Battle of the Leh River, or how the Magyars were stopped

49

Introduction


"De furore Normannorum libera nos, Domine De sagittis hungarorum libera nos, Domine", "Save, O God, from the sword of the Norman and the arrows of the Magyar." These words of prayer, contained in the Modena manuscript, reflect the wave of fear and terror that swept Europe in the late eighth and early ninth centuries due to the Hungarians, a group of pagan tribes invading from the Eurasian steppes. For more than a century they spread throughout Europe, which was facilitated by a state of deep crisis in which there was a large Carolingian empire, torn apart by a continuous struggle for succession to the throne. After entire areas, abandoned to their fate, were plundered and devastated, the threat of a Hungarian invasion was stopped by the German king Otto I, who, on August 10, 955, inflicted a decisive defeat on the Lech River on the Lech River.

Ruthless and ferocious people


The ethnic composition of the Hungarians, also called Magyars, was diverse and reflected a volatile and restless history steppes, which for centuries were under the rule of the Scythians, Celts, Huns, Alans ...



In 568, the plains of Pannonia were occupied by the Avars until their submission by Charlemagne around 800, as a result of which a kind of buffer arose between Western and Central Europe and the vast expanses of Asia: the Carolingian empire, the Bulgarian Empire and the Moravian kingdom.

It was during this period that the Hungarians entered the historical stage of Europe. These tribes did not control stable territory and were not part of the empire, but lived in nomadic groups, crossing the plains in search of pastures and prey: they usually moved in the spring, when climatic conditions made it possible to travel on horseback. The first decisive contact took place in 892, when the then king of Germany, Arnulf, seeking to expand his influence to the east, sought support against the Moravians.

The Hungarians almost immediately entered into an alliance with Byzantium, and in 896 they occupied the territory of Moravia. From there, they set their sights on the lands of modern Germany and Italy.

In 899, the Hungarians launched a series of raids, first to Northern and Central Italy, then to Lorraine, Burgundy, Germany, and even Scandinavia and Byzantium (here, in 934, they began to threaten Constantinople itself).

Horror of Europe


The Hungarian raids were sudden, swift and destructive. They attacked poorly defended but wealthy places such as abbeys and monasteries, farms and unfortified villages. The lightly armed Hungarian archers were second to none in Europe: their arrows hit with precision and lethality thanks to the functionality and flexibility of the composite bow.

Hungarians usually avoided large, fortified cities, did not participate in general battles, since in terms of weapons and tactics they could not compete with the organization of European armies.

The Hungarians were able to take advantage of the political crisis and strike, plunging vast territories into a complete economic and demographic decline. In 899, on the Brenta River, they attacked and destroyed the army of King Berengar I of Italy, then set fire to all of Northern Italy, from Treviso to Vicenza, from Bergamo and Vercelli to Gran San Bernardo. They then plundered Modena, Reggio, Bologna and the wealthy abbey of Nonantola. The state of the cities and countryside is eloquently testified by the Abbot of St. Gallen Solomon III of Constance, who visited Italy after the raid in 904:

“… Before us, - he wrote, - cities without townspeople and fields without farmers. The plains are white with the dry bones of the dead. "

True, the Hungarians were not content with raids alone. Sometimes they were used to support the ambitions of certain counts, dukes and marquises fighting with each other for the throne of Italy. In 924, for example, Berengar himself did not hesitate to hire a detachment of 5 Hungarian mercenaries to defeat his rival Rudolph of Burgundy. Hordes poured into Pavia, a major city and coronation site, and set it on fire.

Before the battle


In 954, the Hungarian hordes, numbering about 50, began a new raid on German lands (most likely, this raid was financed by Conrad I, Duke of Lorraine, who opposed his king Otto I, trying to prevent him from consolidating sovereign power over the restless German feudal lords) ...

Realizing the seriousness of the threat, Otto wanted to imitate his father Henry I, who defeated the Magyars at the Battle of Riad in 933 and called on his feudal lords to provide troops against the Hungarians. The army was already ready in the summer, but did not manage to intercept the Hungarians in time, who had retreated to Moravia for the winter.

In the spring of the following year, a huge horde of Hungarians began a new campaign in Germany. The goal of the Hungarians was the rich city of Augsburg, which was besieged, but on August 9, when it became known that the army of Otto was approaching, the Hungarians lifted the siege. Waiting for the approach of Otto's troops, the Hungarians set up camp at the nearby Lech River.

Otto moved from the northeast, with a contingent of about 7-8 thousand people, mainly horsemen, recruited by his vassals: Bavarians, Saxons, Franconians, Swabians and Bohemians.

Otto had at his disposal five times fewer troops than his opponents, but he counted on the ability of his heavy cavalry to defeat any enemy contingent, especially lightly armed, just as it was under his father and, before that, famous at that time Frank Karl Martell, who in 732 stopped the Arab invasion of Poitiers.

On the evening of August 9, Otto ordered his men to prepare for battle by fasting and prayer. The next day, early in the morning, Mass was celebrated on the field, at the end of which Otto mounted his horse and set off to meet the enemy. He intended to reach the Hungarian positions through the forest bordering the river - the best way to escape the summer heat - but some spies warned him that the enemy had set up a camp nearby, forcing Otto to decide to attack the Hungarians in an open field.

The German army was a feudal army, and was divided into regiments, depending on the nationality of the province, each under the command of its lord: in the vanguard there were three Bavarian regiments (albeit without a commander, since he, Heinrich - Otto's younger brother - was seriously ill), followed by the Corrado il Rosso Franconians, in the center were Saxon regiments led by Otto himself. Two Swabian regiments of Burcardo III and a contingent of Bohemians (numbering about a thousand people) were instructed to be in reserve and accompany the wagon train.

The battle begins


While the army was marching along the eastern bank of the Lech, Otton did not notice that part of the Hungarian cavalry, hidden by dense vegetation, crossed the ford, with the explicit purpose of striking his forces from behind. And so it happened.

Suddenly a shower of arrows fell on the rear of the Germans. The Swabians and Bohemians, struck by this unexpected blow, tried to retreat while the rest of Otto's army tried to line up for battle.

An unexpected blow from the Magyars soon made it possible for the Hungarians to calmly surround Otto's army, attack it and defeat it thanks to their superior numbers. Instead, the unexpected happened. True to their nature of marauders, the Magyars preferred the robbery of German carts to a crushing victory.

This was a very serious mistake: Otto took advantage of this situation to reorganize his army and order the Franconians to attack the dismounted marauders. Thus, having lost their fast horses, most of the Hungarians were mercilessly killed.

Battle of the Leh River


Otto, however, remained outnumbered, and understood that continuing the march would mean again exposing his rearguard to surprise attacks by the Hungarian cavalry. In addition, he had to face the overwhelming part of the enemy army, which camped unharmed by the river.

What was he to do?

Otto decided to get ahead of the enemy, going towards him, but rebuilding and changing tactics: as soon as his army crossed the ford, she put her forces no longer in columns, as before, but in a line, which gave the German cavalry the opportunity to attack the enemy head-on, using all its destructive power. Otto didn't stop at giving orders from above, he wanted to talk to the militias to give them the courage they needed to fight. His speech - or what the court propaganda wanted to pass off as it, being in fact constructed on the basis of well-known classical models - has come down to us thanks to Vidukind of Corvi in ​​his History of the Saxons:

“They outnumber us,” Otton said. “I know their numbers well, but they have neither our courage nor our weapons... However, we also know that for the most part they are without armor, while we, and this is our consolation, have the armor of God. They can only count on courage, and we can count on the hope and protection of Heaven. It would be a shame to surrender to the enemy. Better fight, my soldiers. If the end comes, we will die in glory, and it will be better than living in bondage to our enemies! I would say even more if I was sure that my words will increase the courage of your hearts. But we'd rather continue the conversation with the sword than with the tongue! "

At this moment, waving a banner with the image of the Archangel Michael and holding a spear and shield in his hands, Otto spurred his horse and headed for the Hungarian positions, dragging all his heavy cavalry with him.

The Hungarian commander was well aware of the degree of danger posed by the German army, which rushed at a gallop against an army like his own. Therefore, to stop it, he put the best people on the front line: the rest, who were behind, had to help them in this. He also tried to use the only really effective weapon that the Hungarians had at their disposal: arrows. As soon as the enemy cavalry was in front of him, he ordered his men to raise their bows and fire a hurricane of arrows, hoping to reduce the German ranks as much as possible. But this measure turned out to be useless: Hungarian arrows could not thoroughly penetrate the heavy armor and shields of the Germans, causing negligible damage when hit.

Even before the Hungarians could reload their bows and try to fire a second volley, Otto's cavalry attacked them. The cavalry blow was so strong that it was able to break through the entire Hungarian formation.

Suffering huge losses, the Magyars fled, seeking refuge in nearby villages, but were captured and killed by the peasants. Part of the Magyars tried to escape by swimming across the river, but because of the strong flow of water, this attempt turned out to be their death. The Hungarian commanders were captured and executed on the spot. After ten hours, Otto's victory was complete.

Subtotal


Success at the Lech River was obtained by Otton at a high price: a significant part of the German nobility died in that battle (including Konrad I, who, with his appearance on the battlefield and bravery, was able to atone for his guilt and could now enter the pantheon of national heroes of the kingdom). As well as ordinary soldiers.

Despite this, Vidukind remarks triumphantly:

“Never before has there been a victory of this magnitude over such wild people with so few casualties.

... The king, renowned for his grandiose triumph, was thus appointed by the troops as the father of the army and the emperor. "

The imperial coronation of Otto actually took place only in 962 in Rome. But, of course, the victory at the Leh River opened the way for him to this event.

However, the battle ended not only with the strengthening of Otto's power. The European feudal lords were finally freed from the threats of raids from the Hungarians. The Hungarians themselves, soon after that converted to Christianity, created their own state - the Kingdom of Hungary.
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49 comments
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  1. +5
    23 October 2021 05: 09
    All the same, history is an interesting thing.
    No wonder they say that history is written by the winners.
    The "hand" of the Germans is clearly traced in the description of this battle - if the Hungarians, then - the horde, marauders and invaders; if the Germans are an army, defenders, etc.
    An analogy can be drawn with the barbarians and vandals of ancient Rome. Yes, and in modern history there are many such moments - poor Japanese, simply subjected to atomic bombings; terrible Serbs, squeezing peace-loving Kosovars.
    Thanks to the author for the article!
    1. +9
      23 October 2021 07: 57
      Probably the German scientific community is not to blame for the work done above. Sei delights are typically Copyright!
      However, I was struck by something else in the article.
      a kind of buffer between Western and Central Europe and the vast expanses of Asia: the Carolingian Empire, the Bulgarian Empire and the Moravian Kingdom.

      The Bulgarians in the described time had a "Kaganate", later "Kingdom". Moravia was ruled by a "prince" and it went down in history as a "principality".
      1. +4
        23 October 2021 09: 28
        One gets the impression that all "barbaric" peoples, do not feed with bread, just let "civilized" Europe be subdued. Huns, Pechenegs, Arabs, Horde, Turks, and Hungarians are no exception. True "civilization" will be sent with a return "visit" (in the form of the Crusades). As always, the goals of the "civilized" Europeans were "super-noble". It reminds me of something in modern realities. recourse
        1. +6
          23 October 2021 11: 45
          Quote: Proxima
          One gets the impression that all "barbaric" peoples, do not feed with bread, just let "civilized" Europe be subdued. Huns, Pechenegs, Arabs, Horde, Turks, and Hungarians are no exception.

          Do you want to dispute this impression? Can you share your version of the events?
          Quote: Proxima
          True "civilization" will be sent with a return "visit" (in the form of the Crusades).

          The key concept is "return visit".
          We must take into account the fact that the crusades in the historical context of their time represented, among other things, a response to the wave of Muslim conquests ”

          Quote: Proxima
          As always, the goals of the "civilized" Europeans were "super-noble".

          Not always. Not always. But as regards specifically the Arabs, Turks, Hungarians and Mongols - it quite itself falls under the definition of "protecting their territories."
      2. 0
        23 October 2021 15: 27
        In 964 Bulgaria accepted Christ, and Kan Boris 1 was already a "prince". In 896, his successor, Simeon Veliki, began his first war with Byzantium. The Romans set the Magyars on Boqgaria, then living in the so-called. Atelkuz, between the Dniester and Yuzhny Bug. Magyar inflicted a heavy defeat on Simeon, besieged him in Drustar (Silistra). Then the Bulgarian prince began to negotiate with Byzantium, but at the same time entered into an alliance with the Pechenegs. Bulgaria and the Pechenegs together defeated the Magyars and ruined Atelkuz. After this the Magyars left to the west, Simeon hit Byzantium honey agaric and the war with the empire ended on his terms only in 904 ...
        1. +2
          23 October 2021 16: 08
          Quote: bagatura
          In 964 Bulgaria accepted Christ, and Kan Boris 1 was already a "prince". In 896, his successor, Simeon Veliki, began his first war with Byzantium.

          Dear Bagatur, my "opus" is taken from the work of the Author and tied to a specific time period of 800!
          In 568 the plains of Pannonia were occupied by the Avars until their submission by Charlemagne around 800. as a result, a kind of buffer arose between Western and Central Europe and the vast expanses of Asia: the Carolingian Empire, the Bulgarian Empire and the Moravian Kingdom.

          Kagan or other transcription Khan Boris adopted Christianity after half a century and a half from 800.
          Moreover, he received the title of "Caesar" from the hands of the Byzantine emperor, if I am not mistaken. Until the 10th century, I have vague doubts about the title of prince among Bulgarians. We borrowed the boyars from the Bulgarians for sure, but I don’t know whether there was a linguistic feedback from the Slavs.
          However, the boyars are also quite late inclusion in our language. So there are no boyars in the Russian truth, but there are “men”.
          Well, somewhere like that!
          1. 0
            23 October 2021 16: 31
            I meant how the Magyars got where their state is to this day. And the title "Tsar of the Bulgarians" was received by the Sin of Sileon, Peter with the treaty of 927. Byzantium, in addition to this, was agreed by the Bulgarian Archdiocese - the Patriarch, and the granddaughter of the Emperor Roman Lakapim married the Bulgarian Tsar. Never before was the Eastern Roman princess given away someone else's sovereign. The Bulgarian Church, the first from Slavonic, received patriarchal dignity!
            1. 0
              23 October 2021 18: 04
              Bagatur I mean something else, that the Bulgarians did not have princes in 896! Perhaps they were, but among the Slavs conquered by the Bulgarians. The supreme ruler of the Bulgarians was called khan or kangan, not a prince. After the baptism of Bulgaria, Kkagan Boris received the second title of nobile in the Empire. Which is later interpreted as a king (Caesar, Caesar). In this interpretation, he entered the Russian language. However, and like Constantinople. You and I are talking about the 9th century, not the 10th! You are once again confusing 9 with 8! Otherwise, I do not dispute your theses
              1. 0
                23 October 2021 18: 47
                No mistake! I explained to you how the Magyars got into the heart of Europe. And let me know better than you the title of Bulgarian rulers before baptism and then!
      3. +2
        24 October 2021 19: 31
        Quote: Kote Pan Kokhanka
        Probably the German scientific community is not to blame for the work done above. Sei delights are typically Copyright!
        However, I was struck by something else in the article.
        a kind of buffer between Western and Central Europe and the vast expanses of Asia: the Carolingian Empire, the Bulgarian Empire and the Moravian Kingdom.

        The Bulgarians in the described time had a "Kaganate", later "Kingdom". Moravia was ruled by a "prince" and it went down in history as a "principality".

        Sei delights are typically Copyright!

        They took it off the tongue. The author, so schematically and biasedly described what was happening, that rather his place in the section "opinions" than "history".
    2. +3
      23 October 2021 10: 12
      Here it is necessary to oppose not by nationality, but by the nature of the opponents: nomads are a sedentary state with laws and civilization, pagans are Christians. And the nomads, where every man is a warrior, posed a great danger to many states, including Russia.
    3. 0
      25 October 2021 16: 56
      Remind, please, as in the Russian history of the Pechenegs, Tatar-Mongols, etc. are called? And how are the Russian troops?
  2. +1
    23 October 2021 05: 10
    By the way, who are Hungarians by ethnicity? They consider themselves Turks, however, they are participants in the Congress of the Finno-Ugric peoples. The language also belongs to the Finno-Ugric family. I read that they deduce themselves from some Kazakh zhuz. Curious people ...
    1. +3
      23 October 2021 05: 17
      Hungarians are relatives of Finns, Estonians, Karelians, Khanty and Mansi. There is even a term "Finno-Ugric peoples".
      1. +7
        23 October 2021 08: 00
        Quote: Chekmarev
        Hungarians are relatives of Finns, Estonians, Karelians, Khanty and Mansi. There is even a term "Finno-Ugric peoples".

        The closest relatives of the Hungarians are our "Bashkirs". In the Urals, they are sometimes called "wolf-heads" in everyday life.
        1. 0
          23 October 2021 17: 55
          The closest relatives of the Hungarians are our "Bashkirs".
          Well, if the distance is in a straight line, then it is closer to Estonia. And even closer is the Ugric people of Livy. It is now in Latvia. There are few of them now. But there was a time - they "hurricane" notably!
    2. +4
      23 October 2021 08: 54
      Quote: Xlor
      They consider themselves to be Turks

      they do not consider themselves Turks
      since the Hungarian language belongs to the Ugric group
      but in every possible way they emphasize their nomadic roots and ethno-cultural ties with the Turkic peoples
      "Since ancient times, the Hungarians have a legend about two brothers - Magyar and Hodeyar, which tells how two brothers hunting for a deer parted on the road. Hodeyar, tired of the chase, returned home, while Magyar continued his pursuit, going far beyond Carpathian mountains.
      And here's what's interesting. It is in Kazakhstan, in the Turgai region, that the Magyars-Argyns live, in whose epic this legend, as in a mirror, is repeated. Both we and they identify ourselves as one people - the Magyars. Magyar's children.
      As scientists assume, in the XNUMXth century the single Magyar people split into two groups, one of which migrated to the west, to the lands of modern Hungary, the other remained in its historical homeland, presumably somewhere in the foothills of the Urals. "

      "Turgai Magyars" Mihai Boencke
  3. -2
    23 October 2021 05: 20
    Quote: Xlor
    By the way, who are Hungarians by ethnicity?

    ***
    They are from the Urals ...
    ***
    1. +2
      23 October 2021 16: 21
      Quote: Vladimir Vladimirovich Vorontsov
      Quote: Xlor
      By the way, who are Hungarians by ethnicity?

      ***
      They are from the Urals ...
      ***

      It’s surprising that Vladimir was stuck with cons to you, but on the whole you’re right. The Ugrians began their trip to meet the sun because of the Urals. True, it did not last a year or two, but stretched out over several centuries. However, the boiler was still there. If on the fingers of a part of the Ugrians retreated to the north into the mountains and we know them as Bashkirs, others were squeezed out to the west and are called Hungarians. However, they were not the first and not the last. During the "great migration of peoples" the Bulgarian Kaganate reached the Black Sea and live in Bulgaria, and their fellow tribesmen in Tataria and Chuvashia. There were also back migrations. For example, Slovenia Ilmensky (according to a number of historians) is the dry remnant of the Western Slavs, only later because of the wanderings of nomadic peoples (kagativanie, vapors, Ugrians and Bulgarians). The lost were found by the Eastern Slavs squeezed out of a wild field.
      All the good days!
  4. +5
    23 October 2021 06: 29
    ... waving a banner with the image of the Archangel Michael, and holding a spear and shield ...
    Question.
    How many hands did Otto have?
    1. +2
      23 October 2021 07: 17
      How many hands did Otto have?
      Features of google translation laughing
    2. +2
      23 October 2021 07: 26
      Quote: Andrey Moskvin
      How many hands did Otto have?

      good
      - six, because he was still blowing his horn, chasing off flies and putting his hand to his forehead in the form of a visor for a view of the distance.
  5. +7
    23 October 2021 06: 49
    Yet not every Magyar is to blame for being a Magyar. (S.) J. Hasek.
    1. +8
      23 October 2021 14: 46
      Yet not every Magyar is to blame for being a Magyar.

      A bit wrong. Schweik said: "Another Magyar is not to blame that he is a Magyar" - to which the sapper Vodicka replied: "You know a Magyar badly ..."
      1. +1
        23 October 2021 22: 04
        Thanks for the amendment! Memory sometimes fails.
  6. +9
    23 October 2021 08: 01
    Even before the Hungarians had time to reload their bows and try to fire a second volley.
    laughing The author, so maybe the Magyars fired from crossbows? laughing You see, what is the matter, the steppe nomad, the same Magyar, when shooting from a bow, could fire up to 12 shots per minute. By the way, during the battle, it suddenly began to rain, which wetted the bows of the Hungarians and deprived them of the "fire support" of the army. The commanders were executed, and the rest of the prisoners were cut off their noses and ears and sent mutilated to their own. The author, more carefully with google translate this throughout the article. There are a lot of jambs, there is no desire to disassemble everything. You check the copyast, according to other sources, otherwise readers will really think that it takes a long time to recharge a composite bow, and any minutes. laughing
    1. Fat
      +2
      23 October 2021 13: 24
      hi Alexey. I agree in everything. Good rate of fire - 5 arrows simultaneously in the air. The outstanding result was 8 arrows in the air, which meant a rate of fire of several arrows per second. Modern reenactors and history buffs trying to reproduce what they believe to be ancient "intuitive" shooting techniques are achieving impressive results. In the videos they recorded, for example, an archer from Murmansk, without much visible tension, shoots arrows at a speed of almost one per second, and a Danish master hits a target at a distance of 70 meters with 3 arrows out of 5, fired in 1,5 seconds. Although it is obvious that the bows and arrows they use are made of modern materials
      In general, "reload" is not for archers. Before the invention of automatic weapons, archers were a very serious force.
      And, yes ... Zyryanov somehow works with the text, so far it's bad though. And the real "copy-paste" is the text given by me from the wiki (control + C then control + V) Yes laughing
      1. +4
        23 October 2021 15: 24
        hi Andrey Borisovich, the whole text is cobbled together from several texts, in each piece of error or, more precisely, incorrect information, in a separate article for each laughing There is still the battle itself stupidly described, I will not correct smile "People" took it, the author got the money. You will make corrections, he will not share the fee laughing
      2. +1
        23 October 2021 17: 08
        Ahh, yes, I forgot to write, the title of the article itself is not correctly stated.
        1. Fat
          +1
          24 October 2021 17: 24
          Yes, Alexey. at first I somehow forgot ... Recharge is also a re-equipment ...
          Rain... Yes
          With respect.
  7. +2
    23 October 2021 10: 15
    As for the language, modern Hungarian is completely different from modern Finnish, although both peoples and languages ​​belong to the Finno-Ugric group
    1. +3
      23 October 2021 16: 26
      Quote: froger
      As for the language, modern Hungarian is completely different from modern Finnish, although both peoples and languages ​​belong to the Finno-Ugric group

      The analogies are Polish and Russian! Although Serbs and Russians understand each other intuitively. But there is a common anchor "written Church Old Church Slavonic"!
      1. +1
        24 October 2021 02: 04
        Quote: Kote Pan Kokhanka

        The analogies are Polish and Russian!


        Uhm ..
        Here's an example of a Polish text printed in Cyrillic.
        What is incomprehensible in it?
  8. -1
    23 October 2021 14: 24
    Hungarians are Huns. the Huns are Attila. The question is where did so many Huns come from. After the Macedonian campaigns with Cyrus, they fell from the sky. These are understandably greenhouse vegetables by budding.
    1. -1
      23 October 2021 22: 50
      Quote from DiViZ
      Hungarians are Huns. the Huns are Attila.
      The Huns are the Xiongnu, they were expelled from China. Hungarians are northern Kazakhs (were). At least not so long ago they got along with Kazakhstan on this matter.
      1. 0
        24 October 2021 00: 01
        I wanted to assume that the Huns or Kazakhs knew about this type of Western man not by hearsay.
        1. -1
          24 October 2021 00: 04
          Quote from DiViZ
          I wanted to assume that the Huns or Kazakhs knew about this type of Western man not by hearsay.
          What kind of Westerner are you talking about?
          1. -1
            24 October 2021 00: 43
            He is characterized by imperialism and feudalism.
          2. -1
            24 October 2021 01: 03
            And further, it was the territory of the Frankish state headed by the Merovingian dynasty. Among the Merovingians, Napoleon tried on such interesting ornaments on himself. Doesn't accidentally remind you of the story again about the evil Mongols. Only here are the evil savages Hungarians. And until the 9th century, Slavic tribes lived in the north of Germany. That’s the same. And the question is again - where and why Attila then went with his army.
            1. -1
              24 October 2021 01: 10
              https://yandex.ru/turbo/kulturologia.ru/s/blogs/101119/44630/?lite=1 . Битва при толлензе эта бляшка ремня точь в точь похожа на украшения меровингов . А там кто как хочет так и думает.
            2. 0
              24 October 2021 01: 21
              Quote from DiViZ
              And the question is again - where and why Attila then went with his army.
              The Huns were expelled from China, they just walked, destroying everyone in their path. It was they who caused the great migration of peoples: the peoples fled from the Huns. The Huns reached the Catalaunian fields (France), where they were defeated by the combined troops of Rome and Visigoths under the leadership of Aetius (the last battle won due to imperial military art, the Huns were not destroyed, even the empire of Attila collapsed a little later, but they never recovered from losses ). After that, the onslaught of the Huns stopped, they plundered a little more, after which they disappeared into the local peoples.
              1. 0
                24 October 2021 01: 34
                The question is what are the Huns. Let's say the Huns with the religion of Zoroastrianism or the Huns are Mongols. I am an adherent of the 1st version.
  9. +2
    23 October 2021 18: 43
    You can learn the attitude to the Magyars from Yaroslav Hasek. "The Adventures of the Gallant Soldier Švejk." If they were hated in Austria-Hungary ... By the way. Good and up-to-date book so far.
    1. +1
      25 October 2021 10: 10
      one of my favorites. by the way, I remembered how in 1984
      went into the regimental library, saw on the librarian's table under the glass a list of "books forbidden to be kept in the USSR Ministry of Defense", Schweik was in 2nd place, Chonkin was in the first place, the rest did not have time to read - the world did not give ... tried - did not work crying
  10. +1
    23 October 2021 23: 31
    The lightly armed Hungarian archers were second to none in Europe: their arrows hit with precision and lethality thanks to the functionality and flexibility of the composite bow.

    Isn't there a "heroization" of bows and archers, in most types of historical films, fantasy, etc., the bow is comparable in efficiency to a machine gun, but looking at modern archery competitions, there is a suspicion that archers were auxiliary forces.
  11. 0
    24 October 2021 02: 28
    The German army was a feudal army, and was divided into regiments according to the nationality of the province, each under the command of its own lord.
    Author! What "LORDS" ?! Speech, in fact, about the German, not the British army!
  12. 0
    25 October 2021 17: 10
    As the saying goes, "the author has failed." In one paragraph, that arrows from a composite bow are "accurate and deadly", in the other - that they could not do anything against the German cavalry, besides, the Magyars did not have time to reload. This is a bow :)
    Actually, even in the centenary war, English archers mainly hit horses, and here it was all the more necessary, since the protection of horses (and even the riders themselves) was much worse than that of the same French knights. So those who write that because of the rain the bowstrings got wet and created a problem for shooting are right.
  13. 0
    28 December 2021 13: 08
    The author is disingenuous. The Hungarian nobility and their military servants had good armor. Of course, they were, at best, only a sixth of the entire Hungarian army, but still it is quite a lot. It's another matter, of course, that the Hungarians were ineptly used, or rather did not use these forces ...
  14. The comment was deleted.
  15. 0
    8 January 2022 01: 50
    Hungarians (Huns) are the only people in Europe who do not say "We have always lived here!"

    The national holiday of Hungary is the Day of Finding the Motherland (now - St. Stephen's Day). They admit that devils migrated to the Hungarian Danube Plain from where, from beyond the Urals. On my first visit to the Magyars in Budapest, I just happened to be on the Millennium of the Acquisition of the Motherland. The exposition in their National Museum is a kind of chum in the middle of the hall and next to it is the figure of a beast-like shaman with a bow. But honestly...

    In Kiev, the Hungarians put up a memorial sign with the inscription in free translation "We passed by and did not touch anyone here ..." - celebrated here their famous trip to Europe.



    http://kiev-foto.info/ru/pamyatniki/327-1100-letie-pereprave-ugrov-cherez-dnepr-pamyatnyj-znak

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