Hetman by pull. Kirill Razumovsky

29
Hetman by pull. Kirill Razumovsky

By the beginning of the 18th century, the Hetmanate had become for Russia a suitcase without handles - it was hard to carry, but impossible to throw away. And the point was not in the lands, they were the most fertile, and not in people - they were hardworking, but in the socio-political system and the fighting qualities of the “registered Cossacks”. The system of democracy in the Cossack manner led to monstrous corruption, the dominance of the oligarchy from the number of foremen, enslavement of the peasantry and constant riots, denunciations and collaboration, like Mazepinsky. And the army of the Cossacks, which served well in the borderlands, settled on the ground and got families, turned into a profanation, incapable of combat and good for nothing.

The same Mazepa, despite the betrayal, a smart man, relied not on the Cossacks, but on Serdyukov, that is, on hired regular regiments. And soon that did not become, like the position of the hetman itself, since 1734. And then suddenly, since 1750, by the will of Empress Elizabeth Razumovsky Kirill Grigorievich appears in Glukhov.



"Her Imperial Majesty Hetman of All Little Russia, both sides of the Dnieper and the troops of the Zaporozhye, the actual chamberlain, the President of the Academy of Sciences, the Lieutenant Colonel of the Izmailovsky Life Guards Regiment, the Orders of St. Alexander, the White Eagle and St. Anna Knight, Count Kirila Grigorievich Razumovsky."

The bearer of such a magnificent title is not a descendant of a boyar or an elders' family, not a secret military or scientific genius, and not even a successful careerist, he is a brother. The younger brother of a simple Cossack, however, very handsome in face and has a wonderful voice. And his brother Alexei caught the eye of Elizabeth herself, a great lover of music, who wrote out a choir of Little Russians for this purpose. And then there was love.

History the novel, and possibly the secret marriage of the daughter of Petrova and a simple Cossack, maybe someday they will even be filmed, the story is too nontrivial, but about the favorites another time, and today about the brother of the favorite, for whom this novel became a ticket to the big world ...

The Rozum Cossack family instantly became the Razumovsky nobles, and Cyril was sent to Europe to receive education. He was taught there, of course, by luminaries like Euler, but history is silent about any scientific discoveries, as well as about the success in running the Academy of Sciences. However, the academy was managed by the directors, and the presidents ... There was such a tradition in that era - to appoint people close to them, that Elizaveta Razumovsky, that Ekaterina was her friend, Vorontsova-Dashkov. Busy in Petersburg, the young count was completely different, namely, drunkenness and partying:

“At Razumovsky’s kitchen, a whole bull, ten rams, a hundred chickens, and other things were exterminated every day in an appropriate amount. His main chef was the famous Barido ... Razumovsky's servants numbered up to three hundred ... He never forgot the habits of his homeland and kept them in many details: simple and rough Little Russian dishes - borscht and buckwheat porridge - have always been his favorite dishes. At the sound of the Cossack bandura, his legs began to walk by themselves. "

However, upon arrival in Glukhov, the freshly baked hetman did exactly the same - he placed relatives in key positions, spread monstrous corruption, did not even try to put things in order, but started a French theater and a French opera in Little Russia, and changed the Cossacks (confidants) into French manner. How long is it short, but information about the impoverishment of the population and the enchanting mess reached Elizabeth, and Cyril was recalled to Petersburg, however, without depriving him of the title or in any way limiting it. The hetman continued to be governed by itself, and its hetman plunged into the intrigues of the capital. He plunged so much that he liked both the Empress and the young court.

His power was limited by appointing a resident general and removing the Zaporozhye Cossacks from subordination, but from time to time he still stopped by in Little Russia, and even drew up a reform program in the spirit of enlightened absolutism, though not that unrealized, but not really started, the hetman was a lazy man in business. The death of Elizabeth did not change his position, Peter the Third considered him a favorite, and even prepared an army for the war with Denmark. However, he did not swear with the opponents of the emperor, maintaining communication with the Orlovs, but he did not get into the conspiracy either. When Catherine II ascended the throne, in 1764 he calmly renounced the title of hetman in exchange for:

"I was dismissed from him with an annual pension of sixty thousand rubles, with a grant to him in the hereditary possession of the city of Gadyach with villages and villages."

Only a hundred thousand serfs. The former hetman did not drown even during the reign of Catherine, being listed in the faces of those close to him, in the Council, and in the Senate. And he was not dismissed from the court as a simple man and not inclined to politics. Later he began to live permanently in Baturin, where he felt like a complete master. Having survived the fourth emperor in his lifetime - Pavel Petrovich, he was honored with a rescript of Alexander the First:

“Count Kirill Grigorievich! Having served faithfully and zealously to the Monarchs, bearing and justifying Their mercies on yourself, you have every right to enjoy in the midst of your peace universal respect and excellent My blessings. Accept my true gratitude for your congratulations and desires accompanying him. I am sure that the pleas of such a respectable old age will be pleasing to Heaven. I pray to the Almighty: may he bestow upon you strength and health, and may the west of your life be filled with quiet joy, an inalienable and only true reward of good for good. I am always friendly to you Alexander. "

And he died quietly in 1803. He did not become famous either by military victories or profound reforms, he took the liquidation of the Hetmanate, it seems to me, even with relief, having survived it for forty years, but he was an excellent courtier and, in general, a kind person, accidentally brought by a wave to where others climb over the heads of others for decades.

And there is a certain symbolism in this - what began as an uprising against the religious and social oppression of the Poles, gradually degenerated into a provincial farce, densely mixed with corruption, and a number of hetmans' figures who led an army of hundreds of thousands into battle were cut short by a native of the village of Lemeshi of the Chernihiv regiment, who could to walk widely and make fun of jokes. It could not be otherwise - another attempt to build a utopia on Russian lands failed a century after the death of its founder. Having brought, however, to this land the entry into Russia and the world without national and religious oppression. Another question is how many troubles and grief this century of fighting for power and general corruption brought, but this reproach is clearly not Razumovsky, he just started something like going over to the side of the enemy or trying to become a monarch there, he did not even try.

What was the advantageous difference from many predecessors - it happens that doing nothing is better than taking active action.
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  1. +6
    19 October 2021 05: 49
    There was such a tradition in that era - to appoint special people close to them
    And now the traditions have not changed.
    the hetman did exactly the same - he placed relatives in key positions, spread monstrous corruption, did not even try to put things in order
    Sounds very relevant today. laughing
    1. +1
      19 October 2021 09: 23
      And yesterday too. Little changes. Appearance changes over time, but the essence remains.
  2. +1
    19 October 2021 07: 26
    However, upon arrival in Glukhov, the freshly baked hetman did exactly the same - he placed relatives in key positions, spread monstrous corruption, did not even try to put things in order, but started a French theater and a French opera in Little Russia, and changed the Cossacks (confidants) into French manner.
    I read it and for some reason immediately remembered this episode from "Servant of the People" ... about the construction of roads and the change of the leadership of Avtodor. Times change, but people ...
  3. +9
    19 October 2021 07: 26
    He was taught there, of course, by luminaries like Euler, but history is silent about any scientific discoveries, as well as about the success in running the Academy of Sciences. However, the academy was managed by the directors, and the presidents ... There was such a tradition in that era - to appoint people close to them, that Elizaveta Razumovsky, that Ekaterina was her friend, Vorontsova-Dashkov. Busy in Petersburg, the young count was completely different, namely, drunkenness and partying:

    To put it bluntly, the author is lying. To do this, just go to the site "Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences" and read there the biography of Razumovsky in terms of his appointment and activities as president of the Academy.
    By the way, the position of director appeared at the Academy only in 1766, and Razumovsky was the first Russian president of the Academy, not German by birth.
    Under him, the first Russian academicians, Lomonosov, Trediakovsky, Krasheninnikov, Popov, Kotelnikov, Rumovsky, Sofronov, also appeared.
  4. +9
    19 October 2021 07: 40
    The article was such that it was not necessary to write it, but to read it.
    1. -1
      19 October 2021 08: 02
      As the author is not even breathing, to Razumovsky. The bias is felt. But the story is a corrupt wench of politics. In general, Ukraine has always been a mess. Both under the tsars and under the communists. Now, even more so. Kumas, brothers, theft and bribes. The roots of this, in my opinion, are in the ideology of Selyuchi. They cannot and cannot live differently. No wonder the Poles stood above them, with a whip.
      1. +11
        19 October 2021 10: 34
        No, well, everything is completely different with us. No bribes, no talented children, no wives with fantastic business savvy. There are families marked by God that are capable of completing the leadership of a city, region, or region. All by yourself, all by yourself!
        1. -6
          19 October 2021 13: 44
          We also have it. But not in such volumes. Sorry ..
          1. +4
            19 October 2021 14: 03
            Quote: Andrey Nikolaevich
            We also have it. But not in such volumes. Sorry ..

            And tell me, in what volumes do we have? Che for nonsense ... Look around you look more closely.
            Whichever state office (or a joint-stock company or limited liability company that has stuck to it), nepotism (nepotism) is practically everywhere: dad-son, husband-wife, brother-matchmaker and others ... All "warm" places are only for their own people.
            1. -2
              19 October 2021 20: 41
              Create and you - yours. And arrange your relatives. Who's stopping you? ..
      2. +5
        19 October 2021 11: 53
        Quote: Andrey Nikolaevich
        But the story is a corrupt wench of politics. But in general, Ukraine has always been a mess

        Having reached the fifth dozen, I realize with horror that there is a mess everywhere. To localize it as a country, a nation, or the village of "Gadyukino" is a hopeless and thankless task! The mess is everywhere and in free "americas" and ordered "germany", will push through "palistins", I'd better keep silent.
        Two years ago, I spoke with a famous polar explorer at the company. The man turned out to be friendly and hunted stories about northern and southern latitudes. I liked his saying "well, everything is like here - only here we go to look at penguins for money, but they - they stare at us for nothing" !!!
      3. 0
        25 November 2021 18: 11
        In those days, Ukraine (Little Russia) was much smaller than the BUSSR.
  5. +12
    19 October 2021 08: 20
    In 1770, in honor of the victory over the Turks in the Battle of Chesme, Metropolitan Platon delivered an exalted speech in the Peter and Paul Cathedral, in the presence of the Empress and the courtiers. Leaving the pulpit, he approached the tomb of Peter the Great and, touching it, exclaimed:
    "Rise now, great monarch, father of our fatherland! Rise, and behold your dear creation!" Among the general tears of emotion, Kirill Grigorievich evoked smiles from those around him with his ingenuous phrase:
    "Why is he calling him? As soon as he gets up, so we all will get it."
    1. +5
      19 October 2021 09: 50
      Razumovsky was distinguished by an excellent sense of humor and sharp language.
      This is from his letter to his son already at the age
      ... After wonderful days, the weather became Chukhonsky, the sky is motley, like a gray horse in apples, between which the sun sometimes slips. The weather is cold and damp and produces rain, snow and rump, and therefore, like a broken horse, I feel great pain in my chest. The back, the ribs were broken as if with a club. <...> Everything melted away, showed the approach of spring, but suddenly it blew out like a winter, froze and gave a slap in the face to spring, which seemed to have much spasmed ...
  6. +3
    19 October 2021 09: 21
    "What was the advantageous difference from many predecessors - it happens that doing nothing is better than taking active action." The author got the point right. Don't play politics and stay away from the mighty after you've gotten your essentials.
  7. +6
    19 October 2021 09: 31
    The article shows the author's bias on many issues, and primarily on the personality of Razumovsky himself.
    The system of democracy in a Cossack manner led to monstrous corruption, the dominance of the oligarchy from the number of foremen, enslavement of the peasantry

    Corruption and embezzlement of the embezzlement is a sign of that time in Russia. Massive phenomenon at all levels, right up to the top. Menshikov alone was worth something. Actually, in Ukraine at that time it was even smaller, the scale was not the same for the embezzlers.
    And the author, it seems, is not aware of when and how serfdom was introduced in Ukraine, if he dragged the foreman to this.
    And the army of the Cossacks, which served well in the borderlands, settled on the ground and got families, turned into a profanation

    The author is not aware that the Cossacks were different, and for the Cossacks, both Ukrainian, Don, and other Russian Cossacks, it is a common thing to sit on the ground and have families. There were also those who did not sit and, in principle, did not have families, Sich, for example.
    As for the Serdyukov, it was the hetman's personal guard, why shouldn't Mazepa just rely on them in the first place. By the way, they were paid their salaries in the Little Russian Collegium.
    And then suddenly, since 1750, by the will of Empress Elizabeth Razumovsky Kirill Grigorievich appears in Glukhov.

    Why would it suddenly? He enjoyed the full confidence of the authorities, a smart, non-conflict person, very rich thanks to a successful marriage to Ekaterina Naryshkina, the second cousin of the tsarina and the richest bride of Russia, who received half of the Naryshkins' huge fortune as a dowry. Who, if not him ?! :))
    The Cossack clan Rozumov instantly became the noblemen of the Razumovsky, and Cyril was sent to Europe to receive education. He was taught there, of course, by luminaries like Euler, but history is silent about any scientific discoveries, as well as about the success in running the Academy of Sciences.

    He learned a couple of languages ​​perfectly, everyone characterizes him as an intelligent person. He studied incognito at the university, lived and studied with Euler at home. Nobody expected his scientific career, but his level at that time was very high. And as for success, he was appointed president of the Academy at the age of 18, if the author was not aware, and first of all he represented the Academy with access to solving any issues directly at the highest level, which at that time was extremely important. The same Lomonosov, in principle, could not have such opportunities, despite all his undoubted scientific achievements, and four villages of serfs donated by the tsarina. The position of the President of the Academy is not so much scientific as administrative, and a person with connections was really needed there.
    But in reality the Academy was run by Teplov, initially Razumovsky's mentor, then his favorite, married a close relative of Razumovsky.
    At Razumovsky's kitchen, a whole bull, ten rams, a hundred chickens and other things in the appropriate amount were exterminated every day. Its main chef was the famous Barido ...

    A fabulously rich and close to the queen in those days, simply by rank, he often had to give rich feasts, so as not to be branded as a goon and miser.
    He not only did not spare feasts, but also charity.
    However, upon arrival in Glukhov, the freshly baked hetman did exactly the same - he seated relatives in key posts, spread monstrous corruption, did not even try to put things in order.

    Teplov was the head of Hetman's chancellery, his direct business was to deal with all these abuses and disorder. Concerning
    seated relatives in key positions, spread monstrous corruption

    Since Teplov was his relative by his wife and Razumovsky's relatives were just Teplov's relatives.
    Grigory Teplov, a student of Feofan Prokopovich, and many believe that his son, the creator of the Charter of Moscow University, a senator, a real privy councilor, received a solid education abroad, and was appointed mentor of the young Razumovsky during his studies, had a strong influence on him and was his friend, and enjoyed his full confidence as his mentor and friend.
    At the same time, his contemporaries were characterized by far from the best way, for example, the Austrian envoy wrote about him
    "Recognized by all as the most insidious deceiver of the whole state, however, very clever, insinuating, greedy, flexible, because of the money he allows himself to be used for all matters"

    The historian Soloviev gave him the following description
    "Immoral, brave, intelligent, dexterous, able to speak and write well"

    And it was Teplov who stabbed Razumovsky in the back, responding with betrayal to his patronage. It is from Teplov that the "Record of the Disorders in Malorussia" (the full name is "On the Disorders that Occur Now from the Abuse of Rights and Usages, Letters Confirmed in Malorussia" Little Russia and the introduction of serfdom there. Moreover, Teplov himself, as the head of the chancellery, was directly responsible for most of the violations.
    he did not become famous for deep reforms, he took the liquidation of the Hetmanate, it seems to me, even with relief

    popular wisdom says that when it seems, you need to be baptized
    At the turn of the 1750s and 1760s, Kirill Razumovsky fully manifests himself as a mature statesman: he cares about increasing the contentment of the Little Russian Cossacks, defends the rights of Little Russia in the Senate, upon his return to Glukhov, he unfolds a program of far-reaching transformations in the spirit of the Enlightenment, including the introduction of a regular building regiments and reorganization of the legal proceedings.

    To understand the situation, you need to understand that in 1750 Razumovsky was 22 years old - he was born in 1728. It is not surprising that he trusted Teplov, who was much older and more experienced.
    And when Razumovsky gained experience and began to really carry out reforms in Little Russia, the situation changed, although he continued to have weight at court and could allow himself, in response to Potemkin's rudeness, who received him in a dressing gown, to come to his ball in the same form, and, As the commander of the Izmaylovsky regiment took an active part in the famous coup that brought Catherine II to power, the czarina's attitude towards him was no longer the same as under Elizabeth, and Catherine was greatly disturbed by these reforms of Razumovsky, she saw the increase in Razumovsky's influence as a threat, she also time had their favorites, so in 2 the hetmanate was liquidated, with the full assistance of Teplov, who saw in the reforms of Razumovsky a threat to himself and gave rise to Catherine II, especially since, despite the position of the queen, she was forced to reckon with Razumovsky, who had great influence and distinguished by independence - and even with the elimination of the hetmanate gave Razumovsky huge compensation for the deprivation of his post - despite the fact that heand without it he was very rich.
    1. +6
      19 October 2021 09: 43
      The author's bias is visible from the article

      This is not bias - this is a trend.
    2. +4
      19 October 2021 10: 01
      took an active part in the famous coup that brought Catherine II to power,

      I completely agree. KG Razumovsky is one of the most important figures of the coup. According to one version - a possible inspirer of the physical elimination of Peter III.
      How is the author of this article far from the topic that he took up ...
    3. -5
      19 October 2021 10: 35
      You have the same bias.
      Corruption and embezzlement are a sign of that time on Of Russia... Massive phenomenon at all levels, right up to the top.

      Was it only in Russia ??? And in "enlightened Europe" were they guided by the "principles of legality"? There were no favorites, drowning in luxury?
      1. +2
        19 October 2021 10: 38
        It was the same in Europe. It's just that the author writes about Russian events, but he emphasizes precisely such processes in Little Russia, although they were typical in Russia at that time.
        1. -1
          19 October 2021 10: 46
          They were typical for all countries, absolutely all.
          1. +2
            19 October 2021 10: 57
            Am I arguing? But the author writes about the situation in the Russian Empire, artificially highlighting Little Russia.
            1. -1
              19 October 2021 11: 01
              artificially highlighting at the same time Little Russia.

              I think this is with an emphasis on the fact that the Cossacks positioned themselves as "comrades", "equals", etc. In fact, nothing new - the carve-up of grain places.
              1. 0
                19 October 2021 11: 25
                Cossacks positioned themselves as "comrades", "equal"

                This is the Sich positioned themselves
    4. +2
      25 October 2021 19: 29
      Sergey! Bravo! Great comment!
  8. +3
    19 October 2021 09: 46
    Regarding the personal qualities of Razumovsky, who fell "from rags to riches" in the most classic form, in a matter of years
    He was not without knowledge, he spoke excellent German and French, appeared at the magnificent court of Elizabeth Petrovna as a true nobleman by his own dignity and by the subtle innate ability to behave. Lack of genius abilities was rewarded with passionate love for the homeland, truthfulness, charity - qualities with which he earned himself universal respect. In addition, he was good-looking, of an original mind, very pleasant to handle, and surpassed his brother in intelligence. Honors and immeasurable wealth did not turn his head; luxury and all the consequences, inseparable from it, did not spoil his heart; he was kind, charitable, generous in mercies and without the slightest pride and arrogance, available to everyone. ... Catherine II described Kirill Grigorievich in the following way: "he was handsome, of an original mind, very pleasant to handle and in his mind was incomparably superior to his brother, who was also a handsome man."

    Enjoyed great success with women. But he did not forget his wife - he had 11 children.
    smile
  9. +4
    19 October 2021 12: 32
    However, he did not swear with the opponents of the emperor, maintaining communication with the Orlovs, but he did not get into the conspiracy either.
    Well, how could he not climb. As the commander of the Izmailovsky regiment, he played an important role in the coming to power of Catherine and became her confidant. The manifesto on the accession to the throne was printed in the printing house of the Academy of Sciences headed by him.
  10. 0
    20 October 2021 19: 25
    Once, at dinner with the Empress, the conversation turned to snitching.
    Ekaterina offered a toast ... To the health of honest people.
    Everyone raised their glasses, only Razumovsky did not touch his.
    The Empress, noticing this, asked him why he did not favor honest people?
    “I'm afraid there will be a pestilence,” Razumovsky answered.
  11. 0
    3 January 2022 12: 00
    - Do you have a blat?
    - No - sister!

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