She died three times. Reincarnations of the Second Infantry Division

31
She died three times. Reincarnations of the Second Infantry Division

Started story divisions in Ryazan in 1918, when the Soviet government, after the collapse of the Old Army, began to create the Red Army:

“By order of the military leader of the Moscow Defense District, the Ryazan detachment was formed in April 1918, and on July 16 it was reorganized into the 1st Ryazan Infantry Division. After the abolition of the Moscow region of defense (order of the Supreme Military Council No. 60 of July 25, 1918), on August 1, it was transferred to the Moscow District Commissariat, by order of which No. 955 of September 24, 1918 it was disbanded. Its units applied to the formation of 2 pd. "

Among which was the Second Tula Infantry Division. That was the time of all sorts of veils, detachments, workers' guards and other temporary formations, which gradually turned into permanent formations, converted at the expense of the old army and its cadres.



The second Tulskaya was no exception. It was headed not by a commissar, not an old Bolshevik, but by a very middle-aged major general of the imperial army, Mikhail Ivanovich Merro, who commanded an infantry brigade and a division during the First World War, and had passed all the steps of the career ladder since 1883. However, the subsequent commanders of the 2nd Infantry in the years of the Civil were far from the proletarians - Stepnoy-Spizharny Konstantin Ivanovich, the professor's son and staff captain, Andrey Georgievich Keppen - Lieutenant Colonel, Roman Voitsekhovich Longva - Staff Captain, and Lieutenant Eduard Fridrikhovich Vilumson, which looks in this row almost like a black sheep. There were only two members of the party from this number, the rest were engaged in the work of their whole life - they defended Russia, and what kind of power was there was not the main one for them.

The division commanders were lucky in the future - such figures as Fabricius, Loktionov and Konev passed through it. And the beginning of the combat path turned out to be excellent - the division smashed Kolchak, participating in a number of operations on the Eastern Front. Then the defense of Petrograd and the war with the Latvians, then the Trudarmia with the extraction of peat, which for Peter 1920 was almost more important than the military actions, and in the summer of 1920 - the Polish front. The division again distinguished itself during the assault on Brest-Litovsk, but was defeated and surrounded near Warsaw, however, the division headquarters and some of the fighters left the encirclement, retaining the personnel backbone. The one that the country did not need. The civilian was over, the economy was in ruins, and the division that ended up in Belarus after a period of border protection, and the battles with the Poles after the Riga Peace went on for a long time, was first reduced by new states, its three brigades were transformed into regiments, and then turned into a national Belarusian and territorial. In 1926, a two-year plan for the Belarusian division was even adopted.

Of course, all this could not but affect the quality of the formation - that division, formed in 1918 by a career general from among the front-line soldiers of the First World War, was practically destroyed, in its place a rather amorphous formation appeared, pulling a maximum of the militia in case of war. Such a process took place everywhere - there was no money, and there were no resources for the army either, they tried to keep at least specialists and commanders. And national experiments ... They can be understood somewhere in the Caucasus or Central Asia, where the majority did not even know Russian, but in Belarus to introduce a language unfamiliar even to many, leading to an elementary misunderstanding with other formations is, of course, bold and stupid.

Although the 2nd Infantry was particularly lucky, by 1931 it had become an exemplary and cadre in the composition of:

2nd Belarusian Rifle named after. M.V. Frunze division
Division Management - Minsk
4th Red Banner Rifle Regiment - Borisov
5th named. workers of the Moscow-Kursk and Nizh.-Murm. railway SP - Cherven
6th Infantry Regiment - Minsk
2nd Belarusian Artillery Regiment - Minsk

And by 1935, it was listed as one of the three personnel divisions of the Belarusian Military District. The rest of the divisions were mixed or territorial. And in 1939, the personnel unit passed another attack of the pre-war years - a triple deployment. This is when from one division, with a slight movement of the hand, three are obtained, and all three have only a third of the personnel, the rest come on mobilization. The idea, for the small and weak Red Army of the 30s, was great. The point is this - of course, making three divisions out of one trained division is bad, but creating divisions from scratch is even worse, for the same Belorussian district it meant a disaster, due to the small number of cadre formations. As a result, the 2nd rifle rifle bypassed this case, retaining, in contrast to the deployed, combat potential:

“… During the research exercises and one combat deployment (82 SD during the conflict on the Khalkhin-Gol river), the trio did not justify themselves. During deployment, 5200 people were simply "smeared" over the newly formed divisions. And as a result, instead of one combat-ready division, there were three incapacitated, almost understaffed with regular officers and sergeants, poorly trained, poorly controlled and had low morale and combat qualities of the division.

The 82nd SD immediately after deployment in the area of ​​the Khalkhin-Gol river, in the first battle, fled from the battlefield. "

Which was used on September 17, 1939 in the Liberation campaign of the Red Army. After him, the division received a new place of deployment - the infamous attack of the dead Osovets, where it was at the time of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

On the one hand, the division was staffed with both people and equipment for the 12 thousandth staff of 4/100, on the other, there were nuances:

“… By the beginning of the war, the artillery had departed for planned training camps in the village of Chyrvony Bor, which is near Lomza, 80 kilometers from the place of permanent deployment. The anti-aircraft artillery division was at a training camp near Borisov, near the village of Krupki. In turn, one battalion from each rifle regiment was involved in the construction of fortifications directly on the border, about 50 percent of the division's vehicles remained there. On various business trips, vacations, for study, about 30 percent of the commanding staff of the formation left. The division was temporarily commanded by Colonel Konstantin Pavlovich Dyukov - deputy commander of the formation for combat units. "

There are no artillery or anti-aircraft gunners, a third of the commanders and half of the transport are missing, including the divisional commander, three of the nine battalions, armed with shovels, stick out at the border ... Is that why Comrade Pavlov was shot by Comrade Stalin? The result was somewhat expected, the Germans quickly defeated one of the best divisions of the Red Army, literally dismantled for parts by their own command. From the Belostotsky boiler left ... 250 people.

“Convinced of the retreat of the neighbors to the east, Colonel KP Dyukov realized that the defense of Osovets had lost all meaning. Delay will lead to the death and capture of the entire garrison. He ordered the defenders to leave the fortress on the night of June 27th. "

And to the point of heroism, if the troops are disorganized and lose up to half of the equipment and personnel in senseless marches, as, for example, the artillery regiments of the 2nd rifle regiment, forced in broad daylight under air strikes to rush to their infantry. In September 1941, the division was disbanded, having endured only two weeks of active fighting. And almost immediately it was formed again - the name of the 2nd Belarusian Red Banner Infantry Division named after M.V. Frunze was received by the militia of the 2nd division of the people's militia of the Stalin district of Moscow. Received, however, conditionally - without preserving the numbering of the regiments and honorary titles. The division went to the front on September 26, and died in the Vyazemsky cauldron by October 11, only the commander and a small group of fighters emerged from the encirclement. On December 27, the division was officially disbanded as killed at the front.

The third formation of the 2nd Infantry Division took place in the besieged Sevastopol, where the 2nd Cavalry Division was renamed the 23nd Infantry Division on November 1941, 2. The third reincarnation of the division took an active part in repelling the second assault on Sevastopol, and suffered heavy losses. Among its regiments was the combined regiment of the NKVD. On January 29, it was renamed the 109th Infantry Division, and eventually died in Sevastopol in the summer of 1942.

Only the fourth reincarnation turned out to be lucky - in December 1941, the formation of the 410th rifle division began in the city of Arkhangelsk. In January 1942, the number was changed to 2, the regiments were also renamed, which received the numbers of the regiments of the personnel division of the Red Army that was killed in Belarus. The division, resurrected once again, fought on the Volkhov front, participated in terrible battles near Myasny Bor, where it broke through the corridor to Vlasov's Second Shock Army. In 1944, it attacked Novgorod, later Narva, and was again disbanded. The personnel were transferred to other units, and under number 2, in fact, a new division, already the fifth under that name, was transferred to the place where it all began - to the Bialystok area. Then there was participation in the storming of Konigsberg, the clearing of the Augustow forests from the Poles and the Nazis (the 2nd Infantry Division was doing about the same in those parts in the 20s), based in Suwalki and the disbandment of the 2nd Mazurian Order of Kutuzov Infantry Division in 1946 year.

Again, the disbandment is quite logical - that much was not necessary after the war. But it so happened that divisions (in fact, six) with such a number had to go through all the vicissitudes of the formation of the Red Army-SA, from the territorial division to the reduction after the Great Patriotic War. The division created by the tsarist general completed its journey under the command of a farm laborer - Major General Miron Ivanovich Perevoznikov, who served in the same division in 1936, as chief of staff of an artillery regiment. And this is the best evidence of both the continuity and the overcoming of the difficulties of the growth of the Russian army, regardless of epochs and names.
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  1. +5
    26 October 2021 05: 18
    It seems that the topic is very serious and tragic, but why is it so childishly told? It seems like not "Pioneer Truth"
    artillery regiments of the 2nd rifle, forced in broad daylight under air strikes to rush to their infantry.
    How many artillery regiments were there in the rifle division?
    1. +7
      26 October 2021 05: 41
      Yes, normal and understandable, if the case.
      Although it does not load with tons of terms and abbreviations, which is what some sin here. The meaning is remembered, not verbal heaps.
      1. +6
        26 October 2021 05: 41
        Quote: Andrey Moskvin
        Although it does not load with tons of terms and abbreviations, which is what some sin here. The meaning is remembered, not verbal heaps.

        I also say, just for the "pioneers"
        But why it is not told, it is very interesting.
        The compound received its second life (2nd rifle division of 2nd formations) in September, on the 26th, 1941. Its predecessor (backbone, base) was the 2nd rifle division of the Moscow people's militia, formed in the Stalin district of the capital.
        It was created at the very beginning of the war, on July 2, from the militias of the Moscow region (Shatursky, Serpukhov, Balashikhinsky), conscripts of the Kalinin and Ryazan regions. This formation of the people's militia was supplemented by units of the 22nd division of the people's militia of the Kominternovsky Moscow region.
        A division was formed on the site of the Moscow secondary school No. 434 (now school No. 1362, a museum dedicated to the 2nd division of the people's militia has been created in it). About 400 early graduates of military schools were sent to the formation as command personnel, who made up the main command personnel of the batteries and the company. The rest of the command and political workers were recruited from those called up from the reserve.
        The total number of fighters was about 12000 people. After the units of the compound set out on their first campaign and arrived in the area of ​​the village of Kryukovo, the division missed about 3500 people who deserted from its ranks.

        She became a cadre on September 26, 1941. A week after its creation, it was directed to the front lines of the western front, to ensure the defense of the crossing of the Dnieper River, on the Minsk-Moscow highway.
        Taking part in defensive battles, the division found itself in a dense encirclement near the city of Vyazma. After that, she served as the backbone of the blockade breakthrough group to reach their troops. On October 2, 1941, the encircled units managed to break through the inner perimeter of the blockade in the direction of Gzhatsk.
        As a result of bloody battles in the direction of the breakthrough, the division, along with other military units, lost almost 19 thousand fighters. However, the main group consisting of the 2nd rifle, 107 motorized rifle and 45 cavalry divisions left the inner encirclement and began a new breakthrough through the enemy positions to the Mozhaisk line of defense.
        But these units could not achieve their goals and were completely destroyed by the superior forces of the enemy. At the end of December 1941, the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR expelled the 2nd Infantry Division from the ranks of the Red Army with the wording “killed in battles at the front”.

        Here is how in a short time, from a "semi-partisan" division of the people's militia, from which almost a third of the personnel deserted, it was turned into one of the most combat cadre divisions, which managed to break through the encirclement near Vyazma ... And almost no one there succeeded.

        1. +1
          26 October 2021 05: 52
          Which of the authors on VO do you think is the best?
          1. +1
            26 October 2021 05: 55
            Quote: ASAD
            Which of the authors on VO do you think is the best?

            Good question...
        2. +2
          26 October 2021 06: 00
          For the jungle of terminology Damantsev pounded, it's too easy for the pioneers, why the hell, I apologize, that is, the golden mean, still need?
          1. +5
            26 October 2021 06: 06
            Quote: Andrey Moskvin
            why the hell, I'm sorry, that is, the golden mean, still need

            A more serious approach, this is where the author took it from
            three of the nine battalions, armed with shovels, stick out at the border ...

            Why did he decide that the battalions went there unarmed? Why did he suddenly decide that they were "sticking out" there, and even to no avail? Has he heard anything about the infantry filling of the fortified areas? And who created it?
            That is, in fact, three battalions of the division were already there, where they were obliged to go out on alarm and perform the assigned task, and even prepared positions for themselves
          2. +1
            26 October 2021 06: 36
            For me, as for a simple layman, Damantsev's texts are complex and incomprehensible. Plus the dreamer is still the same.
    2. +3
      26 October 2021 09: 40
      Well, why, not at all childish and quite interesting! It is worse if the author writes abstrusely, with many abbreviations or abbreviations. In some places, even humor or irony slip through, although it may not be necessary, however, it's not for me to judge - I'm not the owner of this site!
    3. +1
      26 October 2021 17: 46
      Still, two artillery regiments. Example-6 Oryol Rifle Division in 1941.
      "After the liberation of Western Belarus from October 1939 in BOVO. Almost the entire division (with the exception of the howitzer regiment) was stationed in the Brest fortress. In June 1941, in the ZAPOVO. On the night of June 14, the division was raised on alert by the chief of staff of the 4th Army. L. M. Sandalov.
      The division included:
      84th Infantry Regiment (Dorodnykh Commander),
      125th rifle regiment (commander Kovtunenko),
      333 Rifle Regiment (comm.Matveev),
      131st artillery regiment (commander B.S.Gubanov);
      204th howitzer artillery regiment. "
      1. +1
        27 October 2021 07: 05
        Quote: Boris Epstein
        Still, two artillery regiments.

        Yes, and there is information about this in open sources.
        164th light artillery regiment (16 76 mm guns (USV), 8 122 mm howitzers (M-30))
        243rd howitzer artillery regiment (24 122 mm howitzers (M-30), 12 152 mm howitzers (ML-20))
        and...
        70th separate division of anti-tank guns (18 45-mm anti-tank guns (53-K))
        94rd separate anti-aircraft artillery battalion
    4. 0
      26 October 2021 17: 48
      Three. 164th LAP, 243rd GAP and 94th OZAP + 70th ODvPTO
      1. 0
        26 October 2021 18: 04
        The rifle divisions did not have anti-aircraft artillery regiments, but anti-aircraft battalions. In the 6th Oryol division-94 OZAP, In the 42 rifle division (also in the Brest fortress) -393 OZAP. The battalion banner was saved (buried in the fortress) and dug up in 1956 by a battalion fighter Rodion Semenyuk.
        You name the composition of the division correctly according to the unit numbers, but not on June 22, 1941, but for 1943. And I call it June 22, 1941, so there is no contradiction.
    5. The comment was deleted.
    6. +1
      27 October 2021 14: 32
      According to the pre-war state - two, light and heavy.
  2. -3
    26 October 2021 05: 53
    The division created by the tsarist general completed its journey under the command of a farm laborer - Major General Miron Ivanovich Perevoznikov
    The division has sunk to a farm laborer, like it didn't come out with a face. It's time, it's time, Goshka to call the kingdom, the nobility will come to distribute, the villages ... Divide the society into "clean" and "not clean", "blue" blood and not "blue" ".. And it seems like you are a nobleman, but in front of you a Tajik janitor does not break his hat in the yard. laughing
    1. +2
      26 October 2021 14: 00
      And why was it canceled? Ali with humor is hard ?! feel
      1. +1
        26 October 2021 17: 51
        And why was it canceled?
        sx, comrade junior lieutenant, the dog does not take a trace! soldier laughing
  3. +6
    26 October 2021 06: 54
    And the beginning of the combat path turned out to be excellent - the division smashed Kolchak, participating in a number of operations on the Eastern Front.

    As if it was the 2nd Tula division, did it really take part in military operations on the Eastern Front of the Red Army against Kolchak's army?
    On the Eastern Front of the Red Army, the 4th Army of the Red Army participated in combat operations in the Urals to Petropavlovsk and Omsk (if I am not mistaken, disbanded, the units were transferred to the 5th Army of the Red Army), it included the 2nd Nikolaev Infantry Division, renamed 1919nd Infantry Division in 22.
    The 5th Army of the Red Army (Eastern Front of the Red Army) operated from the Urals to the Far East (in 1921 it entered Mongolia), it included the 2nd Latvian Infantry Division.
  4. +1
    26 October 2021 08: 30
    Roman Wojciechowicz Longwa - In 1910 he actively participated in the creation of the Socialist Union of Poland (since 1911 he was the secretary of its central leadership). In March 1912, he was arrested by the police in the case of a youth political organization. In early September 1913, by the Special Presence of the Warsaw Court of Justice, he was sentenced to 6 months in prison. He served his sentence in the Lomrza prison. After his release, he returned to Warsaw and continued his revolutionary work in the PPS-Levitsa. In November 1914 he was drafted into the Russian Imperial Army and sent to serve in the 58th Reserve Infantry Battalion (Voronezh). In 1915 he graduated from the accelerated course of the Alekseevsk military school. Member of the First World War. After being promoted to officer, he fought in the 66th Butyrka Infantry Regiment on the Northern Front as a junior company officer and company commander. After the February Revolution, he led revolutionary agitation among soldiers and non-commissioned officers of Polish nationality. In August 1917, during the Kornilov speech at the head of the soldiers of his regiment, he thwarted the transfer of troops loyal to General L.G. Kornilov to Petrograd. Soon he actually left the regiment, already having the rank of staff captain, and was in Petrograd. He took an active part in the October Revolution in Petrograd, at the head of an armed detachment he occupied the building of the Central Telegraph and a number of government institutions, was appointed commandant of the post and telegraph offices of Petrograd.
    1. +3
      26 October 2021 10: 42
      Let's continue. Roman Voytsekhovich Longva was arrested on May 21, 1937. Sentenced by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on February 8, 1938 on charges of participation in a military fascist conspiracy to capital punishment. Shot on the same day.
  5. +2
    26 October 2021 08: 40
    Keppen Andrey Georgievich - Voluntarily joined the Red Army in 1918, commanded various units of the Red Army, defended Petrograd against Yudenich. Stepnoy-Spizharny Konstantin Ivanovich-In the Red Army from 08.1918, Participant of the Civil and Soviet-Polish Wars of 1920; Eastern, Western, Southern (against Denikin), South-Eastern, Caucasian, South-Western and Southern (against Wrangel) fronts. Brigade commander of the 5th Army's Right Bank Group of Forces. Commander of the 2nd Brigade of the 26th Infantry Division (from 11.1918). Chief of the 2nd Rifle Division (12.05.-06.09.1919; removed). Participants in the defense of Petrograd in 1919. Commander of the brigade of the 55th (from 09.1919) and 9th (from 10.1919) rifle divisions. Brigade commander of the 8th Cavalry Division (11.1919). The brigade commander (from 11.1919) and the head of the 01.02th cavalry division (10.04.1920-11). Commander of the Special Cavalry Group of the 1st Cavalry Army (07.1920). Commander of the Special Cavalry Brigade at the RVS of the 1st Cavalry Army. In battles he was twice wounded. Merro Mikhail Ivanovich, a participant in the Civil War. On 15.11.1919/1918/1918. as part of the workers 'and peasants' Red Army (according to some sources, in the Red Army since XNUMX, not on the lists of the General Staff of the Red Army for XNUMX) - is shown in the List of persons of the General Staff registered by the general department of operational management of the Field Headquarters of the RVSR as an Inspector of military educational institutions of the Turkestan front. He died of typhus.
    1. +4
      26 October 2021 10: 46
      Andrei Keppen was arrested on August 3, 1938. He died in a labor camp in 1940.
      Konstantin Stepnoy-Spizharsky was arrested on December 6, 1937 by the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court on July 29, 1938 on charges of participating in a military conspiracy, sentenced to death. The verdict was carried out on the same day.
      Received "defenders of Russia" in full.
      1. +2
        26 October 2021 11: 59
        Received "defenders of Russia" in full.
        Is that what they want? Will they know who to fight for?
    2. +2
      26 October 2021 11: 10
      Stepnoy - Spizharny, when I read it and for some reason remembered: Sapozhkov, from "Walking in Torment".
      He's not a shoemaker either
  6. +1
    26 October 2021 08: 42
    Eduard Fridrikhovich Vilumson, who looks like a black sheep in this row. Served in the Red Army since 1918. Member of the Civil War. From June 1918 he was at the Stavropol front, - assistant chief of staff of the 1st Simbirsk division. In August 1918, at the station. Hunting was cut off by a patrol of the White Czechs, broke out of the encirclement together with the division headquarters. He took part in the battles for Simbirsk, Samara, Stavropol, Buguruslan, Buzuluk and Orenburg. From February 1919 - Chief of the Simbirsk Iron Division (02.02.1919/25.04.1919/3 - XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX). Near Orenburg, near the village. Nezhinka Vilumson brought the division out of the threat of being enveloped by Dutov's units, was seriously wounded in the stomach and evacuated to Samara. [XNUMX] For distinction in these battles he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
    1. +1
      26 October 2021 11: 05
      Daniil Konovalenko, thanks for the biographical additions
  7. 0
    27 October 2021 19: 41
    I really like your article, I am not looking for mistakes, but on the contrary, I am glad that they teach me. I really like the article, thank you.
  8. 0
    29 October 2021 00: 56
    Pavlov and Lukin are two of the main traitors in the war; against their background, Vlasov is an excellent commander and did no harm, if you count the hundreds of thousands of people who died due to the fault of the command.
    1. 0
      11 December 2021 20: 43
      I don't know where the truth is, but my grandfather said that he jumped near Yelnya, and then left the encirclement and participated in the parade on November 7 as part of the DNO of the Kievsky district of Moscow.
    2. 0
      23 December 2021 14: 48
      It's not very clear, Lukina, why are you doing this? He took command of the already encircled armies, the troops had already lost a stable connection and basically, as I understand it, either they fought while holding their positions, or groups of subunits tried to break out of the cauldron. Lukin himself was seriously wounded while trying to break through, and was taken prisoner unconscious. Yes, even after the war, he passed all the checks and was personally recognized by Stalin as loyal to the Motherland. I don’t understand why you wrote him down as the main traitor? Maybe for wrong actions when commanding troops, well, then we can write 90% of the generals as traitors. And for "Mars" in general it would be possible to attach several characters to the wall.
    3. 0
      10 January 2022 08: 50
      Quote: Mykola Kovacs
      Pavlov and Lukin are the two main traitors

      If you follow your logic, then the third traitor should be Army Commander-4 Korobkov, who was shot for "Loss of control". Sandalov believed that, by order of Stalin, Mehlis had to organize the execution of one general from the army commanders of the Western Front. Everyone except Korobkov could not get out of the encirclement by the beginning of the repressions and the valiant security officers and prosecutors did not know where to look for the Fominykh, Golubev and Kuznetsov and their troops. Therefore, Korobkov was shot, the real reason is that he managed not to lose contact with the higher command.
      Quote: Mykola Kovacs
      Vlasov is an excellent commander against their background.

      Sandalov has an episode in his memoirs as the commander of the cavalry corps Kryukov, declares that he will be able to break through the German defenses, but after the breakthrough, his cavalry corps will be surrounded by the Germans like Belov's corps and will suffer senseless losses in battles with open flanks and rear. Vlasov apparently lacked the civil courage to correct the mistakes of the headquarters and the General Staff, as did Rokossovsky or Katukov.

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