Nuclear submarines with cruise missiles. Project 675 (Echo-II class)
Under the leadership of Chelomey V.N. in Reutovo near Moscow, research began on the formation of the appearance of a long-range anti-ship missile in 1956. The maximum firing range of the cruise missile, which is part of the complex, was to be more than 300 kilometers, in order to ensure the possibility of defeating aircraft-carrier strike formations and enemy groups without entering their anti-ship and anti-submarine defense zones. The anti-ship missile had to have a control system ensuring the defeat of surface targets of almost all classes, high-explosive fragmentation and nuclear warheads of high power. The missile and shipboard equipment of the control system of the complex was developed by SRI-49 (hereinafter referred to as the Scientific and Production Association “Granit”), headed by N.A. Charin.
The creation of an “anti-avian” system for use on submarines was impossible without ensuring reliable intelligence collection and target designation in the ocean zone. To solve this problem, under the guidance of the chief designer Kudryavtsev I.V. in the Kiev Research Institute of Radio Electronics (today NPO "Quantum") created aviation intelligence system "Success", placed on specially designed for this purpose carriers Tu-95RC and Tu-16RC. A carrier-based radar for detecting sea targets was placed on the carriers with further transmission of signals to ships for data processing and target designation of the missile system. Thus, in the Soviet Union, for the first time in the world, a RUS (reconnaissance-strike system) was developed, consisting of reconnaissance equipment, strike weapons and their carriers (both sea and air).
The ship’s automated system “Argument” solved the mission of controlling the flight of several cruise missiles during a salvo launch, as well as targeting the RCC to the target using a radar sight. When several targets were detected, it was possible to selectively defeat them by broadcasting a radar image of the target from the missile onboard the submarine and sending commands from the ship to select a specific target.
A significant drawback of the PK P-6 was the launch of missiles from a surface position. At the same time, the time spent by nuclear submarines with cruise missiles equipped with the P-6 complex increased in comparison with the submarines that had the P-5 on board, since flight control was required until the target homing rocket head was captured. Despite this obvious drawback, it was believed that the P-6 gave the USSR Navy tangible advantages against large surface ships of a potential enemy. In addition, the program was actively supported by Khrushchev N.S. As a result, 17.07.1956 issued a resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers on the commencement of work on nuclear missile submarines of the 675 project, equipped with anti-ship missiles P-6, and strategic anti-ship missiles P-5М, which were intended to destroy coastal targets.
The design of the atomic submarine began under the leadership of the chief designer Pustyntsev P.P. in the Central Design Bureau of MT Rubin. The main observer from the naval fleet appointed the captain of the 1st rank M.S. Fadeev, who was replaced by the captain of the 2nd rank V.N. Ivanov The submarine was intended for attacks on enemy ships and ships with P-6 missiles during operations on sea and ocean communications, as well as for the destruction of naval bases, administrative and industrial centers of the enemy with the help of P-5M cruise missiles.
Structurally, the SSGN of the 675 project is a two-hull two-shaft submarine with a developed superstructure and a conning tower. The robust case, which has a cylindrical shape for a greater extent, was made of X-NUMX-22-mm AK-35 steel. The extremities were given the shape of truncated cones.
The robust housing was divided into 10 compartments:
The first is a torpedo;
The second one is a battery room and a residential one (the mess room was located there);
The third is a rocket control station;
The fourth is the central post;
Fifth - diesel generator compartment;
Sixth - reactor;
Seventh - turbine;
Eighth - turbine generators, switchboards, electric motors;
Ninth - residential;
Tenth - aft torpedo.
For the manufacture of intersect bulkheads used 10 millimeter steel AK-25. With rocket fire, the mass of the launching rockets was compensated by taking water in the spec. replacement tanks. A set of lightweight body and trim and made of steel SW, whose thickness ranged from 4 to 16 millimeters. The surface of the case was covered with an anti-acoustical coating.
The power plant (total power on two 35 shaft, ths hp) consisted of two VM-A type reactors (70 mW each), two steam turbines and two main turbo-gear 60-D1 units. There were also two DG-400 diesel generators (M-860 diesel engines) and two 900-strong PG-116 sneaking electric motors. Battery "38-SM" - lead-acid, two groups of 112 elements in each. In general, the power plant is almost identical to the submarines of the 627-th, 658-th and 659-th projects.
An antenna for controlling the missile weapons of the “Argument” system was installed on a rotating mast in front of the wheelhouse. In the off position, the carrier emitters of a large-sized antenna were wound up into the felling fence so that the fairing, located on the back side of the antenna, “turned” into the front wall of the felling fence.
The main armament of the submarine - 8 cruise missiles P-6 (ind. 4K88) - were placed in containers that were raised at an angle 14 degrees to the starting position. The containers were rigidly fastened in pairs and in a non-working position were placed horizontally in the superstructure of the boat. Shooting, like on submarines of the 659 project, was possible only on the surface.
The dimensions of the P-6 rocket were: length - 10800 mm, diameter - 900 mm, wing span - 2500 mm and starting weight - 5300 kg. The rocket was supplied with starting solid propellant solid propellant engines and marching TRD. The firing range is from 35 to 380 kilometers, the maximum flight speed is M = 1,3. The height of the missile flight - 400 – 7500 meters, before the attack of the target, the anti-ship missile dropped to 100 meters.
On nuclear submarines with cruise missiles of the 675 project for the first time in the world, the possibility of salvo rocket fire with selective defeat of enemy ships in the compound was realized. A nuclear submarine could run for 15 min. four rocket salvo, two salvos - during 20-30 min. taking into account the time required for ascent, preparation for launch, launch and flight of the missiles to the target. It was possible to simultaneously fire a target from various 12 carriers with P-6 missiles, which ensured the overcoming of the densest air defense of aircraft carrier connections used in 1960's. To receive data on targets from the aviation reconnaissance and target designation system, a “Success-U” radar system was provided (reception was carried out on the surface or underwater). However, at the time of the construction of submarines, she did not have time and was mounted on one submarine after the modernization of the project 675-MU. The rest of the SSGNs were equipped with the "Killer Whale" system, designed to receive target indications from satellites (10 submarines were upgraded according to the 675-K and 675-MK project).
The reconnaissance and strike complex was used as follows: the submarine, which was located in a given area, received a combat order to use missile weapons, climbed to the periscope depth to establish communications with the reconnaissance and target aircraft, transmitting radar information about enemy targets to the nuclear submarine . This information was displayed on the screen of the operator's console of the target designation complex of the submarine. The commander of the vessel analyzed the target situation by assigning a target by which it was necessary to determine the coordinates (range and bearing). Then, these data were entered into the ship’s missile control system, carried out an assessment of the reach of the weapon and the expected likelihood of the target being detected by the missile radar sight. Based on these data, the final decision was made to open fire. The boat lay on the course, carried out the pre-launch preparation, floated to the surface position and carried out a missile salvo (the maximum number of anti-ship missiles in a salvo was four). The rocket’s flight in the salvo relative to the plane of fire was controlled by one operator using the bearing marks on the radar indicator. When the mark deviates from the given direction, the anti-ship missile was returned by the operator to the plane of fire. Upon reaching the calculated range (developed by the ship control system), the operators gave the command to turn on the radar sights of the missiles and the radio channel transmitters to transmit information received by the sighting devices. After the radar target radar captured the missile target, the missile, at the operator’s command, was transferred to the homing mode (the missile was initially homing only in the horizontal plane, then a flat dive of the missile was performed, several km before the target was introduced the vertical homing mode).
The torpedo armament of the boat consisted of four nasal 533-mm torpedo tubes (maximum depth of firing 100 meters) and two fodder 400-mm torpedo tubes (maximum depth of use - 250 meters). Ammunition consisted of 20 torpedoes. “Ladoga” was used as a control system for torpedo weapons.
The submarine is equipped with the Sila H-675 navigation system, Arktika-M State Joint Stock Company, Mayak gyrocompass, Albatross radar, Lyra-11 astronavigation system, and other equipment.
In the west, the boats of the 675 project were considered a modernized version of the SSGN of the 659 project and assigned the designation “Echo-II class”.
Modifications
The boats of the 675 project were among the most actively modernized ships of the Soviet fleet. To a large extent, this was due to the rapid improvement of the main enemy of the submarines - the aircraft carriers of the US Navy. Thus, the P-6 rocket was upgraded to the P-6M (4K48).
Under the leadership of Tsvetkov A.P. In NII-49, 1959 carried out work on the station “Lightning”, which provided autonomous over-the-horizon target designation using the phenomenon of tropospheric dispersion of microwave radio waves. The Molniya station in December 1969 was adopted by the Navy for installation on the 675 project nuclear submarines and on the 651 project diesel submarines. On some ships SJSC "Arktika-M" was replaced by a more advanced hydroacoustic complex "Kerch".
The 675-K project provided for the installation of Kasatka equipment, providing reception and processing of target designation information from satellites. Under this project, one nuclear submarine with cruise missiles, K-48, was upgraded.
In 1960-70, 10 submarines of the 675 project were upgraded according to the 675-MK project (K-23, -57, -56, -94, -104, -128, -175, -184, -189) and project 675-МУ (К-28 with the station "Success-U"). Submarines were equipped with new anti-ship missiles P-500 "Basalt" (the same as on the 1164 missile cruisers). In addition to the new anti-ship missiles, the equipment of the Kasatka-B space targeting system was installed on the upgraded submarines (except for one project 675-MU). The displacement of boats at the same time increased by 600 tons.
Modernization of nuclear submarines with cruise missiles on the project 675-MKV began in the late 1980-s. The submarines were equipped with the new P-1000 Vulkan missile system, which has a significantly increased range of fire, as well as the modern SJSC Kerch. In the course of the modernization, the SSGNs received the Strela-3 portable anti-aircraft complex, which provides defense in surface position from an air enemy. The displacement of ships of the project 675-MKV increased by 1000 tons. In total, five ships were upgraded under the 675-MKV project - K-1, K-22, K-35, K-34 and K-10 (the latter was written off before the end of the upgrade).
In 1986, K-86 - one of the SSGNs of the 675 project - was upgraded according to the 675-H project and was turned into a carrier of ultra-small submarine and combat swimmers. They dismantled rocket weapons from the submarine, as well as rocket fire control devices, installed special equipment, equipped the necessary premises to accommodate swimmers and their escape underwater, as well as the gateway and fixtures for the SMNL project 1861 (X-Ray class).
Construction program
The construction of the submarines of the 675 project was carried out on the NSR in Severodvinsk and the NWTC in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. K-166 - the leading Severodvinsk ship - was incorporated into the Northern Fleet in 1963 year. This was preceded by state. tests successfully completed with four-rocket salvo fire. 1963-1968 total the navy received 29 submarines of the 675 project (13 hulls were built on the NWTC, 16 - on the SMP).
Status on 2007 year
Submarines of the 675 project began to enter the Soviet Navy in 1960's: 16 submarines in the Northern Fleet (one in 1966, transferred to the Pacific Fleet), 13 ships to the Pacific Ocean. All ships of this project 25 July 1977 of the year were assigned to the sub-class of the BPL, and 15 of January 1978 were returned to the subclass KPLP.
The boats of the 675 project were actively used in the Pacific and Northern fleets. Submarines carried combat service in the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In November 1965, the directive of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy was tasked by the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy to prepare two nuclear-powered ships to go to the Pacific Fleet through one of the southern routes. To participate in the transition, it was decided to allocate the K-166 rocket carrier and the 627-A torpedo boat. The ships launched the 2 movement in February 1966. The distance between submarines was 60 miles. Sometimes submarines converged to communicate on ultra-short waves or on a submarine channel. Having overcome almost 25 thousand miles of 20 March 1966, the submarines entered Avacha Bay in Kamchatka. The transition, skillfully filed by the official propaganda of the USSR, received considerable political resonance. All crew members were awarded medals and orders, and five participants were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.
To expand the zone of action of the Soviet submarines conducted a search for new maneuverable points of deployment. In 1967, for this purpose, the complex tide expedition led by Admiral Vladimirsky LA was sent to the equatorial waters of the Atlantic. The nuclear submarine K-128 also participated in it.
Between March 01 and 31 1969 of the year, the K-131 submarine, while in the Mediterranean in the war zone, provided assistance to the Egyptian armed forces.
For the combat service in the Indian Ocean in 1970, the first Soviet nuclear submarine was sent - K-7. This boat also carried out missile firing at the corner reflectors (the Tu-95РЦ aircraft was used to provide target designation). For three months, the submarine K-1971 also served in the Indian Ocean 31.
The boats of the 675 project were involved not only in tracking surface ships, but sometimes “bleed” American submarines that were on combat duty. For example, in 1967, the K-135, for 5,5 hours, continuously monitored the Patrick Henry nuclear submarine.
SSGN of the 675 project in 1989-92 began to be actively removed from the fleet. The first fleet in 1985 left K-116, and in 1987, K-431 (formerly K-31) due to accidents in the main power plants. The most recent in 1994 are gone: B-47 (K-47), B-22 (K-22) and K-131.
The main tactical and technical characteristics of the nuclear submarine with cruise missiles of the 675 project:
Surface displacement - 4450 tons;
Underwater displacement - 5760 tons;
The greatest length - 115,4 m;
The greatest width - 9,3 m;
Draft on KVL - 7,8 m;
Main power plant:
- 2 water-cooled reactor VM-A, with a total power of 140 mW;
- 2 GTZA-601;
- 2 PPU OKA-150;
- 2 steam turbines, total power 35000 hp (29400 kW);
- 2 turbine generator GPM-21, power of each 1400 kW;
- 2 diesel generator DG-400, power of each 450 kW;
- 2 auxiliary ED PG-116, power of each 140 hp;
- 2 shaft;
- 2 propeller;
Surface speed - 14 ... 15 nodes;
Submerged travel speed - 29 nodes;
Immersion depth - 240 m;
Extreme depth of immersion - 300 m;
Autonomy - 50 days;
Crew - 137 man (including officer 22);
Missile armament:
- Launchers PKRK P-6 / P-6М - 8 X 1;
- anti-ship missile 4K88 / 4К48 (SS-N-3B "Sepal") or cruise missile P-5D (SS-N-3C "Shaddock") - 8;
Torpedo armament:
Torpedo tubes caliber 533 mm - 4 (bow);
533 mm torpedoes SET-53M and 53-61 - 8;
Torpedo tubes caliber 400 mm - 2 (feed);
400 mm torpedoes SET-40 - 4;
Mine weapons - can carry mines instead of torpedoes;
Electronic weapons:
Combat information and control system - no data;
Radar system of general detection - RLK-101 "Albatross" (Snoop Tray);
Hydroacoustic system:
- MG-200М "Arctic-M";
Radar fire control - "Argument" (Front Piece / Front Door) for the SCRK P-6;
Means of electronic warfare:
- Nakat-M (Quad Loop D / F) RTR
- “Van” (Stop Light) EW (Brick Pulp)
Navigation complex:
- “Force H-675”;
- "Lyra-11" astronavigation system;
- “Lighthouse” gyrocompass;
Radio complex - a set of tools;
State identification radar - MCI.
Information