi
          1. 0
            1 October 2022 08: 30
            Thank you, namesake) In fact, this talent of mine - the ability to analyze scattered data, and then clearly decompose what is happening and how, does not bring much joy to the owner. It's a lousy feeling when you understand what's going on, but in all these huge movements you just see the inevitability. Most of all, the inevitability of global stupidity and idiocy, as the driving forces of history, delivers.
            I'm glad that my conclusions bring satisfaction to someone.
        2. +2
          5 October 2022 08: 10
          Quote: Mikhail3
          The history of all these guys should be described in this way.

          Those. there were three states, they lived without grieving, and then a European came in the form of a Russian soldier and said .. The West is cooler than Asia, so now everything is mine, you have nothing in life, from every tree my figs, drag grapes here ... now I am your godfather for life!
          Mikhail, then I have a question for you ... what the hell did these Asia and the Caucasus surrender to Russia? To prove to the natives that the Russian state way of life is cooler than their way of life??? And because of these show-offs, a bunch of resources and the lives of Russian soldiers were thrown there?
          what Cool, really the kings of the priests were furious with fat!
          1. 0
            6 October 2022 14: 59
            The Russian soldier didn't say that. He said - sit down, smoke, think about how to continue to live. And he had in mind the following - land can only belong to those who are able to protect it. This passion is both intolerant and very contrary to the psychology of today's snowflakes, but it is a fact. There can be no states among peoples who are not able to defend their land.
            And yes, everything here belongs to those who can conquer and hold this land. Apparently you guys have been stealing, robbing, being lazy and making too much of yourself. And while you were doing this, your strength was gone. The one, the real one, that in cultivated land, large factories and small crafts, and most importantly in people who, young and old, are ready to defend their state.
            First of all, the father-kings needed buffer territories. At least as a strategic background. And the kings also knew that the Russian Law, established on any land, leads to their growth and development. That is, to an explosive growth in tax collection. There is such a biological principle. An increase in the number of predators can only be achieved by protecting herbivores) And so on ...
            1. +2
              7 October 2022 08: 46
              I'm wildly sorry, but from everything you wrote, I understood only one thing, you don't know Asians at all!
              Quote: Mikhail3
              There can be no states among peoples who are not able to defend their land.

              The history of such states as France, Germany, Austria, Finland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark contradicts your thesis, these states could not defend their land 83 years ago, but this did not prevent them from becoming states again!
              1. 0
                7 October 2022 14: 47
                Mdya, about your understanding ...)) The European peoples you listed were very much able to defend their states. Not on the battlefield, yes. But nevertheless they were able to. Many have been sacrificed, much has been given away, but much has been gained.
                At that time they had not only some strength, but also a considerable mind, which allowed them to become useful victors precisely in the form of relatively independent states.
                The mind is the most serious weapon, and these people know how to use it)
                1. +2
                  10 October 2022 10: 25
                  Quote: Mikhail3
                  European peoples were very much able to defend their states. Not on the battlefield, yes. But nevertheless they were able to.

                  In the same way, the Emirate of Bukhara managed to defend its state within the framework of the Russian Empire!
                  Quote: Mikhail3
                  The mind is the most serious weapon, and these people know how to use it)

                  Which I've been having a lot of doubt about lately.
                  1. 0
                    10 October 2022 14: 10
                    No, the Emirate of Bukhara failed. Everything that happened there happened much later. Reason in these states was then. And the mind, and not so small force. But the peak of the mind is a fickle thing) "It's not that I haven't reached the shining peaks of competence. I just can't keep the right height")
  7. 0
    1 October 2022 00: 20
    Quote: nikolaevskiy78
    Impact on this node

    You can influence through the millions of Uzbeks and Tajiks settled only in Moscow and the Moscow Region.

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