American companies begin development of a project for a new orbital station to replace the ISS

64

The United States, following Russia, will also abandon the operation of the International Space Station (ISS), but will do so at a later date. In the meantime, NASA has ordered the development of projects for a new orbital station, which will replace the ISS in the future.

The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has signed a contract with three US companies to develop projects for the future replacement of the ISS. The parameters of the contract are not given, it is reported that the companies must develop a kind of "space platform", which in the future may serve as an orbital station for American astronauts.



The development of the new station will be led by Nanoracks, Blue Origin and Northrop Grumman. For everything about everything, they were allocated 415,6 million dollars. True, the funds were not evenly distributed: Blue Origin will receive 130 million, Nanorack 160 million and Northrop Grumman 125,6 million. There is no information about the timing of the projects, as well as determining the winner. Moreover, it is possible that several stations will be built, and not one.


Several projects of orbital stations from the NASA website

As previously stated in NASA, the state will stimulate the construction of private space stations in orbit, which will be used, among other things, by state-owned companies.

In Russia, the only project of a new space station ROSS is being implemented so far, which will replace the ISS. So far, according to preliminary data, the end of operation of the ISS should occur in the period from 2025 to 2028, it is not reported exactly, various dates appear. But the deployment of the new station will begin after 2025 and may take from 5 to 10 years. At the first stage, it is planned to launch four modules into orbit.
  • https://twitter.com/NASA
Our news channels

Subscribe and stay up to date with the latest news and the most important events of the day.

64 comments
Information
Dear reader, to leave comments on the publication, you must sign in.
  1. +1
    3 December 2021 09: 22
    For that, an interstellar tug is about to appear.
    1. +4
      3 December 2021 09: 32
      after 2025 and may take from 5 to 10 years.
      I'm afraid, but I won't live to see it ... sad
      1. +2
        3 December 2021 09: 40
        Try to live
        1. +8
          3 December 2021 09: 44
          I'll try! But let Roscosmos try too! hi
          1. -2
            3 December 2021 11: 38
            Do not flatter yourself too much.
            What kind of ROSS can we talk about seriously today? If this theme is still from a series of ballads about Russian bases on the Moon?
            I repeat: as of November 20 of this year, it is reliably known from the words of the general director of Roskosmos only that at the moment there is not even an EDS ROSS. Those. there is nothing at all. There is not even an understanding of the visual appearance of the station.
            Rogozin says in Russian that the preliminary design of ROSS Roscosmos is only instructed to develop RSC Energia just the other day. And he hopes that this EP will be ready "within a year and a half." This is, of course, how lucky. Maybe the EP will be ready. It may not be ready during this period. This is not the point.
            The problem is that EP is essentially just a starting point at the beginning of a very, very long journey to create a space product. Even after the approval of the electronic code, you need to create and work out a whole bunch of other technical documentation before it comes to working directly with metal. It will take years.
            About money. Yes, money for work on the ROSS project seems to have been allocated (by the way, these 1,7 billion rubles are also for the project of a manned flight to the moon), but according to the ID RK Bloshenko, "it is necessary for the government to include such work in the list of state defense order measures." ... In general, it is still known that only next year, under favorable conditions work will begin on the draft design of ROSS... Let's hope.
            The concern of the Americans is understandable. The Office of the Inspector General of NASA (OIG) on November 30 published a report in which it presented the proposed scenario for the development of the situation with the ISS. The greatest concern is caused by problems in the Russian segment of the station. The air leak from the PrK is still twice the norm (270 g / day), despite all the measures taken. The problem is that the PRC is an unloaded element of the module, cracks could have appeared elsewhere in the first place, but not here. The impact of meteorites and space debris was ruled out, as was a manufacturing defect (as well as violation of operating rules). What remains? Only metal fatigue. Those. the forecasts of Vladimir Solovyov, deputy general director of the Energia rocket and space corporation, about an avalanche-like increase in the number of malfunctions on the ISS in the near future are quite justified. Even if an unloaded element behaves in this way, what can you expect from others that are intermittently loaded?
            So the optimistic deadline for the shutdown of the ISS in 2028-2030 may have to be revised very soon.
            That is why NASA is working proactively and is already negotiating with private companies about alternatives to the ISS. Axiom Spase, by the way, is already working in this direction.
            1. +1
              3 December 2021 12: 37
              Quote: Cosm22
              Do not flatter yourself too much.

              It means I'll die before ... And I witnessed the first Sputnik and Gagarin's flight! crying
      2. +4
        3 December 2021 09: 50
        How is it in the song
        Don't rush to bury us ...............
      3. 0
        3 December 2021 14: 19
        Quote: Uncle Lee
        I'm afraid, but I won't live to see it ... sad


        Then live for today - this year two new modules were delivered to the ISS, with a total volume of 90 cubic meters, and this is comparable to the Salyut stations. If you are interested in the volume of upcoming tasks that will be completed there, I can tell you.
  2. 0
    3 December 2021 09: 28
    Of course, I could be wrong, but it seems to me that after the exit of the Russian Federation from the ISS project, the United States will fly on its segment for a long time. And the companies mentioned in the article will just drink money and that's it.
    1. -9
      3 December 2021 10: 03
      Roskosmos is engaged in the dough on the construction of Vostochny, and private companies like Spacex and Rocket Lab work efficiently and achieve real results, because their survival depends on these results.
      1. +1
        3 December 2021 10: 29
        We heard that Musk said that the Raptor engine needs to be brought to mind so that it can fly twice a month, we will work seven days a week, together with me. We will not bankrupt.
        1. -2
          3 December 2021 10: 34
          Musk often thickens the paint to speed up the development process. However, he fired the director in charge of engine development due to insufficient efficiency. If his methods were used in Russia, not a single chief would remain in Roscosmos.
          1. -2
            3 December 2021 10: 44
            I just found another one to replace.
      2. kpd
        0
        3 December 2021 10: 29
        Eastern is primarily a means of pressure on Kazakhstan. The prices for using Baikonur were limited to an acceptable level - the need for a new cosmodrome became less urgent. Completing the construction slowly.
      3. +1
        3 December 2021 11: 46
        these are not private companies, enough stupidity to say, these companies work for the pentagon
      4. +2
        3 December 2021 14: 04
        And how did the Roscosmos drank the dough prevent overseas companies from sawing the dough?
      5. +3
        3 December 2021 14: 32
        Quote: Freemason
        Roskosmos is engaged in drank dough on the construction of Vostochny


        By the way, the construction of the start for the Angara on Vostochny is progressing at a faster pace - the completion of the second stage is scheduled for the end of next year:

    2. +3
      3 December 2021 14: 27
      Quote: zwlad
      Of course, I could be wrong, but it seems to me that after the exit of the Russian Federation from the ISS project, the United States will fly on its segment for a long time. And the companies mentioned in the article will just drink money and that's it.


      You can. After Russia's exit from the ISS, the Americans either pay money to our cosmonauts to maintain our segment of the station or to drown the ISS.
  3. Two
    -1
    3 December 2021 09: 29
    "Diamond - 2028" dare I guess?
  4. -2
    3 December 2021 09: 44
    It's high time, look at what a huge barn this ISS, that no forces on the break do not act on it?
    1. +3
      3 December 2021 09: 57
      that no kink forces act on it?
      Duc it is riveted!
      Moving clearances and other sopromatov's tricks :-)
      1. +4
        3 December 2021 10: 05
        And lately, people are increasingly thinking about blue electrical tape.
        1. +3
          3 December 2021 10: 22
          No and no. The ISS is not a UAZ, in fact.
          in space blue duct tape too much!
          There is enough scotch tape.
  5. -5
    3 December 2021 09: 51
    Will the Americans finally invent a working toilet? feel
    1. -6
      3 December 2021 10: 07
      Duc that they do not invent everything breaks down with them. Let them start from scratch: From a fool in the floor.
      1. -1
        3 December 2021 10: 16
        Under every news about the American space program there is a unique one with very funny (no) jokes about toilets. If you are so interested in the outhouse question - there is an American toilet on the ISS. This is the first thing. Secondly, it would be better if you were interested in the issue of American reusable ships and rockets, sending research missions to other planets, as well as the TOTAL ABSENCE of all of the above in Russia
        1. 0
          3 December 2021 10: 19
          So the next toilet is being taken to the ISS for the Americans. What is going on at Musk in the USA, we know, we even know what he said the last time. Everything goes on as usual. I don’t worry about what is in the USA.
          1. -2
            3 December 2021 10: 28
            All that is left for Roskosmos is to carry toilets to the ISS, because everything else is Rogozin's "promises to promise" to make a nuclear tug / super-heavy rocket / reusable ship / satellite Internet / death star (underline the necessary) by 20XX.
            The Soviet backlog is over, and instead of moving forward, we are cutting space funding and joking about American toilets and trampolines
            1. -2
              3 December 2021 10: 33
              Come on, judging by your nickname, you have one goal here to find fault with today's time.
              1. -2
                3 December 2021 10: 36
                Don't be so upset, wait a couple of hours, Slipped will pull up from the parallel universe and tell you how wonderful everything is with us hi
                1. -2
                  3 December 2021 10: 42
                  I don’t worry at all, everything goes its own way. Whoever likes it, who doesn’t. Freedom of speech. hi
                2. -1
                  3 December 2021 11: 41
                  Do you think another training manual from RK with pictures is already ready?
                  1. 0
                    3 December 2021 14: 35
                    Quote: Cosm22
                    Do you think another training manual from RK with pictures is already ready?


                    Don't compare others to yourself - you don't even have pictures, only virtual insinuations. laughing
                3. +1
                  3 December 2021 14: 36
                  Quote: Freemason
                  Don't be so upset, wait a couple of hours, Slipped will pull up from the parallel universe and tell you how wonderful everything is with us hi


                  I can not only tell, I can show. And you may not believe your eyes. Close them, stupidly repeating how bad everything is. lol
  6. -6
    3 December 2021 10: 00
    The ISS for the Russian Federation is now a waste of money.

    The new Russian station, created as an assembly slipway, is a breakthrough in astronautics. No more carriers with a carrying capacity of 100+ tons are needed. Enough of the relatively easy fifth of the Angara. In orbit from three four (or more) parts, you can assemble anything.
    And in this form, even if the station costs several billion dollars, it will be cheaper than development + launching several rockets with a huge payload.
    1. +1
      3 December 2021 10: 44
      New Russian station created as an assembly slipway

      And when was it created?
      Or are you a time traveler?
      1. -3
        3 December 2021 10: 49
        She will be. How the first serial MS-21 appeared, as the first serial Su-57 and Armata, as the Angara, as the first sets of drives for the Gorshkovs. Only it will take time, I think 7-9 years, maybe more, And now some people will fuss and prove that nothing will work out.
        1. 0
          3 December 2021 11: 05
          She will be.

          So write that WILL BE CREATED.
          Or is Russian not your native language for you?
          How the first serial MS-21 appeared, how the first serial Su-57 and Armata

          Like a lunar base in 2015! Like a Federation! Like Yenisei! Like Sea Launch! Like a trotter! Like the MiG-1,44!
          True, some people will fuss and prove that none of this exists, but we know ...
          Less pathos is needed, less pathos.
          1. -2
            3 December 2021 11: 26
            The state's goals can suddenly change, including in space. Since 2000, the United States has consistently had flight programs to the Moon, Mars and again to the Moon (with the closure of the previous ones) and the world did not collapse from this.
            The Federation is being created, suddenly no one on the planet has made a new spaceship in a couple of weeks. The same can be said about the Yenisei. Again, a carrier is created for a sea launch.
            Instead of a trotter, it turned out to be easier to produce the L-410 under license. Imagine, the United States bought a frigate project from Italy, I did not destroy your world?
            And to remember the experimental plane, it’s so to itself.

            And it is not possible but necessary to be proud of your Motherland and its successes. If you are not proud of your homeland, then soon it will be more profitable to lay tiles or wash toilets in neighboring states.
            1. 0
              3 December 2021 11: 30
              The state's goals can suddenly change, including in space

              Doesn't this concern Ross station? Or "is it different, you don't understand"?

              And it is not possible but necessary to be proud of your Motherland and its successes.

              One should be proud of success in business, not empty words.
              1. +1
                3 December 2021 12: 18
                In the sense? For the last seven years, the sufferers in all forums whined that the MS-21 would not take off, that there were no armata in the troops, that the Su-57 was not in the series.
                Yesterday we rolled out the MS-21, the first serial and the first with a carbon fiber wing produced in the Russian Federation. The first batch of Armata was transferred to the troops. The first Su-57 was handed over to the army. Should I cry on this news?
                Now tell us about 2000 armatures, that there are already five hundred penguins, and that MS-21 is not needed by anyone.
                1. -2
                  3 December 2021 13: 19
                  Paphos and bragging haunt you? :)

                  Yesterday we rolled out the MS-21, the first serial and the first with a carbon fiber wing produced in the Russian Federation

                  Serial is planned only in 23.
                  Here's a proof
                  https://m.realnoevremya.ru/news/217007-seriynoe-proizvodstvo-ms-21-startuet-v-2023-godu

                  that MS-21 is not needed by anyone.

                  Well, at least at the Dubai Airshow, a couple of weeks ago, not a single contract was signed. At the same time, Airbus and Boeing left with billions of dollars in contracts.

                  First Su-57 handed over to the army

                  No. He is in Akhtubinsk, at the State Flight Test Center.
                  https://ria.ru/20201225/istrebitel-1590907340.html

                  The first batch of Armata transferred to the troops

                  Again - an experienced industrial batch.
                  We haven't reached the series yet.

                  Aren't you ashamed of being poked at bragging rights?
                  Is it really difficult to wait for the MC-21 certification and then only trumpet victorious reports?
                  1. -1
                    4 December 2021 07: 47
                    Quote: SergKam
                    Paphos and bragging haunt you? :)
                    It's just pride in your country. After all, dozens of other countries in the world cannot pull this even.
                    Serial MS-21 is planned only in 23.
                    The most important thing is that the plane has already been created. Are you not happy?
                    at the Dubai air show, a couple of weeks ago, no contracts were signed.
                    This is quite understandable and expected: no one orders civilian aircraft that are not yet in the series. RF just demonstrated its capabilities and its development. Attracting attention, arousing interest is a long-term marketing so that the Russian manufacturer will be heard. This is a reputation bookmark for future contracts.

                    As for the Su-57, Su-75, Su-70, as well as the Armat ... Where is the hurry? Does Russia have no 4 ++ generation of combat aircraft? Or maybe there are not enough T-90 and T-80 tanks of different modifications?
                    Is it really difficult to wait for the MC-21 certification and then only trumpet victorious reports?
                    Then you will find something else to disrespectfully "poke your nose" into the people rejoicing for Russia.
                    1. -1
                      4 December 2021 09: 16
                      This is quite understandable and expected: no one orders civilian aircraft that are not yet in the series.

                      Well, here you are again, you are not telling the truth.
                      In Dubai, a bunch of contracts were signed for the A-350F, which was first announced.

                      The most important thing is that the plane has already been created. Are you not happy?

                      I will be glad when it gets certified and goes into operation.
                      Tu-334 was also praised at one time, and where is it? But he even received a certificate.

                      Therefore, there is less pathos, you need to be happy for things, and not shake the air with promises
                      1. -1
                        5 December 2021 09: 47
                        Quote: SergKam
                        In Dubai, a bunch of contracts were signed for the A-350F, which was first announced.
                        Modern Russia, which is 30 years old, has not yet had the experience of mass production of aircraft of such a class as the MS-21. Everyone also understands that initially Russia will saturate its domestic market with these aircraft. Deploying an effective operations support system is a weakness to work on. Western competitors have worked out everything for a long time and have a lot of experience. Just showing such a complex product is not enough. It is always difficult for newcomers to the market. Therefore, there is nothing critical. Sooner or later, foreign orders will still go.
                        Therefore, there is less pathos, you need to be happy for things, and not shake the air with promises
                        So we are happy for things. Joy is not pathos. Promises are voicing plans. What's bad about it? The public should know where the country is heading, what are the strategies and directions of development.
                      2. -1
                        5 December 2021 12: 51
                        Just showing such a complex product is not enough. It is always difficult for newcomers to the market.

                        Well, write: that no one will order civil aircraft from Russia, because Russia has no experience in the serial production of aircraft of this class. Why did you initially tell a lie?
                        Joy is not pathos.

                        Paphos is to voice future plans in the current time. Paphos - to write that ROSS has already been created, although there is not even a developed project for it yet.
                      3. -1
                        6 December 2021 20: 41
                        Quote: SergKam
                        no one will order civil aircraft from Russia
                        Of course it will, but not right now.
                        Paphos is to voice future plans in the current time.
                        What time do you think the plans need to be announced? Sorry, this is ridiculous :) They are planning to understand the directions of further development.
                        Paphos - to write that ROSS has already been created
                        Nobody wrote that the station had already been created.
                      4. -1
                        6 December 2021 23: 53
                        Nobody wrote that the station has already been created


                        Read the entire dialogue.
                        It just started with these words.

                        The new Russian station, created as an assembly slipway, is a breakthrough in astronautics.
            2. +2
              3 December 2021 11: 55
              The epic with the federation-eagle-eaglet has been going on since 2009. And so far, apart from the change of names, demonstration of the layout and data on the excess of the ordered weight of the product, we have not heard anything.
              The only thing we can say about Yenisei is that it never existed, and never will. Forget about it. The kerosene stove as the first stage starting engine was rejected by Russian scientists. There are no operating engines running on a different type of fuel in Russia today.
              More details about the carrier under the MC, please. In details. I'd like to read it.
              1. 0
                3 December 2021 12: 14
                Why did the names of the Federation / Eagle / Eaglet change? This is in answer.
                But according to the PH for the MS, everything is interesting. MC was actually bought by a private company, and is now asking for some kind of carrier instead of Zenith.
                Perhaps they will adapt a light Angara, perhaps they will create a Soyuz-5.
                But I doubt that the private airline just took and spent the money.
                1. +1
                  3 December 2021 13: 07
                  There is no need to doubt. You just need to study the materiel before writing. The names changed for the simple reason that Roscosmos has seven Fridays a week. Even today we do not know what kind of "Eagle" they fool us with - performed on LEO or in the lunar version? Or is he one in two persons?
                  Sea Launch is not the playing field for the C-5 (which, by the way, does not exist in nature yet). Filev kicked off such "happiness" with his hands and feet. It remains only to dream of a certain C-6, C-7 or whatever else is in the plans of the Republic of Kazakhstan. By the way, in relation to the owner of the MC they made a classic throw. The owner acquired the complex under promises that there would be no problems with the supply of RD-171 to Zenit. And now what should he do with his pile of metal, the maintenance of which costs $ 20 million a year and which does not give a single cent of the return?
                2. +1
                  3 December 2021 14: 43
                  Quote: demiurg
                  Why did the names of the Federation / Eagle / Eaglet change? This is in answer.


                  You are not in sports with them, there is only garbage in their heads. Now Eagle stands at the stand. The Future Eaglet is the same ship, slightly lightened by removing some systems for a flight to the Moon. It will also be in demand for ROSS in a slightly different configuration.

                  Quote: demiurg
                  But according to the PH for the MS, everything is interesting.


                  They make their own rocket. So far, various production technologies are being tested on models. https://www.s7rd.ru/#news
  7. -5
    3 December 2021 10: 04
    Quote: YOUR
    For that, an interstellar tug is about to appear.

    How can it appear in any moment, if now only the stage of the preliminary project is underway?
  8. -5
    3 December 2021 10: 08
    Quote: Nafanya from the couch
    Will the Americans finally invent a working toilet? feel

    Of course, and without me, minuses are put up for stupidity in commenting.
    But I will try to ask: you only know this about the ISS, that there is a Russian toilet (though you don’t know this either, because there is also an American toilet there)?
  9. 0
    3 December 2021 10: 15
    Basically, the issue of funding ....
    They will repeat, in an improved form, what was done before or ... and here, freedom for imagination.
  10. +1
    3 December 2021 10: 25
    Normally, they studied all the USSR's developments on inhabited blocks, now you can build your own.
    1. 0
      3 December 2021 10: 51
      Do you think they peeled off layers of insulation and insulation to see the laying of cables and pipelines? Sawed off pieces of metal and plastic for study?
  11. -5
    3 December 2021 11: 11
    Ahah.
    Here just now the head of NASA mumbled, they say, because of the Russians, mankind may lose the opportunity to work in orbit.

    It will be very curious to see how the "warriors of light" will ensure human life in orbit without backward Russian technologies, how super super-developed and efficient private space companies will put people into orbit instead of the stagnating backward Roscosmos, how they will fly to Mars on a barrel of gunpowder, etc. ...
  12. -2
    3 December 2021 11: 51
    Quote: JonnyT
    Ahah.
    Here just now the head of NASA mumbled, they say, because of the Russians, mankind may lose the opportunity to work in orbit.

    It will be very curious to see how the "warriors of light" will ensure human life in orbit without backward Russian technologies, how super super-developed and efficient private space companies will put people into orbit instead of the stagnating backward Roscosmos, how they will fly to Mars on a barrel of gunpowder, etc. ...

    So you stick your enthusiastic head out of the sand, and you will see that all of the above has been happening for a long time. :)

    Do you know anything about the modern ISS, my dear man?)
    1. -5
      3 December 2021 14: 09
      And you can keep yours from sticking out and believe sacredly in the incredible advancement of NASA and EKA manned astronautics
  13. -3
    3 December 2021 13: 04
    Quote: Freemason
    Secondly, it would be better if you were interested in the issue of American reusable ships and rockets, sending research missions to other planets,

    Avon as a comrade / master got aroused. Just like in the famous Gaidaevskaya comedy

    But it is unlikely that "used" diapers think of great things. crying
  14. +4
    3 December 2021 18: 00
    In fact, NASA has donated over 550 million.
    In a press release, NASA said contracts were signed with Blue Origin ($ 130 million), Nanoracks ($ 160 million) and Northrop Grumman ($ 125.6). Earlier it was announced about a similar contact with Axiom Space (for $ 140 million).

  15. -1
    4 December 2021 01: 42
    We will only build a stargate teleport right away. We cannot flood the budget with paper, since it is tied to oil and instantly collapse even more. So let's look at the Chinese and the people for their space successes.
  16. 0
    6 December 2021 17: 58
    Quote: JonnyT
    Ahah.
    Here just now the head of NASA mumbled, they say, because of the Russians, mankind may lose the opportunity to work in orbit.

    It will be very curious to see how the "warriors of light" will ensure human life in orbit without backward Russian technologies, how super super-developed and efficient private space companies will put people into orbit instead of the stagnating backward Roscosmos, how they will fly to Mars on a barrel of gunpowder, etc. ...

    "" - I was surprised to read on the Roscosmos website that we are the leaders in space life support systems. I don’t understand from which advisors and consultants this information appeared, but in reality it is precisely in the life support systems that we have the greatest failure and lag.
    .......
    “Our lag is really growing, and this is not only very offensive, but also significantly affects the technical progress in the country,” the cosmonaut notes. - When you are on board the ISS, you can see especially clearly how our segment differs from other modules. As I have already said, we mainly use technologies from the early to mid-80s. And the complex of partners was created on the basis of the latest technical solutions with elements of modern robotics and computer technologies. The architecture of building compartments and individual systems is completely different from ours. The Americans, even participating in the Mir-Shuttle program in the nineties, did not copy anything technically from the Soviet orbital stations Salyut and Mir. ""
    Gennady Padalka. https://ria.ru/20191230/1562942542.html
    Padalka is clearly not aware of your knowledge, uv. comrade.

"Right Sector" (banned in Russia), "Ukrainian Insurgent Army" (UPA) (banned in Russia), ISIS (banned in Russia), "Jabhat Fatah al-Sham" formerly "Jabhat al-Nusra" (banned in Russia) , Taliban (banned in Russia), Al-Qaeda (banned in Russia), Anti-Corruption Foundation (banned in Russia), Navalny Headquarters (banned in Russia), Facebook (banned in Russia), Instagram (banned in Russia), Meta (banned in Russia), Misanthropic Division (banned in Russia), Azov (banned in Russia), Muslim Brotherhood (banned in Russia), Aum Shinrikyo (banned in Russia), AUE (banned in Russia), UNA-UNSO (banned in Russia), Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people (banned in Russia), Legion “Freedom of Russia” (armed formation, recognized as terrorist in the Russian Federation and banned), Kirill Budanov (included to the Rosfinmonitoring list of terrorists and extremists)

“Non-profit organizations, unregistered public associations or individuals performing the functions of a foreign agent,” as well as media outlets performing the functions of a foreign agent: “Medusa”; "Voice of America"; "Realities"; "Present time"; "Radio Freedom"; Ponomarev Lev; Ponomarev Ilya; Savitskaya; Markelov; Kamalyagin; Apakhonchich; Makarevich; Dud; Gordon; Zhdanov; Medvedev; Fedorov; Mikhail Kasyanov; "Owl"; "Alliance of Doctors"; "RKK" "Levada Center"; "Memorial"; "Voice"; "Person and law"; "Rain"; "Mediazone"; "Deutsche Welle"; QMS "Caucasian Knot"; "Insider"; "New Newspaper"