Russian Troubles of 1917: the alignment of forces on the eve

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Russian Troubles of 1917: the alignment of forces on the eve

History The February and October revolutions of 1917 in Soviet times were not always objectively interpreted. The leading role of the Bolsheviks was emphasized, the role of other socialist parties and especially the true goals of the driving forces of the February Revolution, which became the prologue of the Troubles and all the revolutionary events of 1917, was obscured.

In the works of the Russian historian Pyzhikov, these events are considered as a single process, starting from August 1916 and ending with the establishment of Soviet power at the end of 1917. In his works, he revealed and substantiated the true reasons for the collapse of the regime of monarchical power, the driving forces of the unfolding struggle, the motives and goals of the main political parties and their leaders acting then. The analysis and conclusions carried out are largely reminiscent of the events of the collapse of the Soviet Union, they are still relevant today in the transitional period of the search for their own face by modern Russia.



What was the political field of the Russian Empire on the eve of great achievements?

The failure of the socialist parties


Contrary to the prevailing opinion that everything was decided by revolutionary political organizations, this is far from the case.

The political parties that were the driving force of the 1905 revolution (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries and others) were defeated and represented a pitiful and small circle, their leaders were in exile or emigration. The Bolshevik leaders, led by Lenin and Zinoviev, were in Geneva, Trotsky and Bukharin were in the United States, and another group — Stalin, Dzerzhinsky, Kamenev and Sverdlov — were in exile.

The same situation was with the parties of Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, for example, the leader of the Socialist-Revolutionaries Chernov was also in exile.

All were suppressed by the defeat of the revolution and the ensuing repressions, there was no revolutionary socialist movement in society. The leaders of the socialists believed that in the near future they had no chance of overthrowing the tsarist regime,

Until 1915, the name of Lenin was not known to anyone, except for a narrow circle of his associates. But he became an unexpectedly popular figure as the Bolsheviks launched a massive anti-war propaganda campaign on the Russian front this year, funded by the German General Staff, and all the trenches were littered with leaflets calling for a world war to turn into a civil war against their governments.

They began to write about Lenin in the foreign and Russian press, he became a media person, but the Bolsheviks did not have any strength to carry out real work on Russian territory, and these calls led to the decomposition of the army, and not to revolutionary transformations.

Controversy in the ruling class


The main events unfolded in a completely different field and were caused by the confrontation between the ruling elite and the nascent bourgeois class. The contradictions sharply exacerbated between the ruling noble-landlord class and the bourgeoisie that was getting on its feet in the person of bankers, industrialists and merchants. It was they who became the driving force behind the future revolution. The bulk of the population, represented by the peasantry and the growing proletariat, had practically no effect on the processes taking place in the country.

The political and socio-economic system did not correspond to the realities that took place in the country and the world. The ruling class was represented by the landlord-noble aristocracy, including the grand-princely royal “family”, high dignitaries close to it, the royal “court” and the richest hereditary landowners. This class did not produce anything, while living according to Western needs, which did not correspond to the capabilities of society and the country. All this led to a massive ruin of the nobility, and most of their estates and lands were already pledged by the banks, but they did not want any changes.

This class was also heterogeneous, torn apart by contradictions between various clans.

The tsar found himself isolated from the grand ducal entourage, explained by the difficult relationship between his wife, a German woman, Alexandra Feodorovna, with the royal court. Nicholas II married her for love, which is not typical for dynastic marriages, and in many respects heeded her recommendations. The heir to the throne, their young son Alexei, suffered from an incurable disease - hemophilia. This was hidden from everyone, and the queen was looking for all sorts of ways to cure him. The “elder” Rasputin turned out to be such a “doctor”, he really eased the suffering of the heir and in this connection he often visited the royal chambers.

Opponents of the tsar, including those from his entourage, fanned absurd passions in society about the love affair of Rasputin and the tsarina, the influence of the "elder" on government decisions and the betrayal of the German tsarina, who, through him, allegedly transmits information to the German General Staff. For all the insignificance of Rasputin's personality, thanks to fanned rumors, he became an iconic figure in the Russian political intrigue of that time. Because of these rumors, the authority of the tsarist government in society was at the lowest level.

The tsar's decision-making was influenced by various clans and lobbyists from his entourage, as well as his spouse, which often led to unjustified appointments and decisions. Seriously undermined the authority of the tsar and the dismissal in 1915 from the post of commander-in-chief of his uncle, Prince Nikolai Nikolaevich, respected in society and the army, and the occupation of this post by the tsar himself, far from military affairs.

In addition, the tsarist power was limited by the October Manifesto of 1905, according to which a new state institution, elected by the population, was introduced - the State Duma, in which influential bourgeois forces were concentrated by 1916, seeking to reformat the power in their own interests.

As a result of all these processes, an unstable clan-oligarchic system of government was formed in the country, undermined by Stolypin's destructive reforms and the outbreak of war. The government was seriously decaying, and attempts to carry out the necessary reforms did not lead to positive results.

It cannot be said that the tsarist administration did not take any action to bring the country out of the political and economic crisis. It is worth giving credit to the fact that there were professionals and intellectuals in the tsarist bureaucracy who understood that it was dangerous to carry out the imposed liberal reforms on the Western model in a peasant patriarchal environment raised on communal ownership of land, since the consciousness of the peasants contradicts the laws of the state, and they do not perceive private ownership of land. In their understanding, land cannot be a commodity and cannot be purchased for money, it is the property of the community as a means of production, and the community itself must decide how to dispose of it.

The tsar was warned that Stolypin's peasant reform, the purpose of which was to destroy the community and form an "effective owner" in the person of the kulak, would lead to aggravation in the village. But he did not heed the recommendations, and the Stolypin reforms only intensified the contradictions in the peasant environment. The contradictory nature of Stolypin's reform did not solve the land problem, contributed to the strengthening of the privileges of the ruling class and pushed the country towards revolution. In 1916, peasant unrest began, they plundered and set fire to the landowners' estates and kulak farms.

This, in turn, led to a reduction in grain purchases, problems with bread began in the cities, and the government had to urgently look for mechanisms to resolve the grain issue.

The tsarist government's attempt to start bourgeois reforms in the country's economy relied on a group of bankers and industrialists from St. Petersburg, while the Moscow industrial and merchant group was seriously losing. Contradictions and a split between the "Petersburg" and "Moscow" pushed the country into upheavals. It should be noted that all groups of influence made a vicious bet on the massive attraction of foreign capital; by 1917, foreign banks controlled up to 60-70% of Russian banking capital and largely determined the path of development of the Russian economy.

The emerging situation required reforming the political and economic system. The nascent bourgeoisie and the unresolved land issue pushed for reforms, while the aristocracy and nobility resisted and did everything possible to preserve the dominant position and power.

The conflict was inevitable, and the parties began to prepare for it.

The confrontation between "Moscow" and "St. Petersburg"


The main battlefield was the 4th State Duma, elected in 1912 for five years and represented by 442 deputies, mainly from the parties of the ruling classes: Octobrists, Cadets, progressives, centrists, right and small fractions of Trudoviks and Social Democrats (Mensheviks, a group deputies of the Bolsheviks in 1915 was arrested).

In the State Duma, there was a division of the deputies into the right, defending the monarchy, centrists, whose goal was a constitutional monarchy, and the left, represented by Trudoviks and Social Democrats. Octobrist Rodzianko was elected chairman of the State Duma.

In August 1915, the liberals, represented by the Cadet Party, found a way to unite the centrists and create a dominant Progressive Bloc of more than 300 deputies, headed by the Cadet leader Milyukov, which included the Cadets, Left Octobrists, progressives, centrists and right-wing nationalists. Outside the bloc, there were extreme monarchists on the right, and Trudoviks and Mensheviks on the left, who actually supported the progressists.

Progressives came out with demands for the creation of a "government of trust", amnesty for political prisoners, protection of the rights of national minorities, expanding the rights of local self-government and bringing the war to a victorious end. All of this was aimed at reaching an agreement with the government on the basis of minimal liberal reforms along the lines of the Western model.

The authorities unsuccessfully tried to split this bloc, and did not go to the creation of a "government of confidence" headed by Krivoshein. The tsar appointed the monarchist Sturmer as the head of the government.

In 1916, the State Duma came under the complete control of the liberals, behind whom stood the Moscow merchants under the leadership of Guchkov, Ryabushinsky, Konovalov, Tretyakov and Morozov. The merchants controlled the country's textile and light industry, had their own banks, stood on liberal pro-Western rails, and sought to expand their influence and crush the government. The Moscow clan also included the Nobile Brothers Partnership, a monopolist in the extraction and processing of oil, closely associated with the American Rothschild clan.

In Petrograd, there was another powerful financial and industrial group led by Putilov, backed by the largest banks in the capital and owning the country's main industrial plants and the sugar industry.

The financial and economic bloc of the government, represented by Krivoshein, Bunge and Kokovtsev, relied on the "St. Petersburg" and, with the support of the tsar, planned to modernize the country not according to liberal canons, but taking into account the patriarchal foundations of Russian society. Liberals, Moscow industrialists and merchants, the "family" of the tsar, court circles and the Black Hundreds opposed this course for various reasons.

That is, in 1916, a confrontation between the "St. Petersburg" and "Moscow" elite groups developed in the country, which sought to put the state at their service and use it to solve their corporate problems.

To strengthen their positions, the "Moscow", taking advantage of martial law, back in 1915, created opposition public organizations, as if to help the front and the military industry.

These organizations included the military-industrial committees, which, under their leadership, were supposed to facilitate the fulfillment of orders for the supply of equipment and food to the army. Through the military-industrial complex, the Moscow merchants profited from purchases for the army, increasing prices and robbing the state, while there was not so much real help to the front.

The Central Committee was headed by the protege of the "Moscow" Guchkov and his deputy Konovalov, and in Moscow the committee was headed by Ryabushinsky. The lobbyist of the liberals among the military was Chief of the General Staff Alekseev, who had long been in contact with them. Among the tsarist "family" the liberals acted through the wife of the tsar's brother Michael, who kept him "under the thumb" and was a man of merchants who provided her with services for personal enrichment.

Also, to facilitate the supply of the army, a committee of All-Russian zemstvo and city unions (Zemgor) was created, headed by a protege of the "Moscow" Prince Lvov.

The enterprising merchants also attracted workers to the activities of the military-industrial complex and Zemgora, working groups were created under the committees, which organized strikes at the right time under the slogan of protecting workers' rights, and the merchants achieved the results they needed.

So the military-industrial complex and Zemgor became the centers of the strike movement to put pressure on the government.

It should be noted that hundreds of thousands of employees were involved in the activities of the military-industrial complex and Zemgor, they wore a special paramilitary uniform (Kerensky also wore it) and were exempted from conscription, which naturally attracted many crooks.

The committees actually became organizations in opposition to the government and, what is most interesting, they existed at the expense of the state. In the first 25 months of the war, they received 464 million rubles from the treasury.

That is, the merchants, conducting a propaganda campaign against the authorities, financed the collapse of the state mainly at the expense of budget funds.

The Moscow merchants, in their struggle with their opponents, did not hesitate to work with the revolutionary organizations with which they had been in contact even during the 1905 revolution, and these ties continued. Socialist parties were involved in the activities of the committees, the Mensheviks worked through the military-industrial complex, and the Socialist-Revolutionaries through Zemgor and legally carried out their agitation against the government.

So these parties at that stage actually existed under the control of the Moscow merchants, they financed them and pursued a liberal policy.

The lobbyist of the St. Petersburg bankers was the Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Protopopov, who had long been in contact with this group. On the recommendation of Rodzianko, the tsar in September 1916 appointed Protopopov Minister of Internal Affairs for reasons of establishing normal relations with the State Duma, ruined a year earlier by an attempt to create a "government of confidence." He knew well the entire internal kitchen of the State Duma, and this alarmed the Duma members. He was accused of betraying liberal ideals and was greeted with hostility after being appointed chief gendarme. So Protopopov became the defender of the St. Petersburg bankers and, as it were, the savior of the monarchy.

The confrontation in the summer of 1916 between the oligarchic St. Petersburg and Moscow groups intensified.

In June 1916, a congress of representatives of the country's largest banks, represented mainly by St. Petersburg banks, was held in Petrograd, which called for the unification of banking capital and determined the tactics of dealing with Moscow competitors.

At this time, the St. Petersburg bankers attempted a raider seizure of the richest representative of the "Moscow" - the oil tycoon of the Nobile Brothers Partnership. This attempt ended in failure, and this was facilitated by the lobbyist of the "Moscow" chief of the General Staff Alekseev, who organized in July through counterintelligence the inspection of St. Petersburg banks and tried to accuse them of espionage and treason. this confrontation.

In early August, the leader of the "Petersburg" Putilov wrote a letter to Nobile in which he admitted defeat and refused to further fight. This episode of confrontation was of fundamental importance, since the main instrument of the government in the struggle for economic power in the country capitulated, and the way to power was opened for the liberal oligarchic clans.

Simultaneously with the internal confrontation, relations with the Western allies have worsened.

By all indications, the war was drawing to a close with the inevitable victory of the Entente. In the summer of 1916, the Paris Economic Conference of the Allies was held, at which the issue of post-war economic cooperation, including with Germany, was considered.

The British, seeking to pit Russia against Germany, achieved the inclusion in the final resolution of the requirement to refuse to cooperate with defeated Germany after the war. It has traditionally been Russia's largest economic partner, and the Russian delegation refused to sign the declaration to its own detriment, despite the fact that the liberals in the State Duma insisted on signing it. They were supported by a significant part of the ruling class striving to fit into the European society, and especially by the royal family. In the event of the victory of Russia and the inevitable rise of the "St. Petersburg", their competitors "Moscow" perfectly understood that after the war they would not be in business, and tried to prevent such a turn of events.

The position of the Russian authorities did not suit the allies at all.

The embassies of England and France became almost the headquarters of the liberal opposition and directed the progressists in the direction they needed. The opposition, seeing the support of the West, began to prepare for a decisive attack on the ruling regime of Nicholas II.

The bulk of the population did not accept the political games of the elite and socialists, they were not interested in the struggle for power. The population was only trying to survive in the deteriorating conditions, and the elements of the people were ready to rise at any moment to fight for their daily bread.

So, by the fall of 1916, a crisis of power of Nicholas II was brewing, he was practically alone.

The tsarist entourage worked against him, the top leadership of the army was dissatisfied with them and was ready to betray the tsar, the government largely lost its economic levers of influence, due to the provocative actions of the tsarina and Rasputin, society despised the tsar for his weakness, the Western allies wanted to weaken Russia and worked to overthrow the ruling regime.

The liberal opposition, feeling the strength and support, was preparing for a decisive breakthrough, and in October a battle broke out between the two groups for control of the government and power in the country.

To be continued ...
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  1. +8
    20 October 2021 05: 32
    ... The history of the February and October revolutions of 1917 in Soviet times was not always objectively interpreted. The leading role of the Bolsheviks was emphasized, the role of other socialist parties and especially the true goals of the driving forces were obscured.

    The winners rule the ball, in modern works about those events we see the opposite picture. In our search for the truth or the middle, I'm afraid we are helpless if we rely on the opinions of others - without our own!
    1. +16
      20 October 2021 05: 40
      already tired of the "historians" ... each from his own bell tower ... I will celebrate on November 7, as always.
      1. +3
        20 October 2021 09: 04
        Good morning. "November 7, I'll mark as always" me too.
      2. +1
        20 October 2021 09: 36
        Quote: Dead Day
        , On November 7, I will note, as always

        Together with you, even though in a different region drinks drinks drinks good
    2. +12
      20 October 2021 06: 00
      How much you can endlessly replicate - "German money for the Bolsheviks." This expression, which has no evidence, has become an axiom for "historians". Why are the Bolsheviks the leading party already by 1916? The rest of the parties, more numerous and influential among the population (including in the army) - "passed by" (unless Chernov was mentioned in passing)?
      1. +5
        20 October 2021 07: 56
        Quote: Serg Koma
        How much you can endlessly replicate - "german money for the Bolsheviks "

        I, too, got sick of these unfounded accusations.

        At all no matter what money was there... The Whites not only used foreign money, they also brought the Entente troops to Russia!

        Any civil war, revolution is always a lot of money. And from any help and money from outside - no one has ever refused. This applies to any side of the conflict and to the state power as well.
        1. +2
          20 October 2021 08: 42
          Agree. Despite the fact that I am absolutely not a supporter of the Bolsheviks, but EVEN IF Lenin used the means of the Germans, this personally does not bother me in any way. You need to understand that he was not and could not be any German spy in principle. They had too different views on life with the Kaiser, to put it mildly. So we can talk about just a temporary coincidence of interests, which led to a situational union. Lenin used the Germans, they used him. If it AT ALL HAD A PLACE TO BE.

          And secondly, the publication by the respected Y. Aptukhin (or the book by Pyzhikov, which the author was guided by) came out weak. It's just that all the widespread rumors, myths and real facts have been collected in one heap and an attempt has been made to build a coherent picture out of them. But historians have a huge number of questions about much of what has been said here.
          1. +5
            20 October 2021 10: 21
            EVEN IF Lenin used the funds of the Germans
            There are prerequisites: they were arrested in Austria as a Russian spy. They were recruited. Moreover, Austrian Social Democrats, agents of the Austrian and German intelligence services took part in the recruitment. They sent them to Switzerland, gave a lot of money, "windows" on the Russian-Swedish border, secret accounts in foreign and Russian banks from where you can get money and instructions. And Lenin outwitted everyone. After recruiting, a little later he said at a lecture to the Swiss socialists, they say we won't see revolution, we old people, "war is a matter of young people, a cure for wrinkles." And for a long time no one guessed that he was an agent of German intelligence services (German and Austrian). He was burned, only on a sealed carriage. They told him, go on the roof. And here he is smeared with paint. I had to let him into the car, to the rest of the German spies. laughing laughing laughing
            1. +4
              20 October 2021 11: 23
              Quote: Daniil Konovalenko
              I got burned, only on a sealed carriage. They told him, go on the roof. And here he is smeared with paint. I had to let him into the car, to the rest of the German spies.

              laughing good No, it wasn't like that. He refused to go at all. Like, it’s not a matter for me, an ideological revolutionary, to go in the same carriage with every spy trash. He resisted to the last, emotionally told those around him what he put on them and where they could put themselves, this handout of German imperialism. Barely shoved, in general! I even had to lock the car and seal it so it wouldn't jump out.
              1. +5
                20 October 2021 11: 37
                good laughing
                I even had to lock and lock the carriage.
                ..That's where the "pale" happened. And the Germans began to transfer the money to the Petrograd main post office, on demand. Therefore, the instruction was given that first of all it was necessary to seize the mail and telegraph. The main thing here was to seize the archive, the stubs from the receipts, so that they could subsequently be destroyed. The Germans transferred a lot of money. Ilyich had enough of them to carry out the November revolution in Germany in 1918, bribed the sailors of the German fleet, with the same money they printed leaflets and newspapers and they filled up the trenches of German troops. The imperial armies began to decompose quickly and Germany was forced to surrender. laughing laughing laughing
            2. +3
              20 October 2021 12: 24
              Quote: Daniil Konovalenko
              .Burned, only on a sealed carriage. They told him, go on the roof. And here he is smeared with paint. I had to let him into the car, to the rest of the German spies.

              The sealed carriage was primarily intended for the transport of prominent Socialist-Revolutionaries led by Nathanson. Lenin and his comrades-in-arms were asked by the Socialist-Revolutionaries to come in this carriage as guarantors of Nathanson's safety. This is how the leader of the ruling party in the Provisional Government, Viktor Chernov, described this life in his memoirs. Lenin's trip in a sealed carriage was approved, in addition to the Kaiser, by the Russian interim government of capitalist ministers.
              1. +4
                20 October 2021 12: 32
                Vladimir, that is why he put three smiles at the bottom, which mean sarcasm. You see how brains for 30 years, processed what many already believe that V. I. Lenin was a German spy, received German money, etc. Have you read the article yourself? Pyzhikov writes one thing, while Apukhtin writes something completely different, referring to Pyzhikov. "In general, I am beginning to fear that this confusion will continue for a very long time. And all because he writes down after me incorrectly." (with)
                1. +2
                  20 October 2021 19: 36
                  Quote: Daniil Konovalenko
                  You see how the brains for 30 years, processed what many already believe that V. I. Lenin was a German spy, received German money, etc.

                  I would say they have been processing for 30 years. How successful is it? I heard that before the Ukrainian crisis, Putin instructed to find out how the people feel about communist ideas and whether it is possible to completely ban communist organizations and communist agitation, as they did later in Ukraine. A competent opinion poll was organized, the results of which showed that for 30 years the attitude towards the communist idea among the people has not changed, regardless of age, education, class and material status. That is, even among the young rich, there is no less communist at heart than among the losers, homeless people or the elderly unemployed. According to the results of a poll, the reform a la Maidan Ukraine in Russia was postponed.
                  1. +2
                    21 October 2021 08: 13
                    According to the results of the opinion poll, the reform a la Maidan Ukraine in Russia was postponed.
                    While ... while postponed ... the work is underway ..
            3. +2
              20 October 2021 12: 36
              Quote: Daniil Konovalenko
              I got burned, only on a sealed carriage.

              Money from the Germans for the creation of the RSFSR and the USSR? Even Hitler did not support such a topic at one time. Probably because his ideas about the inferiority of the Slavs and Russians did not reach such an extent ...

              And what is a sealed carriage - is it a means of delivering German spies to Russia? So that the special services would not guess about anything .... cool .... There seemed to be dozens of passengers, emigrants with their families, returning there. Moreover, they waited for a visa for two months and arrived "in a carriage" only in April 1917. And if they arrived in a NOT sealed one or sailed on a steamer, would your imagination be calm? Yes, Hitler was very wrong, but he could not foresee that the future would surpass all his assumptions and expectations ... was born too early ...
              1. +3
                20 October 2021 13: 01
                Mdaaa..the emoticons did not pass ... But pleases, your sober thinking ... If you remember, this is how the bourgeois press of BP argued that Lenin was a German spy? Very convenient arguments for the layman and the German security and the car is sealed and everything else. These are the arguments that today's bourgeois propaganda has been brainwashing for 30 years already. Apukhtin's article as an indicator. hi
                1. +1
                  21 October 2021 06: 00
                  Mdaaa ... the emoticons did not pass ...
                  Not everyone here perceives humor and sarcasm, what to do, the painfully harsh people gathered ...
            4. 0
              24 December 2021 12: 28
              Where did you read this nonsense? !! Did Goebbels fax you the documents? !! Show the people !!! Imagine Ilyich's receipts for how much the Germans forked out .... Come on bro ... The people should know the whole truth !!! You are not Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, we believe you !!!
        2. +1
          21 November 2021 19: 08
          German money for the creation of the RSFSR and the USSR? This would be an original joke if it were not for millions of ordinary people - rams who easily believe in everything except the truth ... I am not exaggerating at all, because we all remember: if a presidential candidate puts on a flight helmet or a sea coat with a white scarf - it really works !!!!
          This is the level of the average person in the enlightened 21st century ...
    3. -1
      20 October 2021 08: 59
      The three petrels of the revolution:
      1. Poverty.
      2. Lawlessness.
      3. The hopelessness of existence.
      Now perhaps the country has everything as in 1916: instead of a war, there is a pandemic, in parliament there is a select bourgeoisie and a completely helpless government.
      BUT, there is not and will not be the main thing - the driving force. People ran out.
      1. +3
        20 October 2021 12: 30
        Quote: Civil
        there is not and will not be the main thing - the driving force. People ran out.

        Or maybe Putin's competitors simply do not have meaningful ideas and organizational skills. Zyuganov cares more about the non-appearance of smarter and more business leaders in the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. Yavlinsky is really only capable of giving Japan the Kuril Islands and Crimea from his promises, but for this betrayal whether he will receive at least 33 rubles from beneficiaries is a big question.
        1. -2
          20 October 2021 13: 05
          Quote: gsev
          Quote: Civil
          there is not and will not be the main thing - the driving force. People ran out.

          Or maybe Putin's competitors simply do not have meaningful ideas and organizational skills. Zyuganov cares more about the non-appearance of smarter and more business leaders in the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. Yavlinsky is really only capable of giving Japan the Kuril Islands and Crimea from his promises, but for this betrayal whether he will receive at least 33 rubles from beneficiaries is a big question.

          In terms of competitors? laughing do you need another new king or what? With your friends? laughing
          There are no people, everyone agrees at least to anything, at least for the return of serfdom, at least for the right of the first night)))
          Everyone wants to sit in a hole and lick the owner's boots. laughing
          And including me.
        2. -1
          21 November 2021 20: 57
          Quote: gsev
          Or maybe Putin's competitors simply do not have

          Do dictators have competitors? If there are madmen, then they end up very badly. For example, Navalny. It would seem, well, what a competitor he is. No, no! Can you tell me where he is now and why he was in a coma before?
          1. -2
            15 December 2021 16: 14
            Quote: Stas157
            Do dictators have competitors? If there are madmen, then they end up very badly. For example, Navalny.

            Putin has made it clear that he wants to keep crime out of power. At one time, Navalny imposed a tribute to the Kirov lumberjacks through his mafia structure Kirov-Les. In vain, Navalny considered himself cooler than the head of the Korean mafia on Sakhalin. He, having received a black mark in an instant, fled to South Korea, Navalin frivolously ignored this.
      2. 0
        22 December 2021 23: 58
        Quote: Civil
        Now perhaps the country has everything as in 1916: instead of a war, there is a pandemic, in parliament there is a select bourgeoisie and a completely helpless government.
        BUT, there is not and will not be the main thing - the driving force. People run out


        Now, migrant gaster, on someone's order, are importing tens of millions a year (how many there are already in the country - 30, 40, 50 million), or is it already half of the Russian population?
        1. -1
          23 December 2021 08: 33
          Now, migrant gaster, on someone's order, are importing tens of millions a year (how many there are already in the country - 30, 40, 50 million), or is it already half of the Russian population?

          These mu-mu are even worse ... they come from even more brutal despotism laughing and if they suddenly make a revolution, then only with the aim of raising their nationality and faith to the power of the khan. That is, to re-create what they left behind - an even more impoverished and powerless society than in Russia. This is their main danger to the people and why they are fully approved by the authorities. People come with medieval outlooks on life.
  2. +15
    20 October 2021 05: 53
    in view of the large-scale anti-war propaganda campaign launched by the Bolsheviks this year, funded by the German General Staff on the Russian front, so that all the trenches were littered with leaflets calling for the transformation of the world war into a civil war against their governments.
    About how! laughing Is that how it is written by Pyzhikov or by Apukhtin? Oh, yes, November 7 is on the nose, the Sabbath begins .. laughing
    1. +2
      20 October 2021 15: 04
      ... the sabbath begins .. laughing

      This is, as usual, a tradition ... request
  3. +7
    20 October 2021 06: 19
    they are still relevant today in the transitional period of the search for their own face by modern Russia
    A! This is how Russia is looking for its face today! (30 years already. Not too much for "face searches in the transition period"?). It’s a sinful thing for me to think that Russia is getting up from its knees, at least the supporters of the sun are trying to assure everyone of this. Or does one not interfere with the other? Damn! I'm crazy!
    1. +2
      20 October 2021 06: 25
      30 years is not enough ... the process of the ascension to the royal throne of the dynasty of God's anointed is not yet completed ... be patient, the historical processes are stretched out in time ... Russia is clearly moving to the point from where it left in 1917.
      Although the GDP claims that Russia you worked limit on revolutions ... here I do not agree with him ... the authorities themselves create the prerequisites for the next revolution.
      1. -2
        20 October 2021 07: 30
        Quote: Lech from Android.
        Russia is clearly moving to the point where it left in 1917.

        You are exaggerating, everything is not so bad, unless, of course, everything (on a global scale), sorry, we do not take a break from the virus. And, so, even a positive mood, as they say now.
        According to the article, the author also greatly exaggerates about the confrontation between those years - Moscow and St. Petersburg. This is something new in historical science.
        People work, dig in history, find.
        1. +5
          20 October 2021 07: 40
          Where do people dig? ... what
          What is the ultimate goal of this work? ... explain this to a mere mortal.
          The Russian state does not have a coherent state policy ... an idea ...
          Turkey has it ... England has it, the USA has it ... we only have misunderstandings ...
          National garbage projects are not an idea. what
          Where are we going? To hell or the devil?
          1. -3
            20 October 2021 07: 48
            Quote: Lech from Android.
            What is the ultimate goal of these works?

            If specifically for this article - then, to draw a parallel between those years, with the current state of affairs, this is clearly noticeable.
            They do not take into account one important point, namely, by the beginning of the February revolution, the army and the gendarmerie were in a state of complete chaos, hence the tsar's problems with retaining power.
            In 1991, everything repeated itself, the army, police and the KGB were virtually defeated and, the same problems faced by the formal Soviet regime.
            Now such "tricks" will not work.
            1. +1
              20 October 2021 07: 56
              Such tricks are regularly repeated in our history ... and there is no guarantee that they will not be repeated in the future ... I would not be so presumptuous. hi
              As soon as the power begins to rot from the inside, wait for these tricks.
            2. +3
              20 October 2021 10: 13
              Quote: bober1982
              In 1991, everything repeated itself, the army, police and the KGB were virtually defeated and, the same problems faced by the formal Soviet regime.

              Do you have any supporting facts? Apart from the fact that something similar was voiced here casually and without proof, I have never met such a statement before. Yes, many thought about what was happening, about where to go, there was porridge in their heads, but the rout ... Who defeated? When?
              1. +1
                20 October 2021 10: 46
                Quote: victor50
                Who defeated? When?

                When they started talking on Soviet television ....... don't read Soviet newspapers before dinner. And, laughter, turning into rzhach.
                1. 0
                  21 November 2021 19: 36
                  Quote: bober1982
                  Quote: victor50
                  Who defeated? When?

                  When they started talking on Soviet television ....... don't read Soviet newspapers before dinner. And, laughter, turning into rzhach.

                  I can make a hypothesis.
                  The events of the 90s are the result of a long preparatory work that began in the 50s or earlier ...

                  In the 40s after the Second World War, a gigantic stream of war reparations went from the West to the USSR. A topic that has been tightly closed until recently.

                  So, then separate cases of appropriation of trophy values ​​began to arise. Even Zhukov was the victim. Stalin defended him, hushed up the case.

                  But if we assume that the scale of the affairs of the com. Western group of troops and the leader of the communist're coming out Khrushchev were so great that they came to the attention of Beria and the intelligence services of the West ??
                  Then the group faces an alternative: execution or a coup d'etat.

                  The coup in 1953 was followed by the blackmailing of the West and an agreement on compromises, significant concessions: in ideology, economics, and personnel policy.

                  There is an instant change of course in the CPSU, the execution of the 6th five-year plan is urgently stopped. An army of the rehabilitated and the descendants of the convicted is pouring into the country's leadership. And all this without any signs of stagnation or crisis in the economy of the mid-50s !!

                  How else to explain the reasons and motives for the rapid and powerful "Khrushchev thaw"?
                  1. 0
                    21 November 2021 19: 42
                    Quote: ivan2022
                    How else to explain the reasons and motives for the rapid and powerful "Khrushchev thaw"?

                    In what it I agree with you, in what it is, no.
                    Quote: ivan2022
                    There is an instant change of course in the KPSS

                    Quote: ivan2022
                    And all this without any signs of stagnation or crisis in the economy of the mid-50s !!

                    Yes, exactly so, and immediately after Stalin's death, and it was he who, all this pseudo-party camarilla, held back.
                  2. 0
                    21 November 2021 20: 45
                    Quote: ivan2022
                    How else to explain the reasons and motives for the fast and powerful "Khrushchev thaw"?

                    The assassination of Stalin. If there was a conspiracy and the decrepit leader was poisoned, then everything falls into place - both the debunking of the Stalin personality cult, and the change of the dictatorial course to democratic values. In order to internally justify himself as a murderer, Khrushchev had to make a devil out of Stalin. He did it.
              2. +3
                20 October 2021 12: 39
                Quote: victor50
                Do you have any supporting facts?

                It depends on what is considered rot. The KGB achieved a ban on the release of works by I. Efremov, the only writer who exposed communism in his works with talent and sympathy. In Noginsk, the first secretary, with the help of the KGB, hid the head of an initiative group that was building a free playground on communist principles in a psychiatric hospital and made an active dissident out of this person. In 1986, at the Krasny Proletarian plant, the mother of the newly adopted KGB officer enthusiastically told what a dusty job his son had in comparison with his former colleagues as locksmiths and what Finnish consumer goods he was provided with in the service and which the workers of the Red Proletarian did not dare to dream of.
          2. +5
            20 October 2021 08: 45
            The Russian state does not have a coherent state policy ... an idea ...
            Turkey has it ... England has it, the USA has it ... we only have misunderstandings ...
            "All rajahs have something magical! The rajah in the North has a wooden horse that flies through the air! The southern rajah, his wife, knows how to turn into birds! The Rajah in the West has a magic wand that delivers food! And I have nothing no! And today I missed the Golden Antelope! "(c) laughing
            1. 0
              20 October 2021 08: 54
              We do not have an antelope ... but the legacy of the USSR and natural resources ... when we eat it all up and sell it, what will we do?
              Watch cartoons? smile
              1. +3
                20 October 2021 09: 11
                Watch cartoons?
                Otherwise they are not shown to us now.
                We do not have an antelope ... but the legacy of the USSR and natural resources ... when we eat it all up and sell it, what will we do?
                I am somehow a stranger at this celebration of life, unlike you. I don’t know what to advise you when you go through all this and sell it. laughing Perhaps, bon appetit.
                1. 0
                  20 October 2021 09: 28
                  smile
                  As the saying goes, the well-fed will not understand the hungry.
                  It doesn't make it any easier for us.
                  While Russia is rescuing oil and gas ... and then what God will send. hi
                  Our government should learn from Israel how to build a viable state without oil and gas in the middle of the desert.
                  1. +2
                    20 October 2021 10: 01
                    How can I understand you, eat and eat everything, sell and sell. smile And you can't get enough of everything with your government. smile
  4. -11
    20 October 2021 08: 12
    Stolypin's peasant reform, the purpose of which was to destroy the community and form an "effective owner" in the person of the kulak, will lead to aggravation in the village. But he did not heed the recommendations, and the Stolypin reforms only intensified the contradictions in the peasant environment.

    What nonsense: 13% of the peasants managed to leave the community and secure the allotment land they had gathered together, and almost FORTY percent managed to apply for this: the appropriate land management work went right up to the thief.

    The wild striped land was eliminated, which took a lot of time to move to the allotments, countless borders disappeared, which took away a lot of land, the peasants could participate in any form of cooperation, receive loans and develop their economy.

    It was not for nothing that the Lenins were afraid of the reform and said that with its implementation one could forget about the revolution ...
    1. +3
      20 October 2021 11: 45
      Quote: Olgovich
      It was not for nothing that the Lenins were afraid of the reform and said that with its implementation one could forget about the revolution ...

      And can you quote directly from the PSS VIL, where he says it himself? And then evil tongues claim that he did not say that. They're probably lying ... lol
      Lenin on the merits of Stolypin
      Myth summary and use cases
      The phrase "Lenin admitted that with the success of the Stolypin reforms, the revolution will not be possible" 1) was distributed in dozens of essays and forums.
      Reality
      All references repeat verbatim the quote from the article by Mikhail Nazarov "To the Leader of the Third Rome" 2). The entire phrase contains an indication of the source. "Lenin recognized that with the success of the Stolypin reforms, the revolution would be impossible [16]." Reference [16] gives “[16] Lenin V.I. Full collection Op. T. 12. C. 193. "

      Among all Lenin's publications in the USSR, only the fifth edition was called "complete". Let's see it.

      These pages3) contain materials on the 2nd St. Petersburg conference of the RSDLP at the beginning of 1906, namely, Lenin's speech in defense of the resolution on boycotting the elections to the Duma, strewn with attacks on Dan and Martov. There is nothing about Stolypin. Not surprisingly, the conference is in February-March, Stolypin was appointed minister in April, the beginning of the reform is in August, but in reality, when at least something concrete has begun, it is November. So in this volume, Stolypin is generally mentioned ("Stolypinism") only three times, and everything is in the editorial foreword, such as "During the period of Stolypin reaction, the Socialist-Revolutionary Party experienced a complete ideological and organizational collapse."
      http://wiki.istmat.info/тест:ленин_о_заслугах_столыпина
  5. +2
    20 October 2021 08: 16
    The analysis and conclusions carried out are largely reminiscent of the events of the collapse of the Soviet Union, they are still relevant today in the transitional period of the search for their own face by modern Russia.


    They were looking for a face, not even a muzzle was found.
  6. +8
    20 October 2021 08: 17
    a group of Bolshevik deputies was arrested in 1915
    The author, the Duma faction of the Bolsheviks, was arrested on November 18, 1914. The day before, the opening of a meeting of the RSDLP took place in Ozerki. It was attended by 5 Bolshevik deputies and 6 representatives from local party organizations. And at the end of the conference, the police raided in Ozerki (later it turned out that this had happened due to the denunciation of the provocateur). The meeting participants, including the Duma deputies, were searched and representatives of local party organizations were arrested. The Petrograd Committee issued a leaflet calling on the workers of Petrograd to hold a one-day strike of protest against the arrest of Bolshevik deputies. Naturally, the money was given by the German General Staff for the publication of the leaflet. laughing The strike took place, several thousand workers from the Novy Lessner, Parviainen and other factories took part in the protest strike. The Petrograd proletariat was supported by massive student gatherings. Leaflets about the arrest of Bolshevik deputies were issued in Kharkov, Riga and other cities. About where the tentacles of the German intelligence reached. smile
    1. +1
      20 October 2021 08: 59
      All around the Germans and the British were shitting. smile
  7. +2
    20 October 2021 08: 20
    The bulk of the population did not accept the political games of the elite and socialists, they were not interested in the struggle for power.


    The Constituent Assembly elections failed due to insufficient turnout, right, author?
    And how did it happen that little-known and uninteresting socialist parties received, in aggregate, more than half of the votes, supporters of the autocratic monarchy were in the red?
    1. +4
      20 October 2021 09: 14
      And how did it happen that little-known and uninteresting socialist parties received, in aggregate, more than half of the votes, supporters of the autocratic monarchy were in the red?
      Considering the fact that the electoral legislation was far from democratic.
  8. -1
    20 October 2021 08: 47
    Trouble is now, not then ..
  9. +4
    20 October 2021 09: 41
    Colleagues, good morning. I used to have, to put it mildly, not a high opinion of Apukhtin, but now ...
    Colleagues, I thought about the situation on the site for a long time: we all saw that there was a crisis of authors on the site. And indeed: "History" is held by three authors - Valery, Vyacheslav Olegovich and Eduard. Armament and there Vyacheslav Olegovich. If Vyacheslav Olegovich leaves, for example, 2-3 new Apukhtins with Kharluzhny will come running here. : "Better less quantity, but higher quality" (c)
    1. +2
      20 October 2021 10: 04
      "Better a small fish than a lot of cockroaches" (c)
      1. +2
        20 October 2021 13: 31
        I will tell you what will happen: a new Samsonov will come running and tell that Russia is "RUSSIA - THE HOMELAND OF ELEPHANTS". Frolov will be brutally raped by an owl.
        Zyryanov or someone else will tell you: the Japs paid Rudnev for the cruiser, and he danced the "Kamarinsky" in battle, and the Japs fired blanks. When the Varyag drowned, Rudnev "washed" the order in a tavern.
        In WWI, all the rifles in the RA did not fire: Nikolay 2 personally: "I cleaned my guns with a crushed brick."
        Lenin dabbled in tea in Razliv, Stalin made "Khvanchkaru", and the tsarist generals made a revolution.
        I think our ladies will return to fantasy and soap serials. I will throw the "Gretz" site. Most of us will leave
      2. +1
        21 October 2021 15: 26
        Something like this.
    2. +1
      20 October 2021 11: 19
      Quote: Astra wild2
      And indeed: "History" is held by three authors - Valery, Vyacheslav Olegovich and Eduard. Armament and there Vyacheslav Olegovich.

      You have forgotten about Roma Skomorokhov - who, with his illiterate reprints from "Corner of Heaven", makes people laugh
      At the end of February 1938, the BV.141 made its first flight at the prototype's helm.
      This is from the article "Combat aircraft. Terribly beautiful and vice versa." True, he corrected his pearl, but people remember. laughing
      the flying plywood coffin, which killed a huge number of pilots, for some reason is considered by most to be one of the best aircraft of the Second World War.

      If someone does not know, we are not talking about Po-2, but about A6M2
      And this Our Skomorokhov writes about the all-metal Japanese fighter, known in the west as "Zero". About his famous that the PSS Mi-8 helicopters on duty at the airfields of the Russian Aerospace Forces do not have winches for evacuating people, I will just mention that he "analyzed" the causes of the disaster two Su-34s in the 277 Mlavsky BAP, a laboratory analyzer ... This is our list of aFtor. Well, okay, if I practically read news, sometimes other materials, well, there are good authors who cannot just take and reprint their material from the 80-90s, or just someone else's material with their schomorshisms, but in reality they will process a lot of material, and footnotes to this material are given, photos are all with captions, well, you really feel that the person worked hard to read it interesting and informative - I'm talking about Sergei Linnik, but this is the AUTHOR, and to be honest, for the sake of his articles, I periodically leaf through VO. Well, or neighing over Roma articles. Sergey just rarely writes, but he is not a buffoon - he cannot make people laugh with reprints! And once again with the Day of the Communication Troops !!!
      1. +2
        21 October 2021 15: 45
        I don't read it at all. In the "first" advent I read when he posted photographs from Verkhnyaya Pyshma and the history of the kitchen.
        1. +2
          21 October 2021 16: 40
          Quote: Astra wild2
          I don't read it at all. In the "first" advent I read when he posted photographs from Verkhnyaya Pyshma and the history of the kitchen.

          Well, let's say the museum is very good, despite some jambs; type LaGG-3,66 series on which the type flew Shitov Yu.P. board number 43, in brown-green color. When anyone who has read more or less about the history of Soviet aviation knows that there was no such camouflage on the fighters at all, and in 43 the gray / dark gray top of the fighters went. And when Roma signed up to describe British tanks, and sat down in a slurry describing Valentine ... Well, fufel is illiterate, he is fufel. Of course, I don’t know everything either, but I don’t write articles that are illiterate, especially about aviation ... drinks
          1. 0
            23 October 2021 08: 38
            "I do not write articles illiterate", I have not seen your articles. Actually, I VERY rarely look at the ARMAMENT
            1. 0
              23 October 2021 10: 17
              Quote: Astra wild2
              "I don't write articles illiterate"

              In the aviation-technical direction, he is even very illiterate. This is very clearly seen when he tries to insert gaps into a reprinted article. Articles by the way are written and very often technically illiterate people.
              Quote: Astra wild2
              I have not seen your articles

              So I don’t write them here, I’m not a plagiarist to take other people's materials on the "Corner of Heaven", and here they pass them off with their gagging as our own. hi
  10. +6
    20 October 2021 09: 42
    he became an unexpectedly popular figure, due to the large-scale campaign launched by the Bolsheviks this year, funded by the German General Staff for anti-war propaganda, on the Russian front,
    The German General Staff financed, and there is not one document confirming this! From the Word ALL! If there were hardly the minister of propaganda of the Third Reich, he would never have used them. And so everything is at the level of rumors!
    1. +1
      20 October 2021 10: 10
      Quote: Fitter65
      The German General Staff financed


      Yes, to hell with him with the German General Staff, let him finance it. But why are vibrant liberals. do not say that a year later (1918) the Bolsheviks paid off the debt with interest.
      You have to be consistent.
      1. +2
        20 October 2021 13: 58
        How? By their example, did you help the German comrades of the Kaiser send them on an "erotic hike on foot"?
        Was this also part of the plans of the German General Staff?
        And what ... also a version. The stage of a cunning multi-year plan to bring Adolf Schicklgruber to power. wink
        1. +2
          20 October 2021 14: 11
          Quote: Illanatol

          Was this also part of the plans of the German General Staff?

          Well, yes! Well this is the General Staff (and even German).
          And so the war is lost, and bring the Bolsheviks to power, so that they would help arrange a revolution in Germany.
          And then we can safely say that the Jews and the Communists are to blame for the defeat.
          And this
          Quote: Illanatol
          Phase of an ingenious multi-year plan to bring Adolf Schicklgruber to power

          Oh, how, he is the General Staff and the General Staff in Zhmerinka. laughing
  11. +3
    20 October 2021 09: 43
    I read it before
    Until 1915, the name of Lenin was not known to anyone, except for a narrow circle of his associates. But he became an unexpectedly popular figure, due to the large-scale anti-war propaganda campaign launched by the Bolsheviks this year, funded by the German General Staff.
    and stopped reading.
    The anomaly of humanity, the enemies of the communists, who seized the USSR / RSFSR, and the history of their country and people is anomalous.
    The February revolution was staged by the British, the October revolution by the Germans and the Americans, the anti-communist Perestroika and counter-revolution, they were staged by the communists, and everyone who is against what they are doing with Russia and the Russian people are agents of the State Department.
    1. +3
      20 October 2021 13: 06
      The February revolution was staged by the British, the October revolution by the Germans and the Americans, the anti-communist Perestroika and counter-revolution, they were staged by the communists, and everyone who is against what they are doing with Russia and the Russian people are agents of the State Department.
      Irina, good love love love Bravissimo! Best comment!
  12. +1
    20 October 2021 09: 48
    Actually, there is only one conclusion - it was not in vain that they shot, in vain they canonized
  13. 0
    20 October 2021 09: 49
    If we remove the clichés familiar to today's ear about "liberal opposition", then we would get a good article.)
    1. 0
      20 October 2021 16: 20
      Quote: Detnix
      clichés familiar to today's ear about "liberal opposition"

      https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Либерал_(Чехов)
      It's a shame, my friend, not to know the classics. Liberals at that time were like a dog with fleas, and they were no better than these ... With blue cowards on a stick.
      One of the characteristic features of Russian liberalism is its terrible contempt for the people ... The Russian people will never be forgiven for wanting to be themselves in the world. All progress through schools is supposed to disaccustom the people to be themselves. All features of the people are ridiculed and shamed. They will say that the dark kingdom is ridiculed. But the fact of the matter is that along with the dark kingdom everything that is light is also ridiculed. Here is something bright and disgusting: faith, meekness, submission to the will of God

      Dostoevsky
  14. +4
    20 October 2021 10: 21
    But he became an unexpectedly popular person, due to the large-scale campaign launched by the Bolsheviks this year, funded by the German General Staff for anti-war propaganda, on the Russian front, due to which all the trenches were littered with leaflets calling for the transformation of the world war into a civil war against their governments.

    The author again started his fairy tales, repeating money-makers from history. Already tired of these weirdos with the letter M, who use deceitful cliches with a claim to seriousness. Can you show the published documents on the financing of the Bolsheviks by the Germans? or nothing? Why did Goebbels not use such a trump card in his propaganda when the hordes of the Wehrmacht were marching on our Bolshevik homeland, because it would be such a powerful trump card in the ideological struggle ?!
    What did the aforementioned Pyzhikov say about the foreign roots of the Bolsheviks:

    sorry on the VO resource there are no ratings of the credibility (or falsity) of the authors.
    1. 0
      20 October 2021 12: 08
      An example of German agitation of that time, scattered from airplanes over Russian positions: On the left side of the postcard, the Kaiser, busily, measures the caliber of the huge shells one after the other coming off the assembly line with an yardstick. On the right side of the postcard, Nicholas II measures the length of Grishka Rasputin's genital organ with the same yardstick. There was no signature. To illiterate peasants in soldier's uniform, everything was clear without words.
      1. 0
        20 October 2021 13: 06
        The tsar himself gave a reason, kept Rasputin at the court. But what does the Bolsheviks have to do with it, they perhaps brought Rasputin to the court ...
        1. 0
          20 October 2021 13: 38
          Yeah, Stalin pulled him like a bull for mating.
  15. +3
    20 October 2021 12: 00
    The leaders of the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin and Zinoviev, were in Geneva, Trotsky and Bukharin were in the United States, another group - Stalin, Dzerzhinsky, Kamenev and Sverdlov, were in exile.
    - you don't have to read further.
    Until the VI Congress of the RSDLP (B), which was held from July 26 (August 8) to August 3 (August 16), 1917, Bukharin and Trotsky were not part of the Bolshevik leadership.
    Until the Sixth Congress, Trotsky was not a Bolshevik at all. Only at the VI Congress was he accepted into the RSDLP (b) as part of the Mezhraiontsy (during the war, this group of future Trotskyists separated from the Mensheviks) and from the Mezhraiontsy was elected to the Central Committee of the RSDLP (Bolsheviks).
    It's the same with Bukharin. Before the VI Congress, his importance in the party was that he, as his biographers write, was familiar with Lenin. In exile in October 1916, Bukharin moved to New York, where he met Trotsky and, although he was listed as a Bolshevik, picked up his ideas. Together with Trotsky, since January 1917, he edited the newspaper of the Mezhraiontsy "Novy Mir". Even then, on some issues Bukharin spoke out against Lenin. Bukharin is an ardent ideological Trotskyist, although he fiercely fought with Trotsky himself for power in the party. Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, etc. only they saw themselves as loved ones in the role of the leader of the world proletarian movement, and all as one were eager for power in the USSR. For this, they knocked on each other wherever they could and literally drowned their competitors in the fight against Stalin - anti-Soviet spiders in a bank.
    Now about the driving force of the February Revolution. From the memoirs of the widow of Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich:
    The British Embassy, ​​by order of Lloyd George, became a hotbed of propaganda. Liberals, Prince Lvov, Milyukov, Rodzianko, Maklakov, Guchkov, etc., constantly visited him. It was in the English embassy that it was decided to abandon legal paths and embark on the path of revolution. It must be said that Sir George Buchanan, the British ambassador to Petrograd, acted out of a sense of personal malice. The emperor did not like him and became increasingly cold towards him, especially since the British ambassador got in touch with his personal enemies. The last time Sir George requested an audience, the Emperor received him standing, without asking to sit down. Buchanan vowed revenge, and since he was very closely associated with one grand ducal couple, he at one time had the idea of ​​making a palace coup. But events exceeded his expectations, and he and Lady Georgina turned their backs on their wrecked friends without the slightest shame. In St. Petersburg, at the beginning of the revolution, it was said that Lloyd George, upon learning of the fall of tsarism in Russia, rubbed his hands, saying: "One of the British goals of the war has been achieved" ...

    From the memoirs of the British ambassador to Russia Buchanan:
    ... The palace coup was discussed openly, and at dinner at the embassy one of my Russian friends, who held a high position in the government, informed me that the only question was whether both the emperor and the empress would be killed, or only the last ...
    - touchingly, like the ambassador of a country for which the Russians had to die to the last under German machine guns with one rifle for five, discussed plans to assassinate the Russian tsar.
    About the reason for the revolution. Austro-Hungarian diplomat Count Ottokar Czernin von und zu Hudenitz:
    In the last days of February 1917, an interesting event took place: on February 26 [1917] a gentleman came to me and presented me with evidence showing that he is a full-fledged representative of one neutral power. He informed me that he was instructed to let me know that the powers at war with us, or at least one of them, are ready to conclude peace with us, and that the conditions of this peace will be favorable for us.
    ...
    My interlocutor could not say anything more, but from the last words it followed that the proposal came from one of the enemy powers without the knowledge of the others.
    I never doubted for a moment that the case was about Russia, and my interlocutor supported my assumption, although he definitely emphasized that he could not assert this.
    ...
    I received no further reply to this second telegram. Seven days later, on March 7th, the king was dethroned. Obviously, on his part, it was about the last attempt to escape, and, quite possibly, if it had taken place a few weeks earlier, then the fate of not only Russia, but the whole world would have taken a different turn.
    - well, what a coincidence! As soon as the king started talking about a separate peace, he was immediately overthrown at the behest of the British embassy. The revolution itself began with the fact that someone's "invisible hand" slowed down trains with bread on the way to Petrograd. Then the march of empty pans and rushed ... The representative of the intelligence of the General Staff of France, Captain de Maleycy:
    The February revolution took place thanks to a conspiracy between the British and the liberal bourgeoisie of Russia. The inspiration was the [English] Ambassador Buchanan, the technical executor was Guchkov
    - I just trudge from the wisdom of Nick 2 and his all-conquering diplomacy!
  16. +1
    20 October 2021 12: 31
    The Russian society of the 1917 model suffered, in my opinion, by autophagy or autocannibalism, i.e. was hopelessly ill from a biological point of view. This is evidenced by the study of the events of that time on the basis of the preserved archival documents. But, following the principles of the same autophagy, on the wreckage of a statehood that had destroyed itself, a new society and a new powerful state, progressive in all respects, was born, which, alas, was also doomed to death, having failed to develop within itself protective mechanisms that could support his life and, most importantly, development. Like any autophagy, this process has both positive and negative aspects. The question is what is considered negative or positive in defining social autophagy, which cells of society to preserve and develop, and which ones are considered obsolete and get rid of them. Today, communism is still a bright dream and the future of humanity, since all other social theories simply lead humanity to destruction.
    Therefore, the interpretation of historical events by independent and not biased researchers can help in the best way when choosing one or another direction of movement towards a common goal today. If only people who make decisions were open and interested in receiving this kind of information.
  17. +1
    20 October 2021 14: 14
    Comrades, Pyzhikov's specialization was "Old Believers and Russia", but what side is Lenin or Guchkov?
    Explain the Chukchee ..
    If only by the fact that the king was baptized with three fingers, and Avakum with two fingers of a tada, of course. In "Life of Avakum" I am not strong, and without Avakum there will be enough firecrackers, if Apukhtin would have told about Avakum or Nikita the "wasteland" it would have been better, but a political srach cannot be done on this
  18. 0
    20 October 2021 15: 35
    Comrades, did you look where you studied? The regional pedagogical institute, more respectable than the Institute of Culture, at Fursov, and the award: "Prize named after E. T. Gaidar", worked as an adviser to Kasyanov!
    Anyone else, but this is enough for me so that Pyzhikov and Apukhtin do not read
  19. 0
    20 October 2021 16: 06
    The mere fact that after February 1917 all kinds of Soviets were formed, and not only in the capitals, refutes the thesis from the article about the alleged weakness and unpopularity of socialist parties. The 1912 Duma of the formation by that time was hopelessly behind the reality, although it had enough strength for a coup, with which later the Duma members themselves did not know what to do.
    And finally, a little later - elections to the Constituent Assembly. In the first roles - all the leftists, and in October, the left and the left seized power.
  20. +2
    21 October 2021 00: 32

    Or so - a finishing move for that. to get the post)
  21. 0
    21 October 2021 05: 53
    Until 1915, the name of Lenin was not known to anyone, except for a narrow circle of his associates. But he became an unexpectedly popular person, due to the large-scale campaign launched by the Bolsheviks this year, funded by the German General Staff.
    And this, Lenin laid "mines" .......
  22. 0
    21 October 2021 17: 13
    There were no "Moscow" and "St. Petersburg" ones, except in the 90s. The inability of the upper classes and the fatigue of the lower classes flashed the spark of the Great War and rushed. The combination of contradictions, aggravated by the war and the tensions of the masses, turned into actions, each of which had consequences in the form of a chain reaction. The reaction is the main consequence and cause of the flame, which grandfather Lenin felt over the hill, after the absolutely stupid actions of the Russian elite
  23. Eug
    0
    27 October 2021 10: 46
    The American Rothschild clan? And not the German General Staff, but England through agents in the German General Staff ...
  24. 0
    14 December 2021 21: 51
    I read the comments. I come to the conclusion that nothing has changed in a century:
    The people, as before, "survive" alone, being in the richest country in the World, there are no mass political movements, for this very reason parties are small groupings, not headquarters of popular movements. In troubled waters, speculators, thieves and adventurers win.
    I believe that the creation of the USSR was a historical incident. Therefore, we returned to our original positions.
    Now everything will go as it should have been according to the most likely scenario, corresponding to the archaic society of the 17th century. As expected ... with the Tsar, confidants, gentlemen, landowners and slaves ...

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