Knights of the Hundred Years War Troop Recruitment

93

Humphrey de Bohun (1309–1361) - 1336th Earl of Hereford, 1336th Earl of Essex from 1338, Lord, High Constable of England 1360–1361, 1326–1327. Miniature from the manuscript "On the Nobility, Wisdom and Prudence of Kings" by Walter de Milemet, Christ Church, XNUMX-XNUMX. London

Uzziah also had an army that went to war in detachments, according to the account in their list, compiled by the hand of Jeiel the scribe and Maaseiah the overseer, under the leadership of Hananiah, one of the main dignitaries of the king.
Second Chronicles 26:11

Military story countries and peoples. The previous article told about the "first uniform" that appeared during the Hundred Years War. Today we continue to talk about the events of that distant time. And if last time our conversation was mainly about clothing, today we will try to find out how the recruitment of troops took place then. After all, before dressing the army, it had to be recruited. So, what was the army that resisted the British invasion of France at the beginning of the Hundred Years War, who did it consist of and what principles was it recruited?


Sir Robert Knolles with Sir Thomas Grandison. The English warriors setting out on a campaign under the cross of St. George are dressed in quilted and padded jupons, worn over their armor; some are buttoned or tied in front with laces. The commanders preferred to take off their helmets, replacing them with a high hat during the march, and the second with a headdress that strongly resembles a turban. One has the commander's wand in his hand. Miniature from the Chronicle of France by St. Denis, 1380-1400 Paris, France. British Library, London

And it, as before, included the feudal militia, as well as the troops recruited under the contract, and professional foreign mercenaries. All these soldiers received payment for their service. The feudal structure of France was constantly changing, but the kingdom continued to include the royal domain, five grand duchies, 47 counties, several dozen viscountries, and many other feudal estates, the owners of which bore various titles. This system also included hundreds of chastellainies, which included the most important castles with their surrounding territories, and thousands of smaller seigneuries. In France, there were up to 50 families of nobles (noblesse) or chevalerie (chevalerie), but only a small part of the nobles of them could serve as knights. The majority remained in the rank of squires.



Knights of the Hundred Years War Troop Recruitment
Quite a funny illustration from the manuscript of Walter de Milemet "On the nobility, wisdom and prudence of kings." St. George presents a shield and a spear to Edward III. The reversal of heraldic animals on the right shoulder pads of the depicted knight or on the right side of a horse blanket was sometimes used to show their position with the muzzle forward, because an animal turned back to the enemy, according to the rules of heraldry, was considered "cowardly." However, it was not customary to do this in surcoat, and here we are dealing with an artist's mistake. That is, alas, they were wrong at all times!

The number of combat-ready knights in France ranged from 2350 to 4000. As for the numerous squires who fought side by side with the knights, they also received salaries for their service, but they were paid, of course, much less. These warriors could count on acquiring knightly status only after the expiration of more than one year of service, so that the period of their stay in squires sometimes stretched out for decades. So the knightly estate began to acquire more and more features of a hereditary caste, which had significant privileges, such as exemption from taxes.


The French king is fighting on foot. "Chronicles of France", 1410 Paris. Royal National Library of the Netherlands, The Hague

Although in France there was still a universal conscription - the arrière ban, which covered the entire male population between the ages of 14 and 60, it was actually abandoned at the very beginning of the Hundred Years War. Instead, the main form of feudal conscription was the collection of the nobility (Semonce des Nobles), which concerned the holders of the feudal fiefs, as well as the collection of the militia in cases of emergency (arrière ban après bataille). Knights recruited through the Semonce des Nobles were paid a daily salary, as were contract warriors. "Obligatory service" (Servitutum debitum), which made it possible to collect significant infantry contingents, by the beginning of the XIV century. was in decline, and all that remained of recruiting in the countryside was little more than a form of local militia and "transportation service". On the other hand, French peasants were allowed to have weapon... The situation was serious, and the government issued a decree that gave the peasants the right to provide armed resistance to gangs of robbers - a significant concession for a time when the right to bear arms, given to commoners, could be a threat to the entire existing social order.


As we know, during the Hundred Years War, battles took place not only on land, but also at sea. This miniature from the Chronicle of France, 1410 Paris. The Royal National Library of the Netherlands, The Hague, we see one such scene: the archers of an English ship going in the wind, fire a volley at a French ship, the soldiers on which are protecting themselves from arrows with shields, but they do not try to shoot back against the wind!

The city population attached great importance to the fulfillment of military duty, and by the XIV century. French cities could deploy small armies of infantry and cavalry. Some of these militias were even created on the basis of church parishes, each of which had its own captain. This commander was often a member of one of the most influential guilds and may have belonged to chivalry. But he might not belong, although he very often wore expensive knightly armor.

The feudal army could also be replenished with funds from the collection of rent for the possession of the fief or annual rent (however, this measure fell out of use after 1360).


Archers from the Hundred Years War era are depicted here wearing armor. However, this is a miniature from a work of art telling about the exploits of Alexander the Great, where there are a lot of miniatures, absolutely fantastic in content. Manuscript "The Book and the True Story of the Good King Alexander", 1400-1425. Paris. British Library, London

The motives for serving aristocrats in the feudal army remained as traditional as the recruitment system. Ethics, corporate spirit and national identity persisted, despite the fact that the knightly estate was characterized by excessive extravagance and overly sophisticated manners. War also remained the main means of achieving social and material conditions. The self-esteem of the warrior was supported by the knowledge that he or his ancestors won fame or fortune through military valor. The cult of heroes among this warlike class included nine of the most revered warriors of ancient literature and more closely related historical heroes. These included: Hector, Alexander the Great, Gaius Julius Caesar, Josiah, David, Judas Maccabee, King Arthur, Charlemagne and Geoffrey de Bullon - plus the saints consecrated by church tradition - Saint Michael, George and Mauritius. In the XV century. this pantheon also added modern heroes, such as: The Black Prince, Bertrand du Gueclin, Boucico, Don Pedro the Cruel, Jacques Lalen and others, whose exploits were vividly described in knightly novels.


Let us once again turn to the work of Walter Milemet "On the nobility, wisdom and prudence of kings." Such throwing machines were used at a time when King Edward III was still studying on this, specially written for him "book of knowledge"

Side by side with this feudal elite, professional soldiers hired by contract fought. After such a contract system proved its reliability, it began to supplant all other forms of recruiting troops. By 1350, contracts, both oral and written, increasingly regulated the hiring of soldiers and servants, noblemen and commoners. The English system of full contract, including prepayment, was rare in France. Typical can be considered the detachment of lord Bomanoir, recruited by contract by the French king in 1351. This detachment included 4 knights, 18 squires and 30 archers or crossbowmen. Most of the cavalrymen in such detachments belonged to the small landed aristocracy, whose estates provided very modest income, and since war was the only worthy occupation for such gentlemen, many of them became professional soldiers. True, most of the commanders came from the environment of the noble aristocracy, which suggests that the internal structure of such detachments reflected the peculiarities of the feudal system. But after the XIV century. the commanders of the detachments began to be called only according to their place of origin, which suggests that most of them were of common origin or illegitimate.


The wars of the era of the Hundred Years War, as we have already noted more than once, were completely unchivalrously cruel. "Wenceslas Bible", 1389, Germany. Austrian National Library, Vienna

Next are foreign mercenaries, although in fact this term is not entirely accurate, since most of the foreign troops were recruited on the territory of those states that had especially close ties with the French crown. These could be famous Genoese crossbowmen or Castilian sailors. In the armies of the empire, which included men at arms, equipped by the bishop of Liege, each soldier received 15 livres for the campaign, plus another 000 livres for each day of service. In addition to this, the banner knight, that is, the banner bearer, received 50 sous, the banner - 40 sous, the knight - 20, and the squire 10 sous as an advance for each month of service from the moment of hiring. They pledged to hand over all their captives to the king, but they could keep their horses and equipment. If they themselves were captured, the French king had to redeem them, as well as compensate for the cost of all those horses that they lost during the hostilities. As you can see, the terms of employment were quite favorable. So, if a person survived, he received a substantial jackpot for his service.


The infantrymen are burning down the peasant houses. It is very well shown that the bows of the archers are much taller than their height. "Chronicles of France", 1410 Paris. Royal National Library of the Netherlands, The Hague

The most famous infantry unit of the French army in the early years of the Hundred Years War was undoubtedly the Genoese crossbowmen. They were complemented by the Genoese infantry sergeants and the Italian ragazzini, the inhabitants of the Alps, who were probably used as light infantry.

Naval and land forces from the Iberian Peninsula helped the French during the war for Brittany in 1342, and 15 years later, Charles of Navarre ferried 224 men at arms and 1120 infantry across the sea to fight in Normandy.


Robbery. Miniature from the Chronicle of France by St. Denis, 1380-1400 Paris, France. British Library, London

Who commanded the mercenary forces? In the period between the truce in Bretigny (1360) and the end of the XIV century. the French were led by military leaders who came from the clan aristocracy, although among them there were also soldiers of an ordinary origin. The French government maintained over 1600 nobles to lead the military units, of whom only less than 350 acted in this role relatively regularly. But only 180 were awarded recognition as the "royal officer corps", and it was they who at the end of the XIV century. represented the real military aristocracy of France. Most of them were natives of Normandy, Brittany, Western France and the environs of Paris.
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  1. +9
    21 September 2021 18: 42
    The feudal structure of France was constantly changing, but the kingdom continued to include the royal domain, five grand duchies, 47 counties, several dozen viscountries, and many other feudal estates, the lords of which bore various titles. This system also included hundreds of chastellainies, which included the most important castles with their surrounding territories, and thousands of smaller seigneuries.

    Previously, I somehow vaguely imagined this whole structure)))
    Until I started playing Crusader Kings 3, now I felt all the ins and outs of the feudal system on myself (domain, etc.))))
    I recommend it to anyone interested in the Middle Ages.
    1. -1
      24 September 2021 12: 36
      The second one with mods I like more, and so it is addictive.
  2. +13
    21 September 2021 18: 45
    Thanks for the article and thumbnails!
    Hundred Years War. Alexander Lays

    Opened picks
    Banners and emblems ...
    - Follow me, my vassals!
    To the call of your destiny.

    The country is like a battlefield
    All stinks with corpses.
    And the insolent Englishman
    We are threatened with death.

    Stepping on the throat
    Brings shame and captivity.
    And France is native
    Can't get up from her knees.

    Follow me, my vassals!
    When the throne is lost
    When the country was gone
    There is blood and moaning everywhere

    And you won't have to hand
    Warm up by the hearth
    Only one thing remains -
    To die with glory!

    We should not be timid,
    Let the enemy be stronger.
    Follow me, my vassals,
    Spur your horses!

    Here the cavalry is beautiful
    I went, went into acceleration.
    Here above the shy earth
    There was a heavy ringing.

    The praises fell silent,
    Only the call of the trumpet is heard ...
    And now - covered in blood
    Banners and emblems.

    Fate sent us into battle,
    The best lot has been given to us.
    Follow me, my vassals,
    To the arrows of the British!
    1. +11
      21 September 2021 18: 50
      And thank you for the poetry!
      1. +9
        21 September 2021 19: 28
        Vyacheslav Olegovich, thanks for the miniatures!
        Of course, these are not the most talented Chronicles of Froissard, but ...
        But something with something! wassat )))
        She laughed and was horrified. That only is the battle scene. A man's leg has been severed, he is no longer a fighter, he is wounded. But no! It is imperative that he, helpless, thrust a dagger into the kidney.
        However, modern methods of warfare are hardly more humane.
        1. +7
          21 September 2021 19: 35
          Quote: depressant
          "The Chronicles of Froissard"

          There will be them too. Not everything is exhausted, by no means ...
          1. +6
            21 September 2021 20: 02
            Not all is exhausted


            Still would! There are four books!)))
        2. +3
          21 September 2021 19: 37
          Quote: depressant
          A man's leg is severed,

          That is why I placed this miniature. He was an artist with humor, obviously. With black ...
          1. +5
            21 September 2021 20: 06
            Well, yes. An artist with humor. Forgot to put on trousers on the arsonist, and shoes. And at the top - a warrior, even an archer! laughing )))
      2. +5
        21 September 2021 19: 54
        The commanders preferred to take off their helmets, replacing them with a high hat during the march, and the second with a headdress that strongly resembles a turban.

        a headdress resembling a turban is, apparently, one of the options for a chaperone
  3. +13
    21 September 2021 18: 56
    Fifty minutes have passed, people, apparently continue to cut "for Solzhenitsyn" laughing
    Nothing, we'll wait. smile
    The list of "authorities" in military affairs, given by the author, seemed interesting to me:
    Hector, Alexander the Great, Guy Julius Caesar, Josiah, David, Judas Maccabee, King Arthur, Charlemagne and Geoffrey de Bullon

    Ancient Greece, Rome, the Bible, Celtic legends, Charlemagne and Geoffroy (Gottfried) of Bouillon, by the way, the son of the same Count Eustace (Estache, Eustachia), who shouted "Guillaume a la!" At the Battle of Hastings, pointing to William the Conqueror, who had taken off his helmet ... smile
    It was this last one that interested me - why, for example, is Roland not on the list, but he is? apparently, the title "Guardian of the Holy Sepulcher" meant much more in the minds of medieval warriors than we think.
    1. +3
      21 September 2021 18: 59
      apparently, the title "Guardian of the Holy Sepulcher" meant much more in the minds of medieval warriors than we think.

      Then prestige ruled (as a basis), the rule of money came later. )))
    2. +11
      21 September 2021 19: 10
      The list goes on and on: Jacques de Molay, John Hawkwood, Henry Percy. Interesting: the London football club "Tottenham" is called not in his honor "hot spur". The bolt cutter is coming from England, remind me not to forget to ask if this is so or not.
      1. +10
        21 September 2021 19: 32
        Quote: Crowe
        Jacques de Molay, John Hawkwood, Henry Percy.

        These are already heroes, one might say, contemporaries. Although none of them is suitable for the role of the ideal knight of the Hundred Years War. De Molay did nothing significant, except for a curse at the stake, in the eyes of his contemporaries he was a warlock and a heretic. Hawkwood is a glorious warrior, but the origin ... it is better not to remember. And Henry Percy is generally a minor character, of which there were hundreds throughout Europe, and he died during the rebellion, as if not for a just cause ...
        There were at that time two more characters very popular in Europe - a sweet couple - Richard the Lionheart and Sultan Saladin. But the former was an enemy for the French, and the latter was generally a Muslim, so it was not destiny either. Although both have long been considered the ideal of a knight in principle.
        The article also contains a second list - contemporaries of the events.
        The Black Prince, Bertrand du Gueclin, Boucico, Don Pedro the Cruel, Jacques Lalain

        I read that the French, the English also revered Sir John Chandos, it is strange that he is not on this list next to the Black Prince. But Pedro the Cruel is hardly appropriate here. As far as I know, he was never a model of chivalry.
        1. +8
          21 September 2021 19: 47
          except the curse at the stake
          Was it? The last couple of years, Druon has sagged a lot in my eyes.
          1. +7
            21 September 2021 20: 13
            Let's assume that it was. Otherwise, poor Jacques will have nothing to add to the asset. smile
            1. +7
              21 September 2021 20: 37
              I won't until I read this curse in Old French.
              1. +8
                21 September 2021 20: 59
                Old French or is it Middle French? smile
                Border - XIV century. and it turns out that all of France at the time of pronouncing the curse had already spoken exclusively Middle French for fourteen years. You will not accuse the unfortunate master of being retrograde, in addition to witchcraft, sodomy, and what else did the Handsome King sew to him? smile
                1. +7
                  21 September 2021 21: 23
                  I think d'Mole spoke Old French, like all his contemporaries.
                  1. +6
                    21 September 2021 21: 36
                    This was the real reason for his execution. laughing
                    The fourteenth century is outside, and he still speaks Old French! All of France since 1300 switched to Middle French, and this one is showing off! I suppose I also used cases! On the fire! laughing wassat
                    Old French (fr. Ancien français) - a set of Romance dialects of the Oil language group, used in the territory approximately corresponding to the territory of the middle north of modern France, from about the X to the XIV century.

                    This is from Wiki.
                    Ouch! Or maybe here in the XIV century. mean inclusive? Then I apologize and sprinkle ashes on my head. crying
                    It means, after all, exclusively for sodomy, witchcraft and hereticalism. Language is out of business.
                    laughing wassat laughing
                    1. +6
                      21 September 2021 21: 41
                      Probably, I'm too serious, and you, Mikhail, went over too much "under Solzhenitsin." laughing
                      1. +8
                        21 September 2021 21: 53
                        Come on, this Solzhenitsyn!
                        In vain and generally got involved in commenting. Although, we had a nice conversation with Denis, but the topic itself is no pleasure. It's another matter here ... The soul is resting ... smile
                      2. +8
                        21 September 2021 22: 00
                        Just about, and I'm about the same. In turn, I had a nice conversation with Alex "Boltorez" about the English-language literary counterculture.
      2. +7
        21 September 2021 21: 26
        Henry Percy. Interesting: the London football club "Tottenham" is not called in his honor "hot spur".
        It was in his honor Yes ... More precisely, a cricket club in north London, founded in 1880, was named in his honor, and in 1882 its members converted from cricket to football.
        1. 0
          21 September 2021 21: 38
          Quote: Bolt Cutter
          It was in his honor

          Proof do not share?
          1. +7
            21 September 2021 21: 41
            Harry Hotspur, after whom the club is named, was said to have been given the nickname Hotspur as he dug in his spurs to make his horse go faster as he charged in battles
            https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C.
            https://the18.com/en/soccer-news/why-is-tottenham-called-spurs

            There is little. Himself indifferent to football.
        2. +6
          21 September 2021 22: 05
          Henry Hotspur was the son of the Earl of Northumberland. Anyway, Percy's possessions were mainly located in the north, on the border in Scotland. It would be more logical to name a club from York or Manchester by his name ... Why so, don't you know? smile hi
      3. +3
        22 September 2021 08: 02
        Yes. In honor of Henry Percy. There is no other interpretation here.
    3. +6
      21 September 2021 19: 32
      people, apparently continues to cut "for Solzhenitsyn"

      Not for, rather, against.
      Yes, there was a case, she chopped up a little, shouting her "How long!" wassat )))
      1. +9
        21 September 2021 19: 51
        What, they couldn't resist, Lyudmila Yakovlevna, but what about the solemn vow “I go there (on political topics) with neither foot nor hand anymore”?I'm there with an accordion if anything ..
        1. +7
          21 September 2021 20: 09
          Yes, it's not easy, it happens ...
          Moreover, not with a foot, but with fingers on the keyboard, and now I have a clear conscience in front of me wassat )))
    4. +1
      22 September 2021 10: 46
      Quote: Trilobite Master
      The list of "authorities" in military affairs, given by the author, seemed interesting to me:

      Strange that Hector: why not Achilles? hi
  4. +8
    21 September 2021 19: 13
    The majority remained in the rank of squires.
    I will note, however, that the royal ordinance of 1293 ordered all squires of noble birth, with an annual income of 200 livres, to undergo a rite of knighthood before reaching the age of 25.
    Thank you, Vyacheslav Olegovich!
    1. +6
      21 September 2021 19: 52
      They say that in the minds of our historians, Charles VII was a weak-willed and dependent person. But in fact, he was a reformer king who carried out transformations not only in economics and finance, but also in military affairs, which allowed him to create in the 1440s the first professional army in Europe, the basis of which was the Ordonance companies. Such an army was the basis for the establishment of an absolute monarchy.
      1. +6
        21 September 2021 20: 08
        Dear Lyudmila Yakovlevna!
        I actually wrote about a document that was more than a century away from Charles Seven. And the reign of this Charles was "made" by a woman. At the time of Jeanne's "manifestation", Paris was occupied by the British.
        1. +6
          21 September 2021 20: 23
          Anton, the companies interested me. Why did they emerge as the basis of a professional army, why did they abandon scattered mercenary detachments. Only.
      2. +5
        21 September 2021 20: 21
        Quote: depressant
        They say that in the minds of our historians, Charles VII was a weak-willed and dependent person.

        Not at all. This is the first time I hear such an opinion. Smart, quirky, unhurried and inescapable like an asphalt roller. And the son of Louis XI, nicknamed the Fox, had someone to pick up the mind. smile
        1. +6
          21 September 2021 20: 30
          Misha, I happened to read different opinions. Apparently, some historians relied in their judgments on the childhood and adolescence of the king, others on the matured politician.
          1. +5
            21 September 2021 20: 50
            Charles VII is bullied, mainly for Jeanne. Say, he did not help, did not buy out, did not repulse ... Well, his reign until Jeanne, when he sat in his Bourget, leaving Paris to the British, and did not rock the boat - indecisive, weak-willed, etc.
            To a certain extent, such an impression can be created. Nevertheless, he saw use in Jeanne, which speaks of his discernment. He entrusted her with troops, of which he had and so few that it speaks of his decisiveness. Himself with her cut did not go - reasonable caution. He made a march with her to Reims, into enemy territory, for the coronation - again, determination and courage. Ruthlessly surrendered Jeanne to his enemies for execution - healthy cynicism, wisdom and political foresight. And the absence of obvious favorites throughout the entire term of office, dedication and consistency in actions speak just about the state will.
            In general, nothing about his lack of will and indecision does not indicate. smile
            1. +6
              21 September 2021 21: 07
              Yes, Jeanne, Jeanne ...
              A rare phenomenon of popular consciousness. There are splashes. But to the king, building an absolute monarchy, consolidating the highest nobility, which in the long run will lead to the creation of a single state, that is, busy with an important strategy, the use of Joan, of course, could only be tactics.
              1. +6
                21 September 2021 21: 49
                I think he could have done it without her. He was very smart, however. But with her it turned out faster and somehow more elegant, completely in French. smile
                And the fact that he leaked it, and deliberately, I personally have little doubt. Painfully everything turned out beautifully and, most importantly, on time.
                And imagine, Jeanne would be ransomed from the British. For a lot of money, by the way. Oh, she would take it and become pregnant a year later. The ideal has perished. There was a girl, she became a woman.
                Or, even worse, the girl would have just blown her head off (she was already holding on to snot and honest French words, apparently) and she would have begun to preach universal equality before God or some other heresy ... I would have had to get my hands dirty myself.
                And here the wolves are safe and the sheep are fed. And Jeanne remained in her memory an immaculate symbol, and the villains-Englishmen showed their vile essence, and she managed to complete her work in full ... No, a beautiful story, don't tell me ...
                1. +5
                  21 September 2021 22: 13
                  Without Jeanne, I would not have done it. In this case, I'm not talking about a person, but about a symbol.
                  1. +5
                    21 September 2021 23: 29
                    Do you think there is no way without a symbol? May be. But the symbol would have been found, there would have been no business behind it. A woman, a man, some kind of relic, a flower, an animal - if there is a need, you can even make a symbol out of a pig. Without a specific Jeanne - I would have done.
                2. +3
                  22 September 2021 12: 25
                  [quote = Trilobite Master] I think he could have done it without her. He was very smart, however. But with her it turned out faster and somehow more elegant, completely in French. smile
                  In a book about PR, Bocharov and Chumikov expressed an interesting idea that Zhanna was a PR-project of the clergy and Gilles de Retz. I brought my spoon of honey into this hypothesis. Wrote an article on VO, in the SECRETS of the twentieth century. I do not know if you have come across it ... I can write again. There are interesting thoughts ... By the way, I have this in my electronic textbook HISTORY OF PUBLIC RELATIONS.
                  1. +3
                    22 September 2021 16: 59
                    It seems that Valery wrote something about Jeanne. If my memory serves me, he is a supporter of the hypothesis of its august origin. smile
                    There are many different versions about her - who she is, how she achieved fame and where did she go.
                    Write, Vyacheslav Olegovich, the topic, in my opinion, will never lose its interest. I will attack your article with criticism, Anton will grab my throat, Viktor Nikolayevich will put us all in the right place, and then all together we will edit some out of time folk historian - why not happiness? smile
                    In short, I'm for Jeanne! hi
                    1. +3
                      22 September 2021 17: 13
                      Quote: Trilobite Master
                      In short, I'm for Jeanne!

                      Thanks for the support! I'll look in my archives. Recently, you know, I found an article (not my own!) Of 2011, which I have been shifting from place to place for 10 years together with the magazine and the note "urgently". And everything is "urgent". And "Jeanne" came out sometime then ...
                    2. +3
                      22 September 2021 18: 44
                      Anton will grab my throat,
                      Yeah, you just need to read Togoev. As for the august origin of Jeanne, I don't know where this fake came from, but it has been speculated by the enemies of the communists for many years. Her origin is the most that neither is the worker-peasant! "Student! Sportswoman! Komsomol member! And finally, she's just a beauty!" (WITH)
                      1. +2
                        22 September 2021 18: 51
                        Yes, Togoeva is a specialist on Zhanna and her process. Regarding the origin of Jeanne, the last thing that caught my eye from the series "royal daughter" - Dmitry Ustinov. Thumbs up popularizer, Rose Wars specialist. Well, then I'll refresh Basovskaya in my memory. And let the battle begin! laughing hi
                      2. +2
                        22 September 2021 19: 00
                        Togoev, in general, is a specialist in medieval French justice. I hope he gets to the d'Ray trial.
            2. +6
              21 September 2021 21: 10
              Quote: Trilobite Master
              Charles VII is bullied, mainly for Jeanne. Say, he did not help, did not buy out, did not repulse ... Well, his reign until Jeanne, when he sat in his Bourget, leaving Paris to the British, and did not rock the boat - indecisive, weak-willed, etc.
              To a certain extent, such an impression can be created. Nevertheless, he saw use in Jeanne, which speaks of his discernment. He entrusted her with troops, of which he had and so few that it speaks of his decisiveness. Himself with her cut did not go - reasonable caution. He made a march with her to Reims, into enemy territory, for the coronation - again, determination and courage. Ruthlessly surrendered Jeanne to his enemies for execution - healthy cynicism, wisdom and political foresight. And the absence of obvious favorites throughout the entire term of office, dedication and consistency in actions speak just about the state will.
              In general, nothing about his lack of will and indecision does not indicate.

              What a fine fellow you are, Mikhail, that write like that! What a deep understanding of the era and people. Pleasantly. You might think that you are a Ph.D. and defended themselves on Wed. centuries
              1. +7
                21 September 2021 21: 23
                Thank you, Vyacheslav Olegovich. hi
                I just love this time, I have a weakness for it since childhood, when everything that flew into it settled in my head ... And now the time has come to collect these "stones" and put them on the shelves. I really, when I started writing this comment, did not know how and how I would end it. Just another brick in the wall. smile
                This is how your articles help to organize your own scattered knowledge. smile
                1. +4
                  22 September 2021 05: 40
                  Eccl. 3:22. So I saw that there is nothing better than a man to enjoy his deeds: because this is his share; for who will bring him to see what will come after him?
  5. +5
    21 September 2021 19: 20
    each soldier received 15 livres for the campaign, plus another 000 livres for each day of service.
    Vyacheslav Olegovich, you give some fantastic amounts, even if you reduce them by an order of magnitude!
    1. +4
      21 September 2021 19: 44
      Anton! Not guilty. Took this in Nicolas book THE FRENCH ARMY OF THE CENTENARY WAR. My scanner broke yesterday, otherwise I would have shown the page. Its number 7. There it is.
      1. +4
        21 September 2021 19: 54
        OK, thanks! I will try to find and see. But, damn it, 15000 livres is 4 tons of silver!
        1. +4
          21 September 2021 20: 01
          Anton! I am not an expert in coinage at the time. I wrote to you, I am writing here and now for everyone. Therefore, I am content with the fact that I cite the links where it was taken from. It would be great if you prepared a material about the same money of the Hundred Years War!
          1. +4
            21 September 2021 20: 17
            Vyacheslav Olegovich, the conversation about the money of the Middle Ages draws on 20-30 separate articles! And you need to start with the ruins of the Roman Empire. The financial business of the Middle Ages is a very confusing topic, I'm just getting to it ... But it's incredibly interesting!
            1. +4
              21 September 2021 20: 48
              20-30 articles are not necessary, but you can tell about the coins of England and France and put these two materials, 10 characters each, with captions under the photo. It is not necessary to dump everything that is to think, structure and forward.
              1. +4
                21 September 2021 20: 58
                It is not necessary to dump everything that is to think, structure and forward.
                But with this, I agree!
    2. +6
      21 September 2021 20: 03
      each soldier received 15 livres for the campaign, plus another 000 livres for each day of service.
      Vyacheslav Olegovich, you give some fantastic amounts, even if you reduce them by an order of magnitude!

      Meanwhile, in the original source (FRENCH ARMIES OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR, by David C. Nicolle and Angus McBride) the figures are the same.
      Troops of Imperial origin included the men-at-arms provided by the Bishop of Liege, each man receiving 15,000 livres plus 50 livres for each day's service. In addition a senior banneret got 40 sous, a simple banneret 20, a knight ten and a squire five sous in advance for each month's service for as long as required.

      It is difficult to quickly check these numbers, but let's try. The Tours livre pulled in those years by about 81 grams of silver. 50 livres is four kilograms of silver. In England in those years, knights were paid two shillings a day. That's 24 pence, or roughly 30 grams of silver.
      With such a difference, I think. all English knights would have moved to France.
      Indeed, the numbers are highly questionable. Somewhere the authors were mistaken.
      1. +3
        21 September 2021 20: 33
        I think it makes sense to divide the numbers by 3-4 and operate with salts and deniers.
        1. +4
          21 September 2021 20: 43
          Honestly, I would like to find accurate data, but so far we have not succeeded.
        2. +3
          21 September 2021 20: 49
          Quote: 3x3zsave
          I think it makes sense to divide the numbers by 3-4 and operate with salts and deniers.

          It would be very cool to find THEIR ERROR AND POINT TO IT. I can't do it.
          1. +1
            21 September 2021 21: 37
            It just doesn't fit! For 15 thousand livres in the middle of the XNUMXth century, the county could be bought, or the title of archbishop! And from scratch!
      2. +1
        26 September 2021 13: 00
        You, competently approached this issue, I believe it was not one soldier's estimate, but a detachment with daily maintenance. The hired soldier paid for everything himself.
        1. 0
          26 September 2021 13: 29
          I suppose it was not a single soldier's estimate, but a detachment with daily maintenance.

          This is a lot even for a squad.
  6. +4
    21 September 2021 19: 26
    They were complemented by the Genoese infantry sergeants and the Italian ragazzini, the inhabitants of the Alps, who were probably used as light infantry.

    Ragazzini interested me, because in Italian ragazzini is children, ragazzi is a boy, ragazzo is an assistant, an apprentice. Apparently, even such respected people as David C. Nicolle and Angus McBride sometimes, for some reason, do not fully understand the issue.
    Who are ragazzini, historians, apparently, have not established. In any case, Philippe Contamine, very authoritative on the military history of the French Middle Ages, in his fundamental work GUERRE, ÉTAT ET SOCIÉTÉ À LA FIN DU MOYEN ÂGE. (War in the Middle Ages), on this issue it is written
    "En 1355-1356 enfin il est fait mention de quelques" ragacins "(ragazzini?), Venus d'au-delà des Alpes au service de Jean le Bon"

    Translation: "In 1355 - 1356 several" ragatsin "((ragazzini?) Who came over the Alps to the service of John the Good.
    Who these "come from behind the Alps" are is not yet reliably known.
    1. +6
      21 September 2021 20: 13
      I remember that in Adriano Celentano's songs these same "ragazzi" constantly slipped through. Apparently, just "boys".
      1. +6
        21 September 2021 20: 16
        Yes, even more "guys". There is also such an option.
        1. +5
          21 September 2021 20: 57
          Ragazzo is more likely in the sense of a Russian guy. Ragazzini is Teens.
          French analogue - garson
    2. +4
      21 September 2021 21: 05
      Quote: Undecim
      "Ragacins"

      Most likely a tracing paper from the medieval Latin term ragatius, which could mean anything from a teenager to an apprentice and a servant at court
  7. +3
    21 September 2021 19: 29
    The hiring rates are not entirely clear, the author is clearly confused in the pricing policy of 50 livres a day, this is the price of a good horse, if now every contractor earned Lada every day))))
    1. +4
      21 September 2021 19: 41
      That's right, colleague! One of the richest people in the kingdom (at the turn of the 13-14th centuries), Robert II d'Artois paid 280 livres for three war horses. Even taking into account the monstrous inflation in France in the 50th century, XNUMX livres was hardly less than half a kilogram of silver.
      1. +4
        21 September 2021 20: 18
        Even taking into account the monstrous inflation in France in the 50th century, XNUMX livres was hardly less than half a kilogram of silver.

        I got four kilos in the comment above.
        1. +3
          21 September 2021 22: 19
          I’m just wondering how much that silver could "lose weight", taking into account the efforts of Philip the Handsome.
      2. +4
        21 September 2021 22: 29
        Quote: 3x3zsave
        Even taking into account the monstrous inflation in France in the 50th century, XNUMX livres was hardly less than half a kilogram of silver.

    2. +3
      21 September 2021 19: 49
      Quote: Ingvar K
      the author is clearly confused in the pricing policy of 50 livres a day, this is the price of a good horse, if now every contractor earned a Lada every day

      But not a fig is confused. "The French Army in the Hundred Years Vine" D. Nicole, fig. A. McBride. page 7 - In the troops equipped by the bishop of Liege, each soldier received 15 livres, plus another 000 for each day of service Additional: Banner Knight - 50 sous, Banner - 40, Knight - 20. Squire - 10. Take the book open see .. What word you took EXACTLY ... Obviously you do not know - do not write! Nicole is a famous historian.
      1. +4
        21 September 2021 20: 51
        Quote: kalibr
        Nicole is a famous historian.

        But everyone is wrong. It would be nice to do a little research to find his mistake and point out it, corroborating it with serious sources.
        1. +1
          22 September 2021 00: 18
          It would be nice to do a little research to find his mistake and point out it, corroborating it with serious sources.

          Is Philippe Contamine and his book La Guerre au Moyen Âge (War in the Middle Ages) a serious source?
          In 1227, Frederick II, preparing for a crusade, ordered that in the Kingdom of Sicily "each vassal give eight ounces of gold for each fief and that one knight should be nominated from eight fiefs": in other words, from every eight fiefs the emperor wanted one knight and 64 ounces of gold, which at the prices of the time was about an annual salary.

          1. +2
            22 September 2021 05: 34
            The source is serious, but my math is bad. And you have to count a lot and, most importantly, recount and translate.
            1. +3
              22 September 2021 07: 41
              Why do you need to count? Let D.Nikol consider. By the way, such a mistake is surprising, a historian of such a level should be guided in such questions. Maybe a typo?
              1. +4
                22 September 2021 12: 19
                Quote: Undecim
                Let D.Nikol consider.

                He retired. Moved to London and I have no connection with him. Maybe sick. He is 10 years older than me.
                1. +2
                  22 September 2021 12: 37
                  Well, then you have no choice. Somewhere I had Magnitsky's "Arithmetic". I will send it.
      2. +1
        22 September 2021 09: 12
        Quote: kalibr
        In the troops equipped by the bishop of Liege, each soldier received 15 livres, plus another 000 for each day of service. Additionally: a banner knight - 50 sous, a banner - 40, a knight - 20. squire - 10.

        to doubt it is enough to understand that one livre is equal to twenty sous.
        and compare the surcharge "kopecks" with the principal amount
      3. +1
        25 September 2021 09: 51
        That is, you mindlessly believe in everything that is said in the West, and do not use critical analysis and your own opinion?
        1. 0
          25 September 2021 13: 35
          Quote: Ingvar K
          in everything that they say in the west,

          In everything that they say no, in the written by a famous historian with references to sources, I believe.
          1. +2
            26 September 2021 12: 57
            Then why did you decide that this is the payment of one hired soldier, and not a detachment of knights and men at arms with archers with a daily maintenance and fee based on the results of the campaign? )))))
  8. +2
    22 September 2021 10: 44
    The French king is fighting on foot. "Chronicles of France", 1410 Paris


    I almost confused him with Ramses III. wassat
  9. +3
    22 September 2021 19: 01
    And so I began to deal with the ordinance companies.
    It so happened that due to the indecent duration of the Hundred Years War, which flared up and then died down in the armistice, but could not end in any way, whole generations of professional warriors grew up who, unwilling and unable to do anything other than using weapons, went astray in countless groups led by captains. Recruited into the army under a contract between the king and captains, such "brigades" were disciplined and performed well on the battlefield, but were not necessarily loyal to the king and, on occasion, the captains could break the contract. And when hostilities died down, organized groups of mercenaries often turned into marauders, robbing the population they were supposed to protect. The last miniature of those that illustrate the article shows an episode of such looting. For France, exhausted by the war to the limit, it became a national disaster, a real humanitarian catastrophe, popular unrest began, and something had to be done about it. But only an organized military force could cope with the rampant looting, and in 1439 Charles the Seventh's plan to create a professional army, which he had been hatching for a long time, came to a logical conclusion with the support of the financier, usurer and merchant in one person Jacques Coeur, who rightfully along with the king is called the organizer of the French regular army.
  10. +2
    22 September 2021 21: 28
    Ordinance in France is a royal decree that has the force of state law.
    To maintain a regular army, taxes were needed. It was for this purpose that Jacques Coeur was brought in as a financial specialist.
    The usual tax for financing military companies was a sales tax called ed. As an exceptional measure, ED was introduced before each campaign. However, since the Hundred Years War did not end in any way, the ed became permanent, but given the sharp drop in trade, it was clearly not enough even for individual campaigns. Moreover, the ed was not enough to finance the standing army, which had to be kept in between military campaigns, providing not only wages, but also a place to live and food. Which completely ruled out her food through looting. And then, after thinking well, they introduced thalya - a tax on real estate and land, which allowed the tax system to cover a much larger number of taxpayers than the edom.
    In accordance with the ordinance of 1439, the talya was declared regular. The tax period and the amount collected by the fiscal authorities from each administrative territory was established. Only the highest nobility, students and clergy were exempted from taxes.

    So who were the Ordinance companies recruited? And all the same mercenaries - the best of them. Having received the status of royal military personnel, the former mercenaries quickly resolved the issue with the marauders, turning their weapons against their former associates.
  11. +2
    23 September 2021 15: 59
    Thanks to the author for the excellent material. 2500 knights in total for a country like France !!! This means that 50 knightly corpses on Lake Peipsi in 1242 are quite heavy losses, especially against the background of the poverty of Livonia.
  12. 0
    23 September 2021 16: 12
    Interestingly, in the engraving "Robbery" almost all the robbers are barefoot, one has no pants at all, the rest are only in multi-colored stockings. Where are the solid shoes?
    1. 0
      25 September 2021 13: 38
      But she was not! There were leather soles on the highway. Leather shoes were rare, and boots were something! Many went barefoot in the summer! In winter, in wooden!

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