“The situation is very tense! The actions of the partisans are increasing unbearably "

A German steam locomotive and carriages blown up by Soviet partisans in Lithuania. 1943 g.

1943 entered history The Great Patriotic War, not only with victories at Stalingrad and Kursk, but also as a year of massive attacks by Soviet partisans on the rear infrastructure of the Wehrmacht. Partisan detachments actively carried out major operations on enemy communications - "Rail War" and "Concert".

"Concert" is the code name for the operation that the partisans conducted from September 19 to the end of October 1943, a continuation of Operation Railroad War.

"Rail War"

During preparations for the decisive summer battle of 1943 in order to defeat the advancing forces of the German army, intercept the strategic initiative and the transition of the Red Army to a counteroffensive, numerous partisan detachments had to divert part of the enemy's forces and reserves in the rear, disrupt enemy communications, troops and military cargo. The central headquarters of the partisan movement under the leadership of Panteleimon Ponomarenko attracted more than 160 brigades and detachments to the operation in the Leningrad region, Belarus, Ukraine, Smolensk region, Oryol region, etc.

In July 1943, the Soviet Headquarters gave the order to carry out the operation.

Each partisan detachment received its own task. The partisan formations were reinforced with demolition specialists, they sent explosives and the appropriate equipment. The partisans also received additional weapon and ammunition.

The operation began on August 3, 1943, and was attended by about 100 thousand soldiers.

Partisan brigades and detachments operated in the rear of Army Groups North, Center, and South (to a depth of 750 kilometers). On the first night alone, Soviet partisans blew up 43 rails.

Formation of partisans of the 3rd battalion of the 2nd Kletnyansky partisan brigade before a raid behind enemy lines. 1943 g.

Formation of a partisan detachment before a raid behind enemy lines in the Bryansk region

The operation lasted until mid-September 1943.

The partisans blew up more than 200 thousand rails, destroyed a large number of echelons (only the partisans of Belarus - over 800), blew up bridges and other structures.

Especially great destruction was carried out on the railways of Belarus. By the fall, the operational transport of the fascists had decreased by 40%. On some roads, traffic was stopped from 3-15 days to a month (August). The German command had to strengthen the protection of communications, to attract additional locomotives and carriages (supply of rails and other materials) for the repair of railways, and to transfer materiel from Poland and Germany. In some places, double-track tracks were converted into single-track tracks, separate sections were dismantled, etc.

Thus, the Wehrmacht's ability to maneuver and supply deteriorated.

A Soviet partisan undermines a section of the railway. Newsreel frame. Presumably 1943

Soviet partisans mine a road in the Leningrad Region. 1943 g.

Preparing a new operation

The Soviet command assessed the outcome of the "Rail War" positively.

It was decided to continue in the same spirit. At this time, the Red Army liberated the Oryol, Smolensk regions, the Left-Bank Ukraine, and began the battle for the Dnieper. It was necessary to strike the enemy from the rear in order to facilitate the offensive of the Soviet armies.

Ponomarenko in early September 1943 approved the plan for Operation Concert.

The target was the railroad tracks behind enemy lines. Each partisan detachment received its own mission, which included blowing up rails, trains, road structures and other logistic infrastructure.

More than 190 brigades and detachments, about 120 thousand people, were involved in the operation.

The operation was attended by partisans of the Leningrad region, Smolensk region, the Baltic states, Belarus and Ukraine. But the main role was played by the fighters of the partisan region - White Russia (more than 90 thousand people). Thus, it was planned to transfer 120 tons of explosives and other cargo to the Belarusian partisans, and 20 tons to the Kalinin and Leningrad partisans. The front was about 900 km long and 400 km deep.

The operation was closely connected with the upcoming offensive of the Soviet armies in the Smolensk and Gomel directions and the battle for the Dnieper.

Mass training of partisans in subversive work was organized, the delivery of military cargo to the location of partisan formations.

The start of the operation was scheduled for September 19, 1943.

However, due to unfavorable weather conditions, at the beginning of the operation aviation only half of the military cargo was transported. Therefore, the start of large-scale events was postponed to September 25. But part of the partisan units, which had already reached the lines of the attack, began the operation according to the original plan - on September 19. So, partisans in Belarus blew up about 19 thousand rails on the night of September 20.

German soldiers at a steam locomotive damaged as a result of the bombing of the railway by Soviet partisans at the Znamenka station of the Kirovograd region. October 1943

German soldiers fill up a crater that arose after the railway was blown up by Soviet partisans, next to a 52-series steam locomotive at the Znamenka station of the Kirovograd region (Ukraine)

"Concert"

The attack of the Belarusian partisans was so large-scale that already at 6 o'clock in the morning on September 19, 1943, the leadership of the German railways in Minsk anxiously announced:

“The situation is very tense! The actions of the partisans are increasing unbearably. All junction stations are overcrowded due to the inability to use the lines. "

On September 25, the main forces of the partisans began to operate. They attacked railroad guards, seized railroad tracks, destroyed and mined rails. In Belarus, over 15 thousand more rails were destroyed that night. The German command had to take emergency measures to strengthen road protection and restore them. Railway battalions and even units from the front were transferred from Germany. The local population was rounded up for restoration work.

Loading sledges and equipment of the German yagdkommando on railway platforms at the Deryugino station.
Jagdkommando (Jagdkommando, Zerstörungskommando) - a special unit of the Wehrmacht of 50-80 people, intended to fight the partisans. 1943 g.

A group of Soviet partisan demolitionists from the 2nd Simferopol partisan detachment under the command of Kh. K. Chussi lays explosives on the railway. March 1943

The fighting continued in October 1943.

A total of 148 thousand rails were destroyed. The operation was stopped when the ammunition ran out.

The tasks of the operation were not completed in full, but the overall result was great. Enemy communications were subjected to massive attacks. There is a lack of rails. The Germans had to alter double-track sections of the track into single-track, which reduced the possibilities of the railway. Due to the lack of rails, the damaged ones were welded, transported from Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany.

At the same time, the repaired areas were subjected to new attacks. In general, the throughput of railways in the German rear decreased by 35-40% in September-October.

According to military researchers, the actions of the Soviet partisans during the two operations were more than 11 times more effective than the Luftwaffe raids that bombed the Soviet rear during the same period.

In addition, the partisan detachments not only destroyed the railways, their actions included a wide range of sabotage behind enemy lines. The partisans attacked enemy garrisons, important objects, destroyed small enemy units, operated on other communications, highways, etc. The transfer of German troops on the railways, evacuation and supply were significantly hampered.

Seeing the activity of the Soviet partisans, the resistance of local residents to the invaders intensified. More and more people joined the ranks of the underground and partisans, supported them.

Germany was losing the war.

Soviet partisans are preparing to blow up the bridge

Partisans of the Voroshilov Detachment are preparing to blow up a wooden bridge over the river. 1943 g.

Soviet partisans are preparing to blow up a section of the railway. At the bottom of the photo is a killed soldier of the German army

Comments

[riwas]

Few people know. But serious training of partisans began in the pre-war years. According to Ilya Starinov:

I got involved in the training of partisan personnel in 1929, but in 1932 I only realized that preparations for a partisan war did not begin in 1929. In fact, it did not stop with the civil war. At the same time, training was carried out both through the OGPU and through the GRU. The OGPU trained mainly underground saboteurs, highly conspiratorial. On the line of the People's Commissariat of Defense, commanders were trained, who, once with the unit in the rear of the enemy, could go over to resistance. For this purpose, hidden partisan bases with large stocks of mine explosives were created in Western Ukraine and Moldova.

The scope of preparation of these preparations can be judged by the following fact - there were three partisan schools in operation. Two - in the GRU and one in the OGPU. A large school on Kholodnaya Gora in Kharkov was run by the OGPU. The school in Kupersk prepared people who came to our side from the regions of Western Ukraine and Belarus. They have been preparing for about 6 months. There was a large school in Kiev. She trained officers who already had experience in guerrilla warfare. The school was directly subordinate to the commander of the Kiev military district and was located in the town of Grushki. The cadets were even trained there to fly airplanes!

But in 1937 it was all destroyed.
"Notes of a saboteur", Almanac "Pennant", M., 1997.
http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/STARINOW/zapiski.txt

[Olgovich]

Quote: riwas

According to Ilya Starinov

- Colonel Ilya Grigorievich Starinov said this about the plan of the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (TsSHPD) -

"A simultaneous strike is necessary, but to blow up the rails ?! Some nonsense! We need to blow up the trains! "

-

And he was, of course, absolutely right: it was along this path that the Ukrainian headquarters of the movement's parties, where Starinov served, who increased the number of the destroyed ECHELONOV.

For the blown up (crash) trains gave 60% of the breaks in movement, the explosion of the rails (and they blew up both spare and unused and secondary tracks) - only 3%

The rail war led to ... an increase in cargo transportation: the number of Wehrmacht trains delivered not only did not decrease with the increase in the number of rails blown up, but on the contrary, even increased, since the more the rails were torn, the less they produced train wrecks... So, in June 1943, 1822 echelons reached Army Group Center, and in August, when according to partisan reports there was no “living space” left on the roads - 2159. According to reports, in July 43, Belarusian partisans derailed 742 echelon of the enemy, and at the height of the "rail war" - only 463. (c). Etc.

"The trouble is, if the shoemaker starts to bake the pies, and the cake-maker makes boots"is about Ponomarenko, the initiator of this campaign. The ability to fight is not denunciations of 1937-38 to write, in which he became skilled ...

[Foul skeptic]

There are always "smart people" who, in a greenhouse setting, write articles based on Wikipedia and LJ, from where you get the substances for the sketch. Just like this time. Here is the article
https://wwii.space/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB/
Does it make sense to explain to you the nuances of a rail war, or you don’t need it?

[Olgovich]

Quote: Nefarious skeptic

There are always "smart people" who write articles in a greenhouse environment.

what, it hurts?
So bear with liars.

Quote: Nefarious skeptic

Does it make sense to explain to you the nuances of a rail war, or you don’t need it?

no, of course: those stupid lies and inventions from Nobody are interested even once.
Train, over there, on cats (dogs).

[Avior]

The most famous critic of the rail war is Ilya Starinov. It is simply impossible to find a more competent specialist in such matters.
Read his memoir - Soldier of the Century.
http://www.kulichki.com/moshkow/MEMUARY/STARINOW/soldat.txt

[Foul skeptic]

Sergei, I read Starinov. And his words must be treated very carefully. If only because of the political component, which is not particularly veiled by him. Competent in sabotage? Yes. And in the economy of war? The economist Starinov perfectly reveals himself in his "war" against the idea that partisan detachments should conduct their activities in such a way as to achieve maximum self-sufficiency. Not knowing the lack of the requested material resources in honor of past merits, it was simply hard for him to understand how this something could not be at the disposal of the saboteur.
Rail war is the maximum possible efficiency at the existing level of material, technical and personnel capabilities. When they achieved disruptions of transportation or crashes, either without explosives at all or with two tolny blocks and, at best, with an HC detonator. Nobody argues that undermining without direct human participation is more consistent with the high rank of "super-saboteur" and the PMS was conceived for this. That's just in tribute to Starinov's merits, they don't particularly advertise the low reliability of its electrical circuit, not costly measures on the part of the enemy to minimize the danger and the shortage of current sources necessary for it (you can't even buy simple batteries from a squirrel in the forest, and the army does not have enough of them). And the fact that the mine was assembled at the place of installation, and was not a finished product, is the result of the experience paid for by human victims in the process of its use. In the same way, Starinov is disingenuous that the Germans had a surplus of rails. In the beginning, yes, but that same rail war led to the fact that by 1944 the rails had to be imported from Poland, France and Germany.

[Avior]

If only because of the political component, which is not particularly veiled by him.

What is the political component? Starinov served in the KGB all his life after the war. And his reasoning concerns purely military tasks, not economics. He was not a simple sapper, but a leader of a fairly high rank.

against the idea that partisan detachments should conduct their activities in such a way as to reach maximum self-sufficiency

Starinov had a fundamentally different approach - the one that was planned before the war, until the finished partisan base was defeated and defeated in 1937.
He was opposed to the mass partisan movement under the party leadership. He believed that these should be relatively limited military DRGs, coordinated as much as possible with actions at the front and had purely military tasks.
In addition to the fact that it is more effective from a military point of view, it significantly reduced the losses of our civilian population.

Rail war is the maximum possible efficiency at the existing level of material, technical and personnel capabilities.

According to Starinov, it is strictly the opposite. This is an ineffective waste of resources, both material and personnel.
As for the lack of rails, IMHO, this thesis does not stand up to criticism. The Germans did not use all of the peacetime transport network. And one such unused branch with a head would be enough to replace the blown-up rails in the whole area - they weren't all blown up, but a very small amount - usually one or two per branch or even the distance of the track. There is not a word anywhere that they blew up all the rails in a row on the entire railway, and this is unrealistic.
Perhaps, in special specific cases, something was brought in, because it was more convenient for some reason, but a huge amount of rails remained in place.
The merit of Starinov's memoirs, first of all, is that he raised the question that the partisan movement could have had other forms, and not just what it was during the war.
And this statement is not of some kind of marginal dissident, but more than a specialist in such matters. But I don't see any serious objections to him. Everyone just keeps silent about this topic, because a lot will have to be hooked on.

[Foul skeptic]

What is the political component? Starinov served in the KGB all his life after the war.

The usual political component. Starinov is a man from Khrushchev's cage. In his post-perestroika memoirs, you will find more than one moment of mentioning the clairvoyance of Khrushchev, Stalin's criminal, and

There were moments in my life that negatively affect my condition
health. This is, first of all, the overthrow of N.S. Khrushchev as a result of a conspiracy
Stalinists.

needs no comment. You write here: "And his reasoning concerns purely military tasks." Tell me, is his reasoning in his memoirs about the victims of collectivization related to military tasks?

He was opposed to the mass partisan movement under the party leadership. He believed that these should be relatively limited military DRGs, coordinated as much as possible with actions at the front and had purely military tasks.

He was a supporter of the mass guerrilla movement. Otherwise, he would not have written that compact partisan detachments were a mistake, he said that life itself showed the fidelity of assigning detachments to brigades, citing as evidence the ratio of partisan detachments and brigades in 1942 and 1943 and complaining about the "bureaucracy" of the dissolution of the partisan corps on the Kalinin front.
And to talk about only the party (and not just the military) leadership of the partisans is disingenuous. Since the top, that of the central headquarters, that of the front-line headquarters consisted of three representatives - from the Central Committee, from the NKVD, from the General Staff. And at the top of the hierarchy was the VK Headquarters.

His main "fetish" is that the partisans should not be a separate structure, but should be included in the army. Hence the professional DRGs, supply at the army level, etc. Without reference to the realities of the present moment.

According to Starinov, it is strictly the opposite.

A common logical error. Argumentum ad verecundiam. Appeal to authority.

As for the lack of rails, IMHO, this thesis does not stand up to criticism. The Germans did not use all of the peacetime transport network. And one such unused branch with a head would be enough to replace the blown-up rails in the whole area - they weren't all blown up, but a very small amount - usually one or two per branch or even the distance of the track. There is not a word anywhere that they blew up all the rails in a row on the entire railway, and this is unrealistic.
Perhaps, in special specific cases, something was brought in, because it was more convenient for some reason, but a huge amount of rails remained in place.

It may not be able to withstand anything, but the fact is that even Hitler had to be involved to eliminate rail hunger.
When more than 250 km of tracks in Belarus disappeared at once, I would like to see the faces of the German quartermasters in the morning.
It is also a delusion to consider rail war as literally rail war. The task was not set - to blow up only the rails, but their destruction took an important place. A rail war is not a war against rails, but against railroad transportation.
Another misconception is to believe that a lot of explosives were used up in this way, which would be better used. The partisans often simply dismantled the tracks and buried the rails in ravines or drowned them. This made it possible to do without explosives at all. I know this not only from my memoirs, "Companion of a Partisan" and "Memo to a Partisan," but also from an eyewitness of those events.

And this statement is not of some kind of marginal dissident, but more than a specialist in such matters. But I don't see any serious objections to him. Everyone just keeps silent about this topic, because a lot will have to be hooked on.

This is the statement of a 95 year old man. And if you believe that age does not affect the ability to reason, then exceptions to this will only confirm the rule - it plays. If a person seriously expresses resentment against Stalin that he did not single out the partisans separately in his congratulatory speech on the end of the war, or no less seriously declares that with his recommendations the Germans would capitulate in 1941 (1943 - in different interviews he gives different assessments), then it is necessary already make a discount for age. And if you don't hush up, then the gilding can fly off the icon. Starinov's pride, his resentment against the system for "just a colonel" and "did not give a Hero." He already had the same dislike for Ponomarenko much earlier than he describes, even before his appointment as head of the TSSHPD and not over disagreements on the issue of centralizing the leadership of the partisans. Even when he was a member of the Military Council, Ponomarenko was (absolutely rightly) not happy with the PMS, which earned Starinov's dislike.

[Andrey VOV]

The author, you give out materials with such speed that you do not edit them at all .. You will decide on the dates, then you are 41, then 43 ... partisans of Belarus, then White Russia .. It seems that t9 is on the phone .. It is necessary more carefully, more carefully

[Crowe]

This is some kind of tendency lately, unfortunately ... I propose to take away the phones with T9 from the authors - let them write with goose pens, maybe then they will become "more attentive, more careful." But seriously, it's not a joke -

then you are 41, then 43 ... partisans of Belarus, then White Russia ..

“Let's say we have to fight a crook!” ©. Where the proofreaders are looking ...

[Cat Alexandrovich]

Author! And the title? Do you speak Russian at all?

[Ross xnumx]

After reading the title of the article, I assumed that it would be about the partisan war of 1941-1945. And I was not mistaken. The photographs of that time are valuable. There is a possibility that some of the photographs may recognize their relatives. I understand the author's desire to return us to the times of the heroic Soviet past. Definitely "+".
==========

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The title of the title suggested that this is a literal translation from another language - they do not speak that way in Russia, and I was not mistaken.

“The situation is very tense! The actions of the partisans are increasing unbearably. All junction stations are overcrowded due to the inability to use the lines. "

The actions of the partisans reached unprecedented proportions and became unbearable!

[akarfoxhound]

The article is good in meaning, but it reads because of mistakes, how to put it, not smoothly ...

[north 2]

Panteleimon Kondratyevich Ponomarenko is a great organizer of the partisan war. That is why Khrushchev, having come to power, this potential successor of Stalin, immediately pushed aside to secondary positions or expelled as ambassador away from Moscow. And precisely because, by inertia from the Khrushchev times, the partisan war was not publicly sufficiently shown and heroized. Well, the main thing for Brezhnev was the war on Malaya Zemlya. What other guerrillas are there. It's time to return the forgotten debt to the partisan war and the personalities of the leaders. And who will return it - Sergei Mikhalkov or Fyodor Bondarchuk? Well, knowing how the first image of a soldier and a general was spoiled in "Burnt by the Sun" and in "Citadel", and the second image of the Russian World was spoiled in his Quiet Don, so you can't touch the partisans with such a beam at all. Or they will create a terrible libel like the Admiral. The film "Bomb" appeared, where Vannikov and Beria were shown as great organizers. So the liberalism of the filmmakers almost gobbled up alive. So I'm not talking about Muradov's film Vlasik, the Shadow of Stalin. What terrible screams the liberals released after the premiere of the series. No time for real films about partisans now. Liberators will devour the authors ...

[zenion]

There was such a Nikolai Gudz, a saboteur during the war. So he said that they often attacked the warehouses and deployment of the Germans. It was necessary to keep them constantly in suspense. The detachment had a detachment of snipers who killed several Germans every day. It got to the point that they were afraid to pursue the partisans, and the policemen fled into the woods.

[faterdom]

Quote: north 2

And who will return - Sergei Mikhalkov or Fedor Bondarchuk?

Sergei Mikhalkov and Nikita Mikhalkov are actually different people, from different genres and with different merits. Sergei Bondarchuk and his son Fyodor Bondarchuk have been noted in at least one field of activity.
So the creator of "Uncle Styopa" and the anthem of the USSR, as well as the Russian one, keeps a report for its 100 years, I think it is worthy.

[Alf]

Quote: faterdom

his son Fyodor Bondarchuk

Isn't this the same Fedya that filmed the slaughterhouse Stalingrad?

[Private SA]

Even in carefully processed by the Military Publishing House of the USSR Ministry of Defense
from the 1960s (and I still have a lot of them in paper) memoirs of army commanders who, through
the rails blown up by the partisans organized the supply of their armies, clearly
readable annoyance with the results of these operations.
About the rails that went by the Murmansk convoys (we blow up some, we bring others from America) -
politically incorrect. Even effective managers will not understand the economic sense.
The Germans, by the way, when retreating, broke the sleepers with a hook of the track destroyer. Because the knocked out
the explosion of a partisan TNT block 70 cm of the rail promptly with a special patch
restored.

[Alf]

Quote: Private SA

The Germans, by the way, when retreating, broke the sleepers with a hook of the track destroyer.

Well, forgive the partisans that they did not have such equipment.

Quote: Private SA

a special patch was restored.

But somewhere it is necessary to take and make this patch. And since someone and somewhere makes this patch, it means that this someone cannot make a normal rail at this time. So, grain by grain ...

[Unknown]

Places in the Bryansk region were indeed partisan.

An airfield and an air force base was located in Sesche and is still operating. The film "Calling fire on ourselves", just about the Seshchensky airfield. Partisan brigades of Zhukovsky district, Dyatkovsky district, Trubchevsky district and other partisan detachments contributed to the victory.

And the memory of what the invaders and their accomplices were doing, too, remained. A lot of villages were burned, some along with the inhabitants. During the years of occupation in the Bryansk region, 930 villages were destroyed .. It did not pass without a trace, it affected later. All my relatives have gone through the occupation, and they know firsthand what it is. Such things should not be forgotten.

[Kerensky]

Nice, but highly controversial. My wife's grandfather received a Hero for a common sense - locomotives (steam locomotives) must be nightmares. And he knocked them out on an IL-2 with cannons, because you can't send a locomotive for a long time to be repaired with a machine-gun caliber. The guys who took into account the undermined rails in pieces (and some in kilometers of the way) certainly deserve respect (without any sarcasm), but the goal was not achieved, because the task was set incorrectly. The guys are not to blame that we still like to report on the successes achieved.

[parusnik]

I read the title, the first thought of "Samsonov and Co" read the article translation from native into Russian. Exactly Samsonov. Py Sy.About White Russia has been written, but the topic of Tartary has not been disclosed.

[BAI]

Ponomarenko in early September 1943 years approved the plan for Operation Concert.

The start of the operation was scheduled for September 19 1941 years.

Do I have one dissonance from reading the article?

[Alf]

By arming the partisans, one can study the history of small arms, especially European ones. Why not ...

[Private SA]

Quote: Kerensky

And he knocked them out on an IL-2 with cannons, because you can't send a locomotive for a long time to be repaired with a machine-gun caliber.

And in the memoirs of fighter pilots who flew towards the end of that war on a free hunt,
attacks on echelons are mentioned. For them, 20 mm ShVAK was enough for the locomotive to steam up and stand up.
And the prize money for this seemed to be the flyers. By developing a film of photo-cinema control.
If one was on the plane.

[Avior]

Judging by Starinov's memoirs- Soldier of the Century-
http://www.kulichki.com/moshkow/MEMUARY/STARINOW/soldat.txt
The rail war was ineffective and was accompanied by massive postscripts and window dressing.
Often they blew up the rails on the branches that were not protected and not used by the Germans, there were also frank postscripts, the very idea of ​​a rail broken by a minimum charge made sense only in the first days - the Germans very quickly began to use a special bridge, which was placed in the place of damage.
It was more effective to blow up trains with a garage, but the resource was largely spent on a loud, but really limited rail war that caused limited harm to the Germans.

[Siegfried]

soon partisan detachments will appear in Ukraine again, Azov, Dnieper and Donbass

[Petrik66]

Starinov speaks precisely about the senseless squandering of explosives and mines. Due to the weak transport aviation, the partisans accumulated material resources with great difficulty. And the accumulated ones could have been used much more efficiently if, in Starinov's opinion, they would have blown up exactly the echelons. In addition to the general viciousness of the idea of ​​undermining the rails, a plan was also established for the number of rails destroyed. And Starinov notes that many detachments carried out explosions in not the most difficult areas. The Germans tensed, but, in general, were able to ensure the work of the main communications during the Battle of Kursk. The partisan movement is a taboo topic in Soviet historiography. Serious research on the systematization of resistance has not been carried out, since the topic is extremely complex and does not fit into the usual clichés - the whole people, young and old, rose to fight the invaders. A mess in the organization of the movement, a bunch of structures responsible for conducting guerrilla warfare did not allow full use of its full potential. You can read the story with Mazannik and Troyan, Cuba was killed once, but there were more performers and mines))))))))) The desire to receive an order and an asterisk for a shoulder strap has not been canceled.