Who does Russia sell weapons to?

57
Russian combat helicopters are traditionally in demand on the world market, photo: Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

For Russia, the military-industrial complex continues to play an important role, representing the most high-tech export category. Russia, being the legal successor of the USSR, has managed to preserve its industrial potential in this area and maintains it at a fairly high level. The country currently holds the second largest trade in the world. weaponssecond only to the United States.

Military spending is on the rise worldwide


Every year the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) publishes thematic collections: "Armaments, Disarmament and International Security". The Primakov Institute of World Economy and International Relations is working on the Russian-language version of the collection. At the end of October 2021, the institute presented a translated version of the SIPRI collection for 2020.



The presented study examines the military spending of states, as well as the global arms market as of 2019.

Worldwide military spending at the end of 2019 is estimated at $ 1 billion, reaching a maximum for the entire time while SIPRI is preparing such collections. At the end of 917, the share of international military spending reached 2019% of global GDP.

In 2020, the upward trend in military spending continued despite the coronavirus pandemic, and the highs reached have been updated.

The SIPRI collection for 2021, which has not been translated into Russian, notes that world military spending by the end of 2020 is estimated at $ 1 billion, an increase of 981 percent compared to 9,3. The share of international military spending increased by the end of 2011 to 2020% of global GDP.

In many ways, global military spending is growing thanks to two countries: the United States and China. US military spending by the end of 2020 is estimated at $ 778 billion. Compared to 2019, they increased by 4,4 percent, but at the same time they remain 10 percent less than they were in 2011. At the same time, experts note that US military spending has been growing for the third year in a row.

Who does Russia sell weapons to?
SIPRI Annual Collection for 2021, not translated into Russian, photo: sipri.org

China traditionally ranks second in the world in terms of military expenditures. At the end of 2020, Beijing's spending is estimated at $ 252 billion, an increase of 1,9 percent by 2019 and immediately by 76 percent by 2011. The PRC is the only country in the world where military spending has been increasing for 26 consecutive years.

India is in third place in terms of military spending, the country spent 72,9 billion dollars for these purposes.

Russia occupies the fourth line in this rating. SIPRI estimates Russia's military spending in 2020 at $ 61,7 billion. Over the year, the growth was 2,5 percent, while experts expected even larger numbers.

In fifth place is the UK, which spent 2020 percent more on military spending in 2,9 than a year earlier.

Russia's share in the global arms market is shrinking


At the end of 2016-2020, the volume of international arms trade remains practically at the same level as in the previous five-year period 2011-2015, remaining at the highest level since the end of the Cold War. At the same time, these values ​​are still 35% lower than were achieved at the peak of the Cold War in 1981-1985.

SIPRI experts note that the coronavirus pandemic and the economic crisis had virtually no impact on arms supplies in 2020. The five largest arms suppliers on the international market remain unchanged. The United States, Russia, France, Germany and China together account for 76% of the total exports of arms and military equipment.

At the same time, since the 1950s, the two largest arms suppliers on the planet have invariably been two countries: the United States and Russia (until 1992, the USSR). Both states are significantly ahead of all other competitors in the market. Thus, the United States continues to hold the first place in the world in the export of arms with a share of 37% at the end of 2016-2020. Compared to the previous five-year plan, the United States has increased its arms exports by 15%.

Main battle tank T-90 of the Indian army, photo: wikipedia.org

Russia retains its second place, but Russian arms exports are declining.

At the end of 2016–2020, Russia's share in the international arms trade fell to 20% (in 2015–2019 it was 21%). Over the past five years, Russian arms exports have decreased by 22%, and their share in the global arms trade fell from 26% in 2011–2015 to 20% in 2016–2020.

The third place among the largest exporters of arms in 2016-2020 is occupied by France with a market share of 8,2%, the fourth - Germany (5,5%), the fifth - China (5,2%). And if the export of arms of the two European countries has been actively growing over the last five years - by 44% and 21%, respectively, then the Chinese one, on the contrary, has fallen - by 7,8%.

Whom does Russia sell weapons to?


At the end of 2015–2019, the main regions for the supply of Russian arms were the countries of Asia and Oceania, which accounted for 57% of all Russian arms exports. At the same time, the overwhelming number of supplies falls on two countries of the region: China and India (41% of the total volume of Russian exports).

In second place are the countries of the Middle East, which accounted for 19% of Russian exports of major weapons. At the same time, according to the results of 2015–2019, Russia increased the volume of supplies to this region by 30% compared to the previous five-year period. Egypt and Iraq became the main exporters of Russian weapons in the region, not Syria, as many believe.

Egypt accounted for 49% of all Russian supplies to this region, 29% accounted for Iraq. At the same time, from 2010 to 2019, Russia increased the supply of weapons to Egypt - by 191%, and to Iraq - by 212%.

Multipurpose fighter Su-30MKA of the Algerian Air Force, photo: wikipedia.org

Africa is in third place in terms of Russian arms supplies, accounting for 17% of all Russian supplies. At the same time, there is also a country that alone accumulates a huge part of Russian arms exports - this is Algeria (14% of the total volume of Russian exports).

The three main recipients of Russian weapons in 2015–2019 are India, China and Algeria.

Although at the end of 2015-2019 India continues to hold the first place in terms of arms exports from Russia (25% of total Russian exports), arms sales to this country have significantly decreased. At the end of 2015–2019, the decrease in the volume of supplies of Russian weapons to India amounted to 47% compared to 2010–2014.

The former Soviet republics also remain traditional buyers of Russian weapons.

At the same time, transactions with the countries of the former USSR are often carried out on preferential terms or within the framework of providing assistance. The largest recipient of Russian arms among all post-Soviet countries at the end of 2015–2019 was Kazakhstan, which accounted for 5% of all Russian arms exports (a fivefold increase).

This was largely due to the delivery to the country of five divisions of the S-300PS air defense systems and 16 two-seat multipurpose Su-30 fighters of the 4+ generation. Contracts for the supply of Su-30SM fighters to Kazakhstan will continue.

At the end of 2015–2019, the volume of Russian arms exports to the Republic of Belarus also increased significantly - three times compared to 2010–2014. Here, the growth was also due to the supply of air defense systems and aviation.

In particular, Minsk received S-300 complexes and modern Yak-130 combat training aircraft. In May 2019, 4 regular Yak-130s were handed over to the Belarusian side at the airfield in Lida.

Belarusian combat training aircraft Yak-130, photo: Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus

In addition, Russia was the main supplier of weapons to the former Transcaucasian republics: Armenia and Azerbaijan. At the end of 2015-2019, Russia was the main exporter of arms and military equipment to Armenia and the second largest supplier of weapons to Azerbaijan.

What Russian weapons are in the greatest demand?


During the week, Dmitry Shugaev, head of the Federal Service for Military-Technical Cooperation (FSMTC), spoke about which samples of Russian weapons are in greatest demand among foreign customers. In an interview with the Russian edition of RBK, Shugaev stressed that at least 50% of Russian arms exports are accounted for by aircraft.

According to the head of the FSMTC, foreign customers, in addition to the entire line of aviation equipment, show the greatest interest in domestic air defense systems, including the S-400 air defense system and the Pantsir-C1 missile and cannon system, the Smerch MLRS, and anti-tank missile systems. Cornet "and other modern guided weapon systems.

Considering the current situation in the world and trends in the development and widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles, the demand for Russian air defense systems will grow. At the same time, the era drones and the proliferation of military robotic technology are fueling the interest of the military around the world in electronic warfare.

Electronic warfare funds are one of the most promising areas for Russian exports.

Training of S-400 crews in the Leningrad Region, photo: Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

According to Shugaev, the portfolio of orders of enterprises of the domestic defense industry is currently more than $ 52 billion.

FSMTC maintains relations with 100 countries of the world through military-technical cooperation, supplying weapons to more than 50 countries. About 400 states are currently showing interest in the Russian S-10 air defense systems alone, Shugaev emphasized.

Shugaev especially noted that many states not only want to buy Russian weapons, but are also interested in buying technologies.

Russia is working quite successfully in this direction today, having concluded many contracts for the licensed assembly of Russian weapons abroad. Successful projects in this regard are: the assembly of Su-30MKI fighters in India and the RPG-32 Barkas reusable hand-held multifunctional grenade launchers in Jordan.
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  1. -3
    5 November 2021 05: 40
    But if Ukraine kept its industry, it could be in third place after the United States and Russia in the world export of weapons, moreover, the most that neither is high-tech. But now the Ukrainians cannot really do even banal mortars and armored personnel carriers using the technologies of the 30s of the 20th century :)))). Ride the right way, non-brothers!
    1. +12
      5 November 2021 06: 32
      It must be said that the military-industrial complex in the dashing 90s saved the high-tech industries of Russia (not fully, of course). destination. Another thing is that the Russian army was (to put it mildly) then on a starvation diet ...
      1. -4
        5 November 2021 07: 02
        With the same success as the Russian military military-industrial complex, the Ukrainian military military-industrial complex could have survived, because the Kharkov tank plant, Yuzhmash, KB "Antonov", Nikolaevsky shipbuilding, KrAZ, which are quite competing in quality and analogues with Russian defense plants, remain in Ukraine. But no, it was easier for the Ukrainians to sell the Soviet legacy in the form of thousands of tanks and combat aircraft than to build new ones and sell them already. Well, they were resold, now even armored personnel carriers and small UAVs cannot be built.
        1. +8
          5 November 2021 08: 33
          Let's not laugh at the fools of the Ukrainians, but instead let's hope that our defenses will not come to such a state at some moment. We also covered a lot of things, unfortunately. By the way, the other day there was information that the lands of the RSK "MIG" in Moscow were put up for sale for construction. This is instead of the previously planned scientific and technical exhibition complex or something like that.
          1. +12
            5 November 2021 14: 02
            If you look not at the bravura reports of pocket journalists, but at the real picture, then we also have something to be sad about. Unsuccessful ship projects, for example, 20386. AWACS barely moves. IL-112. The state of naval aviation. SU-57 piece. MIG-35. The rocket train was covered. Repair of Kuznetsov. Failure of KAMAZ with an attempt to replace tractors from the Republic of Belarus. Kurganmashzavod was almost destroyed. There are many examples. Of course, there is more positive, but you should not relax. Those guys are driving us.
            1. +1
              5 November 2021 21: 40
              colleague, add to the list the dock for "Kuznetsov", sunk at the ends - one received chatter about how it will be lifted. it is already too lazy to write about "armata" and "kurgans". in a common heap - shameful homemade products on armored vehicles with anti-ATGM protection. BMP-1 and BTR-70, still occupying places in hangars.
              Until recently, there was an article about the number of submarine personnel in all fleets - enough fingers for one and a half people.
              vague policy with the deployment of new units and armies, lack of retaliation for the plane shot down by the Turks, impudent behavior of NATO ships in the Black Sea also somehow do not add optimism
        2. +8
          5 November 2021 08: 34
          I agree about the APC, but the UAV is much more complicated.
          Several times there were materials on the site about the UAV.
          Here now "rule": the United States and Israel. We are in the role of catch-up
          "Russia now has 2,500 modern UAVs. Work is underway to improve .... create new ones."
        3. -1
          5 November 2021 09: 56
          Quote: Chekmarev
          With the same success as the Russian military military-industrial complex, the Ukrainian military military-industrial complex could have survived.

          The Russian military-industrial complex, especially with regard to shipbuilding, survived partly thanks to Luzhkov. There was no Luzhkov of our own in Ukraine!
          1. 0
            5 November 2021 11: 04
            a lot of things weren't found ... hi hi
            1. +1
              5 November 2021 11: 35
              Healthy buddy hi
              Quote: novel xnumx
              inna a lot of things were not found

              Well, from what? When the pseudo-Dutchmen started talking about the mythical huge order for the construction of tankers, our brothers took Ulyanovsk into cogs for two times ... but with the last cog, the Dutchmen disappeared somewhere! wink laughing
              1. +1
                5 November 2021 11: 49
                so there was no one who would slap naughty hands, there was no one who did not identify the Nazis at the first squeak in prisons ... I say, there are a lot of people
          2. +5
            5 November 2021 17: 51
            He survived thanks to orders from China and India ...
            1. 0
              6 November 2021 06: 30
              Quote: marat2016
              He survived thanks to orders from the PRC and Indy

              These orders were permanent and high volume ????
              1. 0
                6 November 2021 20: 21
                What is the number of aircraft receipts in the RF Air Force and exports to India / China from 92 to 00, for example ...
      2. 0
        5 November 2021 18: 58
        Export orders somehow supported the life of defense enterprises and nevertheless made it possible to survive these difficult years, which of course cannot be said about high-tech civilian industries.

        We have even high-tech enterprises that continue to produce and improve defense products have abandoned the production of civilian radio tape recorders, for example, as in the case of "Karganpribor"
      3. 0
        5 November 2021 20: 56
        More worried about the drop in sales in India by 47%, there are obvious problems need to be sorted out
    2. +12
      5 November 2021 06: 43
      Quote: Chekmarev
      But if Ukraine had preserved its industry .......... Take the right road, non-brothers!

      Again Ukraine belay Well, what is it !!!
      1. +2
        5 November 2021 07: 30
        With this "export" of weapons, Russia is a murky dregs. On what conditions, how is it paid, how it is paid, and whether it is paid, in general, etc. Yes
        1. +10
          5 November 2021 10: 30
          Gentlemen - well, here you are minus the person, but in fact it turns out that way, as he fears.
          The article contains a strange analytics with a bunch of percentages, for which we are supposedly in second place, but not a single specific sales figure. If you look at the specific numbers, everything does not look so bravura. The United States is ahead with a huge margin, but we don't know where at all. And this is all according to our own statements.

          Here's an example for 2020:
          WASHINGTON, December 4. / TASS /. Exports of U.S. arms and military equipment increased 2020% in fiscal 2,8 to $ 175,08 billion... Such data was released on Friday by the State Department.
          Moscow. January 8. INTERFAX.RU - The volume of deliveries of Russian military products abroad in 2020 amounted to about 13 billion, said on Friday the head of "Rostec" Sergei Chemezov.

          Well, where do these numbers converge with the article numbers? The USA has 175 billion, we have 13 billion !!! This is not a 2-fold gap, as in the article, but a 12-fold gap.

          Moreover, these figures can be verified and their reliability. Those. if SIPRI declares that the Russian Federation has 20% of world exports, and Chemezov confirms that this export equals 13 billion. Then it turns out that the total volume of arms sales in the world is only 13 * 5 = 65 billion dollars? Well, this is ridiculous, just minuscule - it is more profitable to trade in refrigerators.
      2. -11
        5 November 2021 08: 01
        Well, what is it !!!
        Well, against the background of Ukraine, Russia is still wow. Though
        At the end of 2016-2020, Russia's share in the international arms trade fell to 20% (in 2015-2019 it was 21%)
      3. +1
        6 November 2021 19: 44
        Quote: Proxima

        Again Ukraine belay Well, what is it !!!

        If you don't like it, don't listen. Don't like it, don't read it. Ukraine, for the majority, is a sore subject. How not to talk about what hurts?
    3. 0
      5 November 2021 07: 34
      There is a lot that can be done with the will and funding. There is technical documentation, there are still frames
    4. +12
      5 November 2021 09: 24
      Unreal.
      1) Shipbuilding is a very situational product on the market and will die without a civilian or go to subsidies. Mega shipyards would gobble up the entire budget of Ukraine in one, if we are talking about improvement and the ability to produce modern products.

      2) Aircraft construction. The most efficient segment in terms of order portfolio growth. And here of the assets only Antonov, who in civilian life only in the segment "unpretentious and almost free" lives. Supercarriers are again a niche product and they prefer to rent them for 1-2-5 flights. There is no MFI production of its own. We don't have our own helicopter.

      3) air defense. There is only the modernization of Soviet complexes and the release of some missiles.

      Armored vehicles cannot go far. Vaughn Macron sold 18 Raphales to Greece and again firmly settled on the 3rd place in the world in the export of arms.

      Italy was sitting behind the Netherlands, and then the contractors piled up and they fired at 4, moving the Germans.




    5. -1
      5 November 2021 10: 36
      the order book of Russian defense industry enterprises is currently more than $ 52 billion.


      wow, how much dough Chemezof will earn.
  2. -2
    5 November 2021 05: 54
    At the end of 2016–2020, Russia's share in the international arms trade fell to 20% (in 2015–2019 it was 21%). Over the past five years, Russian arms exports have decreased by 22%, and their share in the global arms trade fell from 26% in 2011–2015 to 20% in 2016–2020.

    "It's a shame to me
    I'm sorry
    But okay "
    V. Vysotsky
    1. +2
      5 November 2021 06: 03
      In monetary terms, it may have decreased.
      But new buyers have appeared. Which no one had ever thought about before.
      1. 0
        5 November 2021 06: 32
        Quote: kytx
        But new buyers have appeared.

        Well, what's the point if it shrank request
        1. +1
          5 November 2021 06: 59
          P-perspective.
          1. -1
            5 November 2021 07: 01
            Quote: kytx
            P-perspective.

            And I want to eat today smile
            1. +2
              5 November 2021 11: 12
              the point is not even that, but in the continuity of production, the train tu-tu
              hi hi
              1. -1
                5 November 2021 11: 14
                And a holy place is never empty
                Hi hi
                1. 0
                  5 November 2021 11: 35
                  and it’s not in the place, but their staff will shrink without money and look for fistulas later ... there are problems with machine operators in Moscow
                  1. -4
                    5 November 2021 11: 51
                    Quote: novel xnumx
                    . with machine operators already in Moscow problems

                    They will not be crushed. The specialist will always find a job
                    I can hardly believe that our machine operator, somewhere, for example, in Germany, found himself a job in his specialty
                    And here's another. Just yesterday I listened to it on the news. There is a construction boom in Moscow. Local builders do not want to work for 80. Then they are offended why migrant workers are hired
                    1. +2
                      5 November 2021 11: 53
                      Seryog, another zvizdezh, it would be 80, I myself would go to the builders
                      1. +1
                        5 November 2021 12: 03
                        Not so long ago, some of my acquaintances went to work as tram and trolleybus drivers. 50 000. Muscovites did not use this money
                      2. +1
                        5 November 2021 12: 05
                        hard work. especially in Moscow, salary does not match
                      3. 0
                        5 November 2021 12: 18
                        In 2010, I spent almost a year in the hospital. Many m. Sisters left for the capital. I sometimes communicate with some. Nobody complains. Almost all the nurses and m. Sisters are newcomers
                      4. +1
                        5 November 2021 12: 24
                        yes, by non-Moscow standards, everything is fine there
                      5. +1
                        5 November 2021 12: 37
                        Literally three days ago, my cousin found me in Odnoklassniki.
                        Has been living in Spain for 16 years. The same number and did not see each other. We talked for an hour.
                        He says that salaries and pensions are good, but prices are all. It is necessary to plow and plow to live normally. You have to pay literally for everything and a lot.
                        I gave an example. The salary is 1 euros. Rent an apartment 500 euros
                      6. -1
                        5 November 2021 12: 50
                        just about, and here it is
                      7. 0
                        5 November 2021 12: 53
                        But not to that extent. I'm talking about my city. Expensive but bearable
                      8. -4
                        5 November 2021 14: 09
                        Quote: Seryoga64
                        I gave an example. The salary is 1 euros. Rent an apartment 500 euros

                        Not that expensive. My sister rents an apartment for my son in Moscow, for a student, for 65 thousand. This is just 800 euros and comes out.
                      9. 0
                        5 November 2021 14: 19
                        Quote: Chekmarev
                        It's just 800 euros and come out

                        Yes, that's not the point. the point is that more than half of the money is spent on housing. And to eat, dress, etc. then what? I’m silent about gasoline. they are there without a car anywhere
                      10. +2
                        6 November 2021 07: 25
                        My sister rents an apartment in Moscow to my son, a student, for 65 thousand. This is just 800 euros and comes out.

                        Why does a student need a 3-room apartment?
                        Or is he getting a one-room apartment with a view of the Kremlin?
      2. +4
        5 November 2021 09: 16
        It is not the cost of supplies that is important, but the net profit from the export of the goods.
        Profitability is highly dependent on the specifics of the product.
        You can sell small arms for $ 1 billion and earn $ 200 million.
        You can sell 500 million worth of fighters and earn 300 million.
  3. +10
    5 November 2021 06: 18
    Last year alone, the Americans thwarted three major deals for us by intimidating the country with sanctions if they buy weapons in Russia. So much for the dastardly competition.
    1. +3
      5 November 2021 07: 37
      "despicable competition", but in the field of weapons only so
  4. -7
    5 November 2021 08: 40
    Do not be fooled and the people - "Russia, which is the legal successor of the USSR" - it has never been the legal successor of the USSR. There was a betrayal and a bandit seizure of power, despite the referendum and the people's desire to preserve the USSR. There was no transfer of territory and property to the USSR. The raider seizure of the property of the RSFSR and its territory was carried out by the Petersburg (Leningrad) bandits, and the head was "Antibiotic", originally from Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk).
    All commanders of military units and soldiers who have taken a military oath of allegiance and defense of their homeland will be brought before the people's court and will be severely punished. Traitors, and who, under the banner of traitors, has been destroying their people for 30 years - NEVER WILL BE FORGOTTEN AND WILL BE CURSED FOREVER!
    1. +3
      5 November 2021 09: 31
      Well, why is your hysterical offtopic here?

      It's time for VO moderators to punish offtopics in the comments
    2. +1
      5 November 2021 11: 28
      Quote: Traveler
      All commanders of military units and soldiers who have taken a military oath of allegiance and defense of their homeland will be brought before the people's court and will be severely punished.

      That is, you are proposing to bring to justice practically the entire male population of Russia, who in 1991 was 18 years old or more?
  5. 0
    5 November 2021 12: 38
    "The main exporters of Russian weapons in the region are Egypt and Iraq, not Syria, as many believe." - probably this is because SIPRI in their report considers exactly the same weapons and military equipment, for the delivery of which it was paid.
  6. +4
    5 November 2021 13: 44
    The author, Iraq and Egypt are importers of Russian weapons, not exporters.
  7. -2
    6 November 2021 11: 35
    I remember a couple of years ago the state wrote off the military-industrial complex of 700 billion rubles. This can also be attributed to the arms trade in the losses column.
  8. -1
    6 November 2021 22: 16
    "How Russia Sells Arms."
    Like the USSR, it first sells, then ... some debts are written off.
    "The history of debt write-offs to Russia is given in chronological order based on press materials [3] [4] [5], since official documents are not always available.

    In 1992, $ 2,55 billion of Nicaragua's $ 3,11 billion public debt was forgiven. In 1996, another 90% of the $ 3,4 billion in debt were written off [6].

    In 1996, Russia wrote off $ 3,5 billion of Angola's $ 5 billion debt. The remainder of the amount must be returned to Russia by 2016 in the form of bills [7].

    Joining the Paris Club in 1997, Russia had about $ 150 billion in assets, which, as the legal successor to the USSR, the developing countries owed it, primarily Ethiopia, Mozambique, Yemen, Vietnam, Algeria, as well as other countries in Africa and Asia. ... At the same time, obeying the charter of the Paris Club, Russia was forced to write off its debtors a large amount of debts for the supply of weapons. Military debts accounted for about 80% of total Russian assets. In addition, Russia has become obliged to write off debts to countries belonging to the category of "poor" and "developing". As a result, after joining the Paris Club, it turned out that Russia could claim less than $ 8 billion, which is slightly more than 5% of the total amount of receivables from the USSR [8].

    In June 1999, Russia signed the so-called Cologne agreement within the framework of the Paris Club of creditors, according to which Russia wrote off 2000-2003% of debts in 60-90 - more than $ 15-20 billion of the following countries: Tanzania, Benin, Mali, Guinea Bissau, Madagascar, Guinea, Chad, Yemen, Mozambique, Burkina Faso and Sierra Leone. For the remaining parts of the debt, these countries received installments up to 30 years [7] [4].

    In September 2000, Russia wrote off $ 9,53 billion of Vietnam’s $ 11,03 billion debt. The payment of the remaining amount is deferred for 2016-2022 [3].

    In 2001, Russia wrote off Ethiopia $ 4,8 billion (out of $ 6 billion), according to other sources $ 3,8 billion (out of $ 4,8 billion) [7].

    In 2003, Russia wrote off $ 11,1 billion to Mongolia (a total of $ 11,4 billion). Mongolia returned the remaining $ 300 million of debt immediately after cancellation [7].

    In 2003, Russia wrote off $ 960 million of Laos debt from Laos to $ 1,3 billion [7].

    In 2004, Russia completely wrote off the balance of Nicaragua's debt of $ 344 million [7].

    In 2004, Russia wrote off $ 9,5-9,8 billion of debt to Iraq (a total of $ 10,5 billion). President Vladimir Putin expressed the hope that the new leadership would take into account the interests of Russian companies in Iraq in response [4].

    In 2005, Russia wrote off $ 9,782 billion (out of $ 13,4 billion) of debt to the USSR by Syria [7]. In turn, this country undertook to purchase Russian weapons and modernize the armored vehicles delivered in Soviet times. A number of construction contracts in the oil and gas sector were also signed [9].

    In the same year, Russia wrote off Ethiopia $ 1,104 billion (of $ 1,268 billion) of the debt remaining after 2001 [7].

    In 2006, Russia wrote off Algeria $ 4,7 billion in debt to the USSR [7] [3].

    In 2007, Russia wrote off $ 11,1 billion of debt to Afghanistan [7].

    In the same year, Russia wrote off $ 4,5 billion of debt to Libya [7] [5]. Libya then had a gold reserve of about 143-156 tons [10] [11]. Some financial experts estimated Libya's gold and foreign exchange reserves at 200 billion [12]. At this point, Libya produced oil (in the amount of about 1.6 million barrels per day [13]) with an average price of a barrel of Brent oil from $ 100 to $ 110 [14]. At the same time, Russian companies were ordered to build a railway line and share in oil and gas fields [15].

    In 2008, Russia wrote off $ 12 billion to Iraq (out of $ 12,9 billion). Moreover, it was already a new debt, for loans obtained after the forgiveness of the previous debt in 2004 [7] [9].

    In 2010, Russia wrote off $ 891 million of debt to Afghanistan, after which the entire volume of Afghan debts written off by Russia reached $ 12 billion [16].

    In 2010, Russia wrote off $ 180 million of debt to Mongolia [17].

    In 2012, Russia wrote off $ 11 billion of debt to the DPRK. Russia provided the country with an initial discount of 90% of the debt. The remaining debt in the amount of more than $ 1 billion will be used under the “debt for help” scheme in the field of education, healthcare and energy in the implementation of projects in the DPRK [7].

    In April 2013, Russia wrote off $ 500 million of debt to Kyrgyzstan. Of these, $ 188,9 million was written off immediately, debt in the amount of $ 300 million will be written off in equal installments over ten years [7].

    In 2014, Russia wrote off $ 31,7 billion (or 90% of $ 35,2 billion) of debt to the USSR to Cuba. The remaining 10% of the debt (about $ 3,5 billion) will be repaid by Cuba over the next ten years in equal semi-annual payments. It should be noted - this write-off has become the largest in the entire history of Russia. Prior to this, the largest write-off of debt was to write off $ 12 billion at a time to Iraq [18] [19].

    In 2014, Russia wrote off $ 865 million (out of $ 890 million) of debt to Uzbekistan [20] [21] [22]. The Russian government submitted an agreement for ratification [23]. This resolution was ratified by Federal Law No. 5.04.2016-FZ of April 83, 24 [25] - under the terms of the agreement, Uzbekistan must transfer $ 6 million to Russia in a one-time payment. on the London Interbank Market) for 3-month deposits in US dollars, increased by a margin of 25 percent per annum. According to some sources, Uzbekistan refused to recognize the debt as a state debt and did not pay on it under the pretext of changing the forms of ownership of enterprises [26] [XNUMX].

    In 2018, Russia wrote off $ 240 million dollars of debt to Kyrgyzstan [27].

    In 2019, it was announced that the total accumulated amount of debt cancellations from 1991 to 2019 in favor of Africa from Russia amounted to more than $ 20 billion [28].

    In 2020, Lukashenko said that he had agreed with Putin to refinance the country's public debt by $ 1 billion. That is, they will keep $ 1 billion. "
    https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9
  9. 0
    8 November 2021 10: 37
    There are a lot of segments where we have nothing to offer yet ...
    1. Aviation transport and civil liners
    2. Helicopters of dimension other than Mi8
    3. UAV
    4. ATGM of 3rd and 3rd ++ generation
    5. Fighter of the 5th generation ......
    6.Radars with AFAR for fighters and AWACS


    This is all somewhere like that, but there is no full-fledged export, and the market would gladly absorb, for example, the Il476 and An-12 and An24 transports, and this would give an increase in sales.
    1. 0
      18 November 2021 11: 58
      For aircraft for various purposes - why not for sale.

      Bad, very bad with quality avionics. Developments of a modern class - there are, but problems with components. Everything that has been created is based on the import of components of European, American and Israeli production. Due to today's procurement problems, we are in "shit".

      Their industry of electronic components was successfully "killed" in the 90s and early XNUMXs. As one "goat-faced economist", Mr. Shakhrai said: "We do not need industrial factories and plants. WE WILL BUY EVERYTHING in the West. We will sell oil and gas, and then we will buy everything."
  10. 0
    18 January 2022 13: 38
    I wonder how many weapons were "sold" with our own loans?

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