Russian tactical nuclear weapons
152-mm artillery shell 3VB3 with a container for transportation. Photo Picssr.com
The nuclear powers are armed with atomic munitions of various categories and for various purposes. In particular, the so-called. tactical nuclear weapon. These are low-power special ammunition designed for use at the tactical level - literally on the battlefield or in the near rear of the enemy. According to various estimates, Russia has the largest stocks of such weapons in the world.
At the tactical level
As the name implies, tactical nuclear weapons (TNW) include special ammunition intended for use at the operational-tactical level. In addition, the delivery vehicles and carriers of such weapons are tactical systems and complexes operated in different branches of the military.
Various objects, etc. are considered as targets for TNW. in the zone of destruction of tactical weapons. These can be troops in concentration areas and in positions, headquarters and command posts, positions of launchers and various complexes, military and dual-use facilities, etc.
203-mm self-propelled gun 2S7M "Malka". Its ammunition load may include special projectiles. Photo by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
The nature of such targets makes it possible to effectively solve the problem with a relatively low power of the ammunition. Most of the known tactical charges have a yield of hundreds of tons of TNT (in fact, the lower limit of the power of a nuclear device) to tens of kilotons. The most powerful example of TNW is the American B61 thermonuclear bomb. Some of its modifications are designed for a yield of 300-340 kt, and in this respect a tactical bomb is similar to a mass of strategic warheads.
The limited power of a nuclear charge makes it possible to reduce the size and weight of the ammunition as a whole, ensuring compatibility with different carriers. The lightest and most compact types of tactical nuclear weapons are special artillery shells. In our country, such ammunition was carried out in calibers from 152 mm. Larger warheads for ballistic and cruise missiles of different classes were also created. Aviation bombs were suggested.
Mortar 2S4 "Tulip". In the 240 mm caliber, there were or are several nuclear mines. Photo by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
It should be noted that the production and deployment of tactical nuclear weapons is not limited by any documents and rules - with the exception of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and agreements on delivery vehicles. Thanks to this, the nuclear powers can produce and keep on duty any required amount of tactical munitions. In addition, there is no need to report on such weapons to anyone.
Russian secrets
In our country, the development of tactical nuclear weapons began in the fifties, shortly after the first successes in the field of strategic systems. Within a decade, all major branches of the armed forces received their tactical ammunition. In the future, science and industry created new generations of products, and, apparently, work on tactical nuclear weapons continues to this day. However, due to the specifics of this topic, there is no open information about the developments of the last decades; there are gaps in the previous stories directions.
There is no precise information on the current state of Russian TNW arsenals. There are only various estimates and forecasts, which may differ from the real indicators both up and down. For example, the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) estimates that the Russian military has nearly 6 tactical nuclear weapons. The total stocks of tactical nuclear weapons in NATO countries are approximately at the same level.
Loading a rocket on the Iskander OTRK launcher. Photo by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
It is not known what types of 6 thousand special products belong to and for which troops they are intended. According to various estimates, the previous approach to completing such arsenals has not changed. If necessary, TNW can be used in the form of large-caliber artillery shells, aerial bombs and missiles of various types of various bases.
Aviation munitions
The first domestic samples of tactical nuclear weapons were developed for front-line aviation. It was combat aircraft that could carry and use imperfect early products with sufficiently large dimensions and weight. Later it was possible to reduce the dimensions of the bombs without loss in power. So, by the beginning of the sixties, a bomb in caliber 500 kg could carry a warhead with a capacity of 5-10 kt. There were opportunities for further performance improvement.
According to fragmentary data, free-falling or guided nuclear bombs are still in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces. They are made in the standard size of conventional ammunition and can be used by different carriers. At the same time, the Su-34 bomber or the Su-25 attack aircraft needs some special control devices to use them.
Tactical nuclear bomb "224N" / RN-24 with a capacity of 5 kt. Photo militaryrussia.ru
According to some estimates, some types of air-to-surface missiles can also be delivery vehicles for tactical nuclear weapons. For example, it was proposed to inscribe a nuclear charge with a capacity of several kilotons into the body of the X-59 rocket, which is distinguished by its large dimensions and mass. Such a missile could be used by front-line and long-range bombers.
Land weapons
For the missile forces and artillery of the ground forces, a fairly wide range of tactical nuclear weapons in various designs was created in the past. The first in this area were predictably large-caliber artillery shells with a capacity of 1-3 kt. With the development of technology, the caliber of such ammunition has been reduced to 152 mm. In parallel, systems and projectiles / mines with a caliber of up to 420 mm were developed.
According to known data, several modern domestic artillery systems at once have at least the theoretical possibility of using nuclear projectiles. So, 152-mm shells of the type 3VB3, 3VB6, etc. with a power of not more than 1-2 kt can be used by the Msta-S / B or Hyacinth-S / B guns. For the 203-mm "Peony" / "Malki" shots were created, known by the codes "Sapling" and "Kleschevina". The 240-mm mortar 2S4 "Tulip" can use mines 3VB4 and 3VB11 with a capacity of 2 kt.
A Su-34 bomber drops a KAB-500S bomb. The use of tactical nuclear weapons looks similar. Photo by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
All domestic tactical and operational-tactical missile systems, starting with 2K1 "Mars", had the ability to use nuclear warheads. It is reliably known that the Tochka-U OTRK, which was decommissioned in the recent past, could use similar combat equipment.
The current status of tactical nuclear weapons in the field of OTRK is unknown. Previously, it was repeatedly reported about the fundamental possibility of creating a special warhead for missiles of the Iskander complex, ballistic and cruise. Whether these ideas were implemented is not clear.
Naval atom
The navy also received its tactical nuclear weapons. Until a certain time, much attention was paid to the development of torpedoes and depth charges with special warheads. Nuclear warheads were also installed on missiles of various types. The last known means of delivering tactical nuclear weapons for the Navy was the S-10 Granat missile, which was decommissioned in 1989. It carried a 200 kt charge, sufficient to destroy an entire ship detachment.
Launch missiles "Caliber" in non-nuclear equipment. Photo by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
There is currently no exact information about the presence of tactical nuclear weapons in service with the Navy. At the same time, there are fundamental opportunities for its implementation and use for various purposes. For example, in the past it was reported that the Caliber cruise missile could carry both conventional and special warheads. However, the Russian Navy, fulfilling existing agreements, does not use nuclear cruise missiles on surface ships.
An unclear situation has developed in the field of torpedo weapons. 650-mm nuclear-powered torpedoes were withdrawn from service in the XNUMXs. Nothing is known about a modern replacement for them, even if it was developed and entered service.
For combat and containment
Thus, over the past few decades, the Soviet and then the Russian army has been armed with a wide range of tactical nuclear weapons. This category includes ammunition of different classes for various carriers and delivery vehicles available in all major branches of the armed forces.
Tactical nuclear bombs, missiles, projectiles and various types can seriously affect the course of a battle or operation, as well as cause serious damage to the enemy. For this reason, TNW is a highly effective means of reinforcing conventional forces and means for special situations. In addition, it can be considered not only as a weapon for combat, but also as a means of deterrence. In this role, it can effectively complement strategic and other means and systems.
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