Hungarian shoes of WWII

78

It is rather difficult to write about Hungarians.
There is enough material on the uniform of the Magyars, participants in the Second World War, on the one hand, and on the other, it is “smeared”. There are many general phrases, but not very specific ones. But I'll try. At least in general terms.
Do you remember my tradition of describing the footwear of the army of this or that country in one word?

Hungarian originality


So, Hungarian is "originality".
When I was just starting to search for material, at first I was thrown onto a site where VNA boots from the ATS period were described. But even then I noticed the unusual eyelets. Ankle boots, like ankle boots, and the eyelets in them are original. Oblong.
Why did it happen?
Let's start in order.
During the Second World War, the Hungarian soldier entered in a kind of uniform, in which one could recognize Italian motives, German practicality, but all this was thickly seasoned with national flavor. There are all kinds of feathers, hanging ...
The army shoes of soldiers and junior officers were leather boots of brown, red-brown and rarely black colors.

Eyelets


Distinctive features - narrow leather straps - bracelets with two clasps, covering the ankle, eight pairs of oval eyelets and tailoring that made the boots seem dull.
True, the realities of hostilities quickly made adjustments. And already during the war, the boots became lower and with the usual round eyelets.
I will try to explain what all these delights were for.
The bracelets on the legs prevented pebbles from getting into the boot.
Narrow?
So the Hungarian soldier did not have breeches or trousers, but breeches... Already sewn in and smartly tight calves.

Early and late


Why are the eyelets oblong?
Because the laces were originally leather. Even later, when they became cloth, they are still flat.
Now I'll try to post photos of early and late boots.

Hungarian shoes of WWII




Above - late, wartime, from below - where it all began.
The sole is also leather, multi-layered. Nailed down with a lot of square-headed nails.
The heel and toe are reinforced with horseshoes.
The photo on the screensaver most likely shows the late period, when "Italian fashion" faded into the background, and German practicality took its place - the nails are too familiar. Although, judging by the fact that they are packed unevenly, this was most likely done in the field workshops.
Photo of the sole of the original:



This could have ended, if not for bilgeri.
What it is? Today such shoes are called "off-road" trekking shoes. History the appearance of this shoe in the Hungarian army is quite interesting. In 1938, the experimental reconnaissance airborne unit Ejtoernyos was formed as part of the Hungarian Air Force. All equipment, including parachutes, for this unit was purchased from Germany, Italy or the United States, since it was not produced in Hungary. The command of the unit seemed promising and a military school for paratroopers was organized at the Szombathely airfield for training future paratroopers. And already the first jumps showed that ordinary infantry boots are not suitable for paratroopers. For example, during the jumps on September 1, 1938. out of six parachutists, two suffered leg fractures.
They needed footwear that, on the one hand, securely fixed the ankle and protected the foot from impacts upon landing, on the other hand, protected the foot from dust, dirt, moisture and made it possible to confidently move over rough terrain. To create such shoes, the Hungarians used the experience of the famous Austrian climber, pioneer of alpine skiing, Georg Bilgeri. Therefore, parachute boots with sewn-on tops, rubber soles with a developed tread and lacing for fixing the ankle have received the unofficial name "bilgeri".


Hungarian paratrooper in parachute boots.

The shoes turned out to be so comfortable that they began to use them "out of order" as a ceremonial day off. For officers tank and automobile divisions in 1941 developed a simplified version - Fűzőscsizma 1941M. They differed from parachute boots with a simple leather sole and a lace-up boot instead of a fastener. But the name "Bilgeri" remained with them. As well as popularity. Those servicemen who were not supposed to have such shoes according to the state could buy them at their own expense or get them in another way, showing such an irreplaceable quality in army life as a soldier's ingenuity.
  • Igor Maleev
  • www.roncskutatas.com www.forum.ww2.ru warspot.com
Our news channels

Subscribe and stay up to date with the latest news and the most important events of the day.

78 comments
Information
Dear reader, to leave comments on the publication, you must sign in.
  1. +9
    1 January 2022 15: 02
    Author's publications began in 2022.
    Keep it up, Leader of the Redskins!

    About Bilgery.
    Judging by the photo, the bootleg is one-piece, fixed with straps at the top and bottom.
    Dressed like a boot due to the stock of the bootleg width.
    How does the ankle fixation increase if the bootleg does not fit the lower leg tightly?
    1. +5
      1 January 2022 15: 19
      Alas, I won't tell you. It's probably more convenient for cavalrymen, but ... You can't argue against history ...
      1. +4
        1 January 2022 15: 41
        It is rather difficult to write about Hungarians.
        "a Magyar woman came to the bank of the Danube ..." what is difficult?
      2. +11
        1 January 2022 17: 35
        It is rather difficult to write about Hungarians.
        "I told you my brother! You know the Magyar poorly! Said the old sapper Vodichka Schweik" (c) Yaroslav Hasek))))))
      3. +5
        2 January 2022 03: 46
        For that, it is fashionable, beautiful and photogenic.
      4. +2
        3 January 2022 22: 08
        Igor, I bow! You have your own direction of articles, and unusual. Everyone remembers the war, but no one thought about shoes! And without shoes and a soldier - not a soldier, without them, and you can not fight.
        Thanks again for the interesting research! drinks
        1. +4
          3 January 2022 23: 15
          Thank you for the kind words. I passed one more article for moderation. To be honest - I "survive" on these articles! laughing For five years, I have made myself so many "well-wishers" that it is not realistic to get out "in pluses"!)))
          1. +1
            3 January 2022 23: 21
            For five years, I have made myself so many "well-wishers" that it is not realistic to get out "in pluses"!)))

            It's unreal for all of us. stop Moreover, the authors. Ce la vie, plus the Pareto law, the narrow-minded will throw minuses. bully My passion is Pavel Petrovich, you read it in August. We all need to write more; I write myself, but my hands do not reach the completed cycle. recourse
            Will live! We we understand each other too much, as authors ... drinks
    2. +4
      1 January 2022 16: 05
      Due to the laces. The ankle joint is not under the knee. wink
      1. 0
        1 January 2022 16: 30
        Quote: Andrey Moskvin
        Due to the laces. The ankle joint is not under the knee.

        rigid fixation is achieved by limiting the mobility of the articulation of the lower leg with the foot.
        for this you need a high bootleg.
        otherwise why would it be sewn on a shoe?
        1. 0
          1 January 2022 16: 42
          I thought, purely for waterproofing. belay
          1. +2
            1 January 2022 16: 57
            Quote: Andrey Moskvin
            I thought, purely for waterproofing.

            is accepted wink
            perhaps the high lacing is actually enough.
            happy New Year!
        2. +2
          1 January 2022 17: 26
          > limited mobility of the articulation of the lower leg with the foot
          You have now described motoboots. It is impossible to walk in them for any length of time.
  2. +7
    1 January 2022 15: 08
    Early and late Hungarian boots look very much like modern Russian ankle boots.
    And breeches have a number of advantages in terms of men's health over tight trousers.
    1. +10
      1 January 2022 15: 23
      So breeches also have undeniable advantages in terms of freedom of movement .. It is not for nothing that this type was adopted in almost all armies of that time ..

      As for the shoes - I, as a man of the old school, have been and remain a supporter in the army of boots .. Ankle boots are from the evil one .. And boots are from poverty. When walking in nature - ankle boots have of course a number of advantages, but if you wear them for a long time and in the field - without options - boots with footcloths .. Especially - in bad autumn-spring weather. In summer, you can ride in ankle boots, but on mud - quiet horror.
      1. Eug
        +5
        1 January 2022 16: 09
        And do not forget about the shin protection that the boots provide, and special protective gaiters are needed for the ankle boots.
      2. +6
        1 January 2022 17: 10
        [quote = paul3390] Especially - in bad autumn-spring weather. [/ quote it's easy to dry -1, change places again dry-2, break for dressing easily and at hand -3, cover the snoring face-4 ... a lot of advantages. - in any case, the footcloth wins, the ancestors were not guided by "guests and snips" everything was thought out.
  3. +17
    1 January 2022 15: 09
    Happy New Year to everyone!
    You know, usually I thank all the commentators, and today I also want to say thanks to the expert Viktor Nikolaevich (Undencim), who corrected and supplemented the article. All the same, our choice of the best commentator turned out to be correct, and the decision of the VO editorial staff to appoint him as an expert was reasonable.
    1. +5
      1 January 2022 15: 49
      Igor, Happy New Year and thanks for the article! smile

      I only learned from you that the Hungarians, it turns out, had paratroopers during the war. request
      1. +11
        1 January 2022 18: 11
        I only learned from you that the Hungarians in the war, it turns out, had paratroopers.

        1. +5
          1 January 2022 18: 29
          Hello, Victor Nikolaevich!
          Something I did not understand, but where is the title of "Best Commentator" ???
          1. +4
            1 January 2022 18: 57
            Obviously, at the Tatra ... laughing
            1. +5
              1 January 2022 19: 08
              You, Uncle Kostya, don't remember it by nightfall ...
              1. +5
                1 January 2022 19: 22
                And what, it was a beautiful car, and, for that time, very original. smile
                1. +5
                  1 January 2022 19: 32
                  And now, too, nothing
                  1. +1
                    2 January 2022 18: 39
                    Quote: 3x3zsave
                    And now, too, nothing

                    it's good that their girls are not "Tatras" ... not clumsy ...))))
                2. +6
                  1 January 2022 20: 55
                  Childhood memories


                  smile
                  1. +5
                    1 January 2022 21: 09
                    Oh yes, exactly! And it is on these Tatras. smile
                    1. +1
                      19 March 2022 16: 11
                      Quote: Sea Cat
                      Oh yes, exactly! And it is on these Tatras. smile

                      And what kind of "Ikarus" did they have ... a blunder.
                      1. 0
                        19 March 2022 16: 35
                        "Ikarus" were good, but they were produced in Hungary, and "Tatra" in Czechoslovakia. smile
                      2. 0
                        19 March 2022 17: 26
                        Quote: Sea Cat
                        "Ikarus" were good, but they were produced in Hungary, and "Tatra" in Czechoslovakia. smile

                        Hmm ... Hungarian boots and you are discussing a Czech car recourse request
                      3. 0
                        19 March 2022 17: 38
                        Hmm ... Hungarian boots and you are discussing a Czech car

                        So what?
                      4. 0
                        19 March 2022 18: 13
                        Quote: Sea Cat
                        So what?

                        Nothing... just amazing.
                      5. 0
                        19 March 2022 19: 13
                        We talk about what interests us, what is surprising here ... request
                      6. +1
                        19 March 2022 21: 26
                        Quote: Sea Cat
                        We talk about what interests us, what is surprising here ... request

                        And why then, under the article about Hungarian boots, when discussing the Czech Tatra, do not mention the Hungarian Ikarus winked
                      7. +1
                        19 March 2022 21: 35
                        Well, you are right that you mentioned it. I just specified which country produced it. smile
                      8. +1
                        19 March 2022 21: 53
                        Well, I'm aware smile drinks
                3. +3
                  5 January 2022 20: 26
                  such a Tatra in the 60s, ran in Tashkent, there was a stabilizer behind, like an airplane!
          2. +4
            1 January 2022 19: 06
            Quote: 3x3zsave
            where is the title of "Best Commentator" ???

            By the way, yes. It is in the nomination and in the results, but for some reason there is no "skin". request
            According to the article - I was surprised by the result of the jumps - two out of six broke their legs. The first time I jumped from the D-6, in ordinary sneakers, 8 more people jumped together, all for the first time. Nobody broke anything. This despite the fact that two were drunk, did not pull the pin from the reserve parachute, and descended on two baths! laughing
            PS Happy New Year to you, Anton, and everyone present as well! drinks
            1. +5
              1 January 2022 19: 15
              Happy New Year, Igor!
            2. +12
              1 January 2022 19: 38
              surprised by the result of the jumps

              According to the latest data, the highest mortality rates are among those engaged in hang gliding, ski jumping, climbers, parachutists and boxers.
            3. +3
              2 January 2022 15: 50
              Personal experience - three obligatory jumps on the course, on the "oaks".
              After jumping, twenty percent of the personnel went to the cafeteria outside the formation. laughing
              1. +1
                9 January 2022 19: 59
                Quote: CHEREDA73
                Personal experience - three obligatory jumps on the course, on the "oaks".
                After jumping, twenty percent of the personnel went to the cafeteria outside the formation. laughing

                Before admitting to the first jump three months from day to day - "jumps" with full packing "from the bedside table" and God forbid - the legs will be "not correct", it was driven in at the level of reflexes, but on jumps - no problems ... wink
                1. +1
                  9 January 2022 23: 40
                  We didn't have such serious preparation. After all, flying school, jumping is not the most important thing. The head of the PDS showed how it should be, jumped from the bedside table and forward. Well, I wrote the result above :)
            4. +2
              2 January 2022 18: 19
              Quote: Ingvar 72
              By the way, yes. It is in the nomination and in the results, but for some reason there is no "skin".
              According to the article - I was surprised by the result of the jumps - two out of six broke their legs. The first time I jumped from the D-6, in ordinary sneakers, 8 more people jumped together, all for the first time. Nobody broke anything. This despite the fact that two were drunk, did not pull the pin from the reserve parachute, and descended on two baths!
              PS Happy New Year to you, Anton, and everyone present as well!

              polygon Magdeburg, jumping experience, no, "badge with jumps" - I really wanted ... how ... The major first asked me to jump from the RSP kunga onto the sand (well, the sand in Magda) ... he told one to go ... far in general, and the three of us, according to his only clear logic, said, let's go ... with MI-8, bad I was ... I wouldn't be now.
              1. +1
                3 January 2022 13: 42
                Well, MI8 is cool! And what about the An-2? And I had to ... drinks
                Happy New Year!
                1. 0
                  9 January 2022 11: 56
                  I jumped from both the Mi-8 and the AN2. An2 is better. But I don’t want to anymore. stop
      2. +6
        1 January 2022 23: 37
        "Expanding the Boundaries" article on warspot.ru about the participation of the Hungarian army and its paratroopers, including in the war with Yugoslavia in April 1941!
        Paratroopers were first sent into battle on April 12, 1941.
    2. +4
      1 January 2022 16: 25
      Quote: Leader of the Redskins

      Chief of the Redskins (Nazarius)
      Today, 15: 09
      +7
      Happy New Year to everyone!

      I remember with longing, delicious canned vegetables and ... wine, real ... Hungarians ... let's go home ... huh?
  4. +5
    1 January 2022 15: 32
    Of course, I do not know all these subtleties of the footwear of the Hungarian army. Thanks to the author for reading. And here's what I want to say about skydiving. He jumped for the first time in 1967, at the school of radio gunners, jumped with LI 2. Without a jump, they did not assign qualifications and please join the explosives security company. So, they jumped in soldier's tarpaulins. The head of the PDS school, Major Garkusha, was still that teacher! Without a mat and a stick in his hand (which he did in a soft place, if not) nowhere. The whole school jumped, somewhere between 1000-1200 people. and not a single fracture! Sprains took place. The second time in 68 I jumped into the regiment, in Zavitinsk, with AN 2, but in winter, in high fur boots. All conscripts, gunners and radio operators refused the third jump at 69. lol
    1. +3
      1 January 2022 16: 34
      Quote: your vsr 66-67
      Of course, I do not know all these subtleties of the footwear of the Hungarian army. Thanks to the author for reading. And here's what I want to say about skydiving.

      I was shaking very much, on "Anka" and I wanted to both times ... to burp ... but with "mi eight" in general about doing ... what is there to remember? forget the ray.
    2. +1
      1 January 2022 17: 00
      Quote: your vsr 66-67
      The head of the PDS school, Major Garkusha, was still that teacher!

      probably a common surname ... but I had the honor to serve with Garkusha as a lieutenant, in passing, not for long. in 1981, the garrison of APIB GSVG, the norms of a man, was savvy and harsh, young but early, from those who could speak with "green" and "oak leaves" without sweating, on an equal footing. I remembered by name ... the real was a young Soviet officer, constantly in outfits, constantly "punished", for that, any fighter, he freely closes himself, such was the authority, I think it is worth a lot. there was also a similar character, but with a higher rank, "cap" ... a terrible face, brutal ... beat in the locker for "jambs", chased the "nakosyachivshih" with "Makarov" on a bike in the garrison ... true "PM" it has always been empty. but by God ... it's better to give up right away - there are fewer problems. "hit hard, but carefully" - and ... any fighter, for him will fall for the "bunker", because he knows that this "cap", did everything he could for his subordinates, and did not surrender anyone even once. ... this is probably love ...)
    3. +7
      1 January 2022 18: 04
      The whole school jumped, somewhere between 1000-1200 people. and not a single fracture!

      The big difference between the combat German landing parachute from our DP-5.
      Jumps with a German landing parachute were carried out from a height of 100-150 meters, in order to reduce the dispersal of units and to quickly find containers with weapons and ammunition. And in Cyprus, they jumped from 75 meters altogether. Therefore, there were special requirements for shoes.
      1. +2
        3 January 2022 01: 01
        The big difference between the combat German landing parachute from our DP-5.
        Jumps with a German landing parachute were carried out from a height of 100-150 meters in order to reduce the dispersion of units

        He served in the DShB MP, officers have repeatedly said that in combat conditions, the drop of troops from a minimum height, i.e. somewhere 200m. Usually they jumped from 800m with An-2 and 1000m with An-26 and An-12.
    4. 0
      3 January 2022 01: 05
      All conscripts, gunners and radio operators refused the third jump at 69. lol

      And what could be so? Everyone jumped here and no one asked anyone.
      They talked about one who refused to jump, so he pulled the ring on the plane and the dome fell out. I did it twice, they spat on him and didn't take any more.
      But those who were not allowed to jump for health (there was a mandatory medical check before each jump) were very upset.
      1. +2
        5 January 2022 20: 38
        served in the 299th PDP 1971-1973, one macaw, from our call and did not jump, as soon as the hatch opens, he pulls the parachute ring to the floor. and the regiment gave him his parachute, and his brothers came and told him - skatina, you dishonor our family, everything is useless ... you never jumped into service ...
  5. +3
    1 January 2022 16: 19
    Interesting, but very little. A number is desirable, at least for the twentieth century - WWI, 20-30 years, WWII, ATS
    1. +10
      1 January 2022 17: 09
      Actually, last year I described almost all the main countries - participants of WW2! belay
      1. +3
        1 January 2022 17: 34
        Actually, last year I described almost all the main countries - participants of WW2!

        And about the Austro-Hungarian army was? I missed it. After all, I offered a review about the development of footwear over 100 years, and you have a tough time frame here.
  6. +4
    1 January 2022 17: 34
    It is difficult to write about the Hungarian army because of the scarcity and "watery" information.
    In Hungarian, it is true that there is a lot of interesting information about the "Honvedians" of the Great Patriotic War, but this is tantamount to reading in Finnish ...
    And on the first photo the machine gun of the "Honvedians" is interesting!
    I myself tried to find out about the Hungarian army rations and food rations, but found nothing worthwhile!
    1. +2
      1 January 2022 22: 39
      Quote: hohol95
      And on the first photo the machine gun of the "Honvedians" is interesting!


      light machine gun Steyr-solothurn s2-100 s2-200 mg 30 31m
      1. +4
        1 January 2022 23: 17
        An interesting "detail" - the Austrian "Steyr" made the parts, and the Swiss "Solothurn" produced the assembly.
        And it was the property of the German concern "Rheinmetall-Borzig".
        1. 0
          2 January 2022 18: 34
          Quote: hohol95
          An interesting "detail" - the Austrian "Steyr" made the parts, and the Swiss "Solothurn" produced the assembly.
          And it was the property of the German concern "Rheinmetall-Borzig".

          oh ... read about the "Volga Cyber" ... this is a detective .. but what did you remember? but what, today was their garage, and saw a "cyber" and a man under the hood, came up out of interest, like "how can I help a garage nearby, winter ..." I was waiting for my wife, and I ran off to get some food at a gas station in a cafe. mileage 200, does not know the problems, "Mercy" is fighting, power with interest, dviglo "Chrysler", happy as an elephant. here is such a miracle ... the name "Volga", the nickname "Cyber", the American heart, other organs from all over the world ... but they sewed in Germany. (I can't help but spit in my back: the battery is under the front bumper, this is a masterpiece of thought ... to remove, you need to remove the wheel and the wheel arch liner ... chota rjuuu !!!)
          1. +2
            2 January 2022 18: 41
            As for the "giblets" I will not say anything, but in the year 2010 we skated a similar one twice. The salon is roomy ...
            As befits the Volga ...
            And a machine gun - probably it was not supposed to collect light machine guns in Austria. So they did a "feint with the ears"!
            1. -1
              2 January 2022 19: 13
              Quote: hohol95
              As for the "giblets" I will not say anything, but in the year 2010 we skated a similar one twice. The salon is roomy ...
              As befits the Volga ...
              And a machine gun - probably it was not supposed to collect light machine guns in Austria. So they did a "feint with the ears"!

              "Paleonka" came across to you ... "Stayer" was put forward there with a button on the panel ... but what am I? drinks
              1. +1
                2 January 2022 19: 48
                What are you talking about? What lies?
                Didn't understand your comment!
    2. 0
      2 January 2022 07: 22
      Quote: "hohol95"
      I tried to find out about the Hungarian army rations myself

      Solid had a modern review on the channel recently. Considering that there are civilian banks even now, I don’t think it was better before.
  7. 0
    1 January 2022 17: 38
    On January 1, I don't really want to read about someone's footcloths wassat drinks
    1. +8
      1 January 2022 17: 50
      Well, drink To the Taking of Washington. drinks
      1. -1
        1 January 2022 20: 49
        Let's drink more than once and the whole world is in dust ... but then (c)
      2. -2
        1 January 2022 22: 12
        So already without us:
    2. -1
      2 January 2022 05: 49
      Quote: Split
      On January 1, I don't really want to read about someone's footcloths wassat drinks

      About lentils you can !!!
      1. -1
        2 January 2022 07: 19
        Our footcloths are all ... which in the west they don't understand ... with them, comfortable kerzachi good
    3. 0
      2 January 2022 19: 15
      Quote: Split
      On January 1, I don't really want to read about someone's footcloths wassat drinks

      apparently you were snoring ...
  8. +6
    1 January 2022 18: 42
    Nice cycle of articles!
    After reading about English boots
    https://topwar.ru/179246-armejskie-botinki-iz-tumannogo-albiona.html
    got hold of a modern version for a dozen. Only now the horseshoes had to be removed from the forefoot of the sole (loudly bully ) has not yet removed from the heel.
    And the leather sole also turned out to be not very practical, in winter it is slippery - a little glued-on Vibram corrected the situation.

    By the way, the legendary "desert" with rubber soles also turned out to be comfortable.
    Well the British make shoes for the military.
  9. -5
    1 January 2022 22: 08
    The bots deserve a place on the honor roll - next to the red macaroni underpants in WWI. This needs to be drilled - into army shoes, well, mass-produced, that is, and at the same time cheap and reliable - to support SUCH number of nails, and in a stupid way - neither increase the grip, nor - a soldier will come with the center of the forefoot of the sole on a nail, tear slightly, well the first layer of the sole - and the nails are only around the perimeter - everything will loosen up at the moment, if earlier in the same place it does not swell with bubbles.
    And why TWO belts? Not astronauts, but footwear - massive and cheap should be, otherwise a small army and with shitty weapons
    Here are the trekking ones - yes. And the author has chosen a soft word. It is necessary - "roosters". In the sense of dudes
    1. +2
      3 January 2022 12: 16
      Hungarian soldiers receive felt boots on the Soviet-German front
  10. 0
    9 January 2022 21: 58
    And how many of these shoes were buried near Voronezh, when there was an order not to take the Magyars prisoner because of their unprecedented cruelty towards prisoners and civilians, we must not forget, and the government of the Voronezh region erected a monument to these Magyar monsters, for the grants received from the west. The question is to the supervising authorities, and the causal connection of the corruption component with treason to the Motherland is not traced, why are we being "drilled" from the inside by all kinds of non-governmental organizations and local governments ???

"Right Sector" (banned in Russia), "Ukrainian Insurgent Army" (UPA) (banned in Russia), ISIS (banned in Russia), "Jabhat Fatah al-Sham" formerly "Jabhat al-Nusra" (banned in Russia) , Taliban (banned in Russia), Al-Qaeda (banned in Russia), Anti-Corruption Foundation (banned in Russia), Navalny Headquarters (banned in Russia), Facebook (banned in Russia), Instagram (banned in Russia), Meta (banned in Russia), Misanthropic Division (banned in Russia), Azov (banned in Russia), Muslim Brotherhood (banned in Russia), Aum Shinrikyo (banned in Russia), AUE (banned in Russia), UNA-UNSO (banned in Russia), Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People (banned in Russia), Legion “Freedom of Russia” (armed formation, recognized as terrorist in the Russian Federation and banned)

“Non-profit organizations, unregistered public associations or individuals performing the functions of a foreign agent,” as well as media outlets performing the functions of a foreign agent: “Medusa”; "Voice of America"; "Realities"; "Present time"; "Radio Freedom"; Ponomarev; Savitskaya; Markelov; Kamalyagin; Apakhonchich; Makarevich; Dud; Gordon; Zhdanov; Medvedev; Fedorov; "Owl"; "Alliance of Doctors"; "RKK" "Levada Center"; "Memorial"; "Voice"; "Person and law"; "Rain"; "Mediazone"; "Deutsche Welle"; QMS "Caucasian Knot"; "Insider"; "New Newspaper"