Storming the High Latitudes. The development of the Arctic and Subarctic by primitive man

Hunting for a mammoth. Drawing by the artist. Source pinterest.com

foreword

A little more than forty thousand years ago, primitive people embarked on a long and difficult path of development of the High Latitudes of the Arctic and Subarctic.

Following the conditions of the changing environment, humanity rolled in waves to the inaccessible polar borders, leaving behind cultural monuments that have come down to us through the thickness of the centuries.

By itself, the concept of "development" within the framework of the material under consideration carries two main types: "mobile" and "sedentary", as well as transitional forms between them. At the earliest stages of penetration into new territories, the so-called "linear type of migration" was dominant, in which groups of primitive hunters moved along the valleys and terraces of rivers following the main source of fishing - herds of large animals such as mammoths, deer, horses, bison, etc. etc. Narrow hunting specialization, as well as a low choice of adaptive opportunities in most cases led to the fact that visits to the High Latitudes were of an episodic nature, limited by warm seasons with a return to the southern territories during heavy winter months.

The spine of a mammoth with traces of being hit by a flint-tipped throwing spear. Location Lugovskoe. Age approximately 17 years

A different nature of the development and settlement of territories was mastered much later, when, with the development of technological progress, the settlers managed to master new types of extractive activities, such as fishing, coastal hunting for marine mammals and catching birds. Improving the system of adaptation to changing conditions has made the “settled” type of residence preferable when developing new territories.

All these processes were extremely heterogeneous in different geographic environments and were often rigidly tied to the climatic environment.

But first things first.

45 to 000 years ago. Middle and Upper Paleolithic

Zones of human presence in the High Latitudes. Period 40-25 thousand years ago.
Legend: 1 - Arctic semi-deserts; 2 - herbaceous and shrub tundra; 3 - forest-tundra; 4 - coniferous forests and woodlands; 5 - coniferous forests with broad-leaved species; 6 - mountain rare forests, forest tundra and tundra; 7 - glaciers; 8 - human parking.
The numbers on the map indicate the found human habitats. Site 1–7 (Zaozerie, Garchi I, Byzovskaya, Mamontova Kurya, Sabanina, Kurtak-4, Kashtanka, Ust-Kova, Yanskaya).
Source: "The initial settlement of the Arctic by humans in a changing natural environment" Atlas-Monograph "

The first evidence of human penetration into the Subarctic zone is recorded approximately 40 years ago. Despite the scarcity and heterogeneity of the sites discovered, they all in one way or another coincide with the period of global climate softening and the displacement of territorial zones. Permafrost and arctic deserts retreated to the north, their place was taken by tundra and forest-tundra, on the new pastures of which herds of animals gradually penetrated.

Moving along the East European Plain along the western slope of the Ural ridge, as well as in the lower reaches of the Yana River in Northeast Asia, the nomads left behind mostly extensive camps, without clearly defined boundaries and locations for residential zones. The linearity of migrations, as well as the gentle hilly landscape, allowed the ancient people not to fix clear places of stopping and rest.

Stone inventory, Lugovskoye locality. Age approximately 17 years.
1-3 - cores; 4, 6, 11 - spike-like products; 5, 9 - chisel tools; 7, 8, 10 - plates with face retouch; 12 - scraper; 13 - retouched flake; 14 - notched tool

However, there were also exceptions. One of the earliest monuments of the Upper Paleolithic, the Mamontova Kurya site, located at the latitude of the Arctic Circle, has fairly clear boundaries and extremely interesting specifics. The fact is that this zone is a kind of natural burial ground for animals (mainly mammoths), on the territory of which primitive hunters periodically lived. A number of researchers suggest that this place was not chosen by chance. According to the studied layers, during the first penetration of people into this territory, the surrounding area consisted of herbaceous and shrub tundra, practically devoid of woody vegetation. Given that animal bones can be a good fuel for a fire, it is very likely that ancient hunters deliberately returned to the same place to access a relatively simple source of heat.

A more complicated situation with the study of the Upper Paleolithic sites is in the North of Asia. The small number of discovered monuments does not allow today to fully trace the migration routes of ancient people. However, comprehensive studies of the Yanskaya site (the lower reaches of the Yana River) dating from about 28 years ago allow us to conclude that the habitat of hunters here was formed in a relatively warm and dry climate (in comparison with the current one), with a predominance of tundra-steppes, on which Feel animals like mammoth, bison, horse, musk ox and reindeer.

20 to 000 years ago. Upper Paleolithic. Middle time

Zones of human settlement during the period of maximum cooling of the last ice age. 20-18 thousand years ago.
Legend: 1 - arctic deserts and semi-deserts; 2 - tundra-steppe; 3 - tundra-steppe with the participation of woody vegetation; 4 - cold steppes; 5 - mountain sparse forests and tundra-steppes; 6 - glaciers; 7 - parking.
The numbers on the map indicate the found human habitats. Camping sites 1–6 (Pymva-Shor, Medvezhya Cave, Shirovanovo II, Talitsky, Shlenka, Krasny Yar 1, Cheremushnik).
Source: "The initial settlement of the Arctic by humans in a changing natural environment" Atlas-Monograph "

The next stage of settlement is associated with the actions of primitive man in the conditions of the so-called Late Valdai Ice Age.

Despite the wide distribution of the Scandinavian ice sheet, the Paleolithic communities, even during the period of maximum cooling, did not completely leave the northeastern territories of the East European Plain. Despite the fact that most of the sites of that time were concentrated along the southern and central zones of the Ural ridge, people still penetrated further north along the Pechora River.

The northernmost monuments of the period under consideration date back to 17 - 000 years ago. The available archaeological data, despite their scarcity, allow us to confidently say that the primitive communities were already sufficiently adapted to the harsh environmental conditions.

The main obstacle to the existence of primitive people in the High Latitudes in the late period of the Upper Paleolithic is not the severity of the climate, but specific landscape processes, as a result of which new reservoirs and small rivers began to appear en masse on the usual migration routes.

This stage of human settlement in the Subarctic is associated with the last global glaciation, as a result of which the glacier began to retreat, giving way to more favorable landscapes for life.

15 to 000 years ago. Upper Paleolithic. Late time

Zones of human settlement in the Late Ice Age. 15-10 thousand years ago.
Legend: 1 - arctic deserts and semi-deserts; 2 - tundra-steppe; 3 - tundra-steppe with the participation of woody vegetation; 4 - cold steppes; 5 - mountain sparse forests and tundra-steppes; 6 - glaciers; 7 - parking.
The numbers on the map indicate the found human habitats. Stays 1–23 (Kapovaya, Talitsa, Gari, Lugovskoye, Chernoozerie-2, Volchya Griva, Afontova Gora, Druzhinikha, Ust-Kova, Kurla, Bolshoy Yakor-1, Novy Leten-1, Khayrgas, Ust-Timpton, Dyuktayskaya, Siberik , Ears, Berelekh, Tuluac, Meiza, Bedwell, Stein Mountain, Broken Mammoth).
Source: "The initial settlement of the Arctic by humans in a changing natural environment" Atlas-Monograph "

This period is the most important milestone in the development by primitive people of both the Arctic latitudes and entire new continents. It was during the time interval under consideration that a person crossed the ice isthmuses and discovered the New World.

Given the critical importance of human settlement in America, it makes sense to touch on this topic in somewhat more detail.

To date, there are two versions of the development of the New World:

First suggests that migratory groups got to the continent on the ice of the frozen Atlantic from Europe, bypassing the ice sheet through the territory of the current Canadian archipelago.

The second the theory assumes that a person crossed the Berengia isthmus, and already from Chukotka came to Alaska, from where he spread throughout the continent.

In view of some fantastic nature of the first version, as well as the absence of any reliable materials confirming this particular migration route, the overwhelming majority of scientists are inclined to think that primitive people came to America through the Bering Strait.

However, this more or less reliable theory has some inconsistencies.

For a long time it was believed that having overcome the Berengia, the settlers were trapped in a narrow corridor between two glaciers: the so-called Laurentian and Alaskan mountain covers. In this case, the only route of settlement was the continental territory of modern Canada with subsequent migration to the central and southern regions.

However, this version had significant drawbacks. Taking into account the nature of migration, it turned out that the first initial settlements of ancient hunters were not mobile nomadic in nature with the possibility of a quick return, but a full-fledged directed colonization of new lands, which is not quite typical for Paleolithic communities. The second stumbling block is the extremely scarce traces of the intermediate stay of man in the Arctic regions of America at that time. There are practically no sites in this region, and it seems that small mobile groups at once covered enormous distances, settling already in more favorable regions.

Moreover, closer to the period of 10 years ago, another cultural group was discovered on the territory of central Alaska, which had not been recorded earlier. A number of scientists suggest that new settlers could have come to these lands as a result of back migration from the center of America to the north.

Recently, another version of the development of the New World through Berengia has been gaining popularity. According to her, Paleolithic colonists moved to the south of the continent not through its central part, but along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, bypassing mountain glaciers along the western edge. This theory explains more than a modest number of sites in central Alaska, and also makes it possible to substantiate the fairly rapid penetration and spread of the so-called Clovis cultural group throughout the continent. The first people could well bypass the complex reliefs of the coast on boats by swimming, quickly overcoming long distances.

Nevertheless, this version is full of white spots. The fact is that today the territories of the supposed migrations of people along the Pacific coast are under water, and their study within the framework of modern climatic and technological capabilities is extremely difficult.

Reconstruction of the landscapes of the subarctic zone of North America during the period of colonization.
Legend: 1 - areas of distribution of mountain glaciers; 2 - western border of the Laurentian ice sheet; 3 - the position of the ancient coastline; 4 - zone of grassy tundra with creeping willow; 5 - herbaceous-shrub tundra; 6 - dark coniferous forests and light forests; 7 - mountain forest tundra and tundra

As can be seen from the material above, the question of the development of America by the first people carries many more questions than intelligible explanations, and the time for decoding these mysteries is still ahead.

From 10 to 000 thousand years ago. Mesolithic and Neolithic

Zones of human presence in the High Latitudes. Period 40-25 thousand years ago.
Legend: 1 - Arctic semi-deserts; 2 - herbaceous and shrub tundra; 3 - forest-tundra; 4 - coniferous forests and woodlands; 5 - coniferous forests with broad-leaved species; 6 - mountain rare forests, forest tundra and tundra; 7 - glaciers; 8 - human parking; 9 - territories developed by man.
Source: "The initial settlement of the Arctic by humans in a changing natural environment" Atlas-Monograph "

This chronological segment may well be considered the final most important stage in the settlement of people in the High Latitudes. Areas of active human settlement have expanded in almost all directions. The glaciers retreated, the climate changed and the faunal environment was transformed along with it. In order to survive, ancient people were forced to adapt to new conditions, inventing more sophisticated tools and expanding methods of survival.

Left: Mesolithic burial ground "Popovo"
1, 2 - pendants made of animal teeth; 3 - a fragment of a bone hook; 4, 5 - pendants made of moose incisors; 6, 7 - fragments of guns; 8 - dagger; 9 - harpoon blank; 10 - adze.
Right: Burial ground "Vissky 1 peat bog"
1 - a fragment of the net (made of grass); 2 - float for the net (tree bark); 3 - a fragment of a botalo (a pole with a plank, which is used to beat the water, driving the fish); 4 - box (birch bark); 5, 5a - fragments of skis; 6 - sled runner; 7 - paddle; 8, 9, 10 - bows

Against the background of the global weather and landscape transformation, the sphere of human economic activity has also changed. If for the Paleolithic communities the main source of fishing was hunting for large mammals, then the prey of the Mesolithic man, along with the inhabitants of the forests, also became birds, fish and representatives of the marine fauna. Improving fishing opportunities made it possible for settlers to penetrate far into the northern lands of the Arctic and Subarctic.

During this period, long-term year-round dwellings appeared, the arsenal of tools of labor expanded, various religious buildings and complex burial systems were recorded.

Reconstruction of the human habitat of the Mesolithic era based on materials from the Parch 1 and Parch 2 sites

People stopped settling exclusively in river valleys. Now their choice could fall both on the sea and on the lake shores, and in some cases even on the marsh lowlands.

The degree of survival and adaptability of ancient people reached such a level that about 4 years ago they managed to conquer and populate even Greenland, the living conditions in which at that time were far from simple.

Conclusion

The main ways of settlement and distribution of sites at different stages of the development of the Arctic and Subarctic in periods of time.
1-4 - main sites: 1 - Mesolithic and Neolithic (10-4 thousand years ago); 2 - Paleolithic (15-10 thousand years ago); 3 - Paleolithic (23-16 thousand years ago); 4 - Paleolithic (35 - 24 thousand years ago).
5-8 probable ways of dispersal of the earliest inhabitants of the High latitudes: 5 - Eastern Europe; 6 - Eastern Siberia; 7 - Northeast Asia - Beringia - North America; 8 - Chukotka - northern Canada - Greenland.
Source: "The initial settlement of the Arctic by humans in a changing natural environment" Atlas-Monograph "

History exploration of the Arctic and Subarctic by primitive people is full of incredible discoveries and is still fraught with many mysteries. Stretching through tens of thousands of years, it gradually reveals its secrets to researchers, telling about the incredible adaptability of ancient communities and the ability to survive in the most extreme conditions, using a relatively small arsenal of skills and tools.

The constantly changing environment, the movement of ice sheets, the disappearance and emergence of new ecosystems could not stop the human expansion of the Polar latitudes.

Sources:
1. "Paleolithic man, his material culture and natural habitat." Gerasimova M. M., Astakhov S. N., Velichko A. A. St. Petersburg. Nestor-History 2007
2. “Initial settlement of the Arctic by humans in a changing natural environment “Atlas-Monograph” Managing editors: Kotlyakov V.M., Velichko A.A., Vasiliev S.A. Moscow GEOS 2014
3. Derevianko A. P. “Three global human migrations in Eurasia”, Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2015
4. Vereshchagina I. V. Mesolithic and Neolithic of the Extreme European North-East. SPB 2010

Comments

[Ross xnumx]

In early childhood, I enthusiastically read the books of Joseph Henri Roni the Elder: "Fight for Fire", "Cave Lion", "Vamireh. Stone Age Man. " Then came the works of Henry Ryder Haggard. And today his ten-volume book is on the shelf, of course, with books by Vladimir Obruchev and others on the same topic. Today I managed to get acquainted with the theory of the development of the Arctic ...

The history of the development of the Arctic and Subarctic by primitive people is full of incredible discoveries and still conceals many mysteries. Stretching through tens of thousands of years, it gradually reveals its secrets to researchers, telling about the incredible adaptability of ancient communities and the ability to survive in the most extreme conditions, using a relatively small arsenal of skills and tools.

I have long come to the conclusion that the history of mankind after the times of the 14-15 centuries is half made up of assumptions that do not give answers to many questions. For example, questions about the origin of earthworks on the territory of Russia ... Or the history of the construction of the same Great Wall of China ... Or stone platforms found on the seabed ... Or there is such a question: “Why in ancient times people tried to master the North, having a flint and a chisel in the pocket, and today no one seeks to do this, having at hand arsenals of technology and tools (unless mercantile interests are involved here? "
I am more inclined to the version that once a developed civilization was squeezed out by the cold snap and glaciers to the south, and the remaining species were forced to adapt to changing conditions, which led to the current state of affairs.

[NDR-791]

Quote: ROSS 42

I am more inclined to the version that once a developed civilization was squeezed out by the cold snap and glaciers to the south, and the remaining species were forced to adapt to changing conditions

The same opinion. Yes, in fact, the article says the same thing, only the climatic conditions are somehow not correctly taken into account. They began to settle 40 years ago, then a glacier came and made it move to the south. Those who stayed adapted. So there was no "storming of the icy latitudes". It was warm there then

[alexey sidykin]

One inconsistency comes out, the birthplace of the Mongoloid peoples of China

[Peak]

Quote: ROSS 42

The history of the development of the Arctic and Subarctic by primitive people is full of incredible discoveries and still conceals many mysteries.

In general, is the question of whether - Man came to the Arctic, or climate change on Earth caught the indigenous population in their historical territories, forcing them to adapt to new conditions ?

[Ross xnumx]

Quote: PiK

In general, is the question of whether a man came to the Arctic is closed, or has the indigenous population caught up with climate change on Earth?

Quote: ROSS 42

I long ago came to the conclusion that the history of mankind after the times of the 14-15 centuries is half made up of assumptions

[Han Tengri]

Quote: PiK

In general, is the question of whether Man came to the Arctic is closed, or has the climate change on Earth caught the indigenous population in their historical territories, forcing them to adapt to new conditions?

Taking into account the fact that all traces of primitive people in the Arctic belong to sapiens, and the first traces of sapiens in Eurasia date back to no earlier than 50-45 thousand years ago (before that, in the period from 150 to 45 thousand years ago, open spaces our continent, judging by the finds, was enriched with the products of their vital activity, mainly Neanderthals), it would be most logical to assume that our ancestors inhabited these territories, gradually spreading from south to north.

[paul3390]

forcing to adapt to new conditions

Have you adapted or adopted? For the first reasonable in the North were still Neanderthals .. Which for some reason are painted as stupid savages in loincloths made of scraps of skins .. Interestingly - the authors of such drawings themselves tried to survive, say -30 without warm high-quality clothes and the plague? Caves are not an option, it is just as cold there, except if there is no wind. Besides, you’ll heat her horseradish. Whatever one may say - but some kind of wigwam is needed in the cave too .. Otherwise, you will freeze stupidly on the very first night.

[PhilipKDick]

Sorry, but I have to disagree with the fact that the first to come to the north were the Neanderthals.

The cultural layers "Moustier" (very late Neanderthals, when they already met sapiens), although they are close to the subarctic, but no further.

It was to the north that they did not go much (or they had not yet found suitable sites).

During the Neanderthal domination of Europe, the path north to Fenoscandia was blocked by a glacier. And in the direction of the Urals, their sites in the north were not found.

[paul3390]

It's just that the North in those days was much farther south .. But the very skills of survival in such conditions - the African Sapiens most likely took it from the aborigines.

[3x3zsave]

Neanderthals are not stupid, just their adaptive apparatus was more focused on the animal world, Cro-Magnons are mechanists.

[alimov76]

What is it? Are you a psychic at the depth of millennia?

[smaug78]

having at hand arsenals of technology and tools (unless mercantile interests are involved? "

Why don't you strive to develop the Far Eastern hectare?

[Ross xnumx]

Quote: smaug78

Why don't you strive to develop the Far Eastern hectare?

I am afraid that when mastering it, 2 m² will master me faster ...

[smaug78]

Understood, a couch critic and, as usual, a coward

[Flooding]

Quote: smaug78

Understood, a couch critic and, as usual, a coward

Aren't you bored with the monotony of your comments?
For the sake of interest, I read the last eight or ten and gaped.

[smaug78]

Another sofa explorer

[Flooding]

Quote: smaug78

Another sofa explorer

I love to chat with a smart interlocutor.
Or have you already finished your thought?

[smaug78]

Are you writing from a Far Eastern hectare?

[Flooding]

Quote: smaug78

Are you writing from a Far Eastern hectare?

no no luck
I have a desire, but I do not have the opportunity (s)

[smaug78]

So the state provides an opportunity for everyone. What's stopping you, at the same time shaming me?

[Flooding]

Quote: smaug78

So the state provides an opportunity for everyone. What is stopping you

family circumstances

Quote: smaug78

at the same time shame me too?

you yourself have succeeded
I will not take away the palm from you

[smaug78]

[quote] family circumstances [/ quote]
[quote] you yourself have succeeded
I will not take away the palm from you [quote] Where do I want you, sofa lifter from my knees: laughing

[Flooding]

Quote: smaug78

Where do I want you, a sofa lifter from your knees

if you decide - contact
I will help to rise above myself
all the best to you

[ycuce234-san]

I am afraid that after mastering it, 2 m² will master me faster ... crying

By the way, in classical fiction there is described a way of developing such cruel lands - I mean "Keys of December" by Sheckley. Even two whole ways ...

[alexey sidykin]

And that the shafts are enough to find out the time when the first ones were floated, and this is the time of the capture of the near-Sea steppes by the Sarmatian tribes and the destruction of the Scythians by them.

[napalm]

And Jack London was also not bad.

[zenion]

The fewer people - the more food. In addition, the cold and hunger made me think.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Thank you so much, Egor! Maybe a little dry, but not critical.
Regards, Vlad!

[3x3zsave]

Maybe a little dry
If you "thin" a little, you get Roni Sr. As for me, the author has developed his own well-recognizable style.
Hello, Vlad!

[Crowe]

your own well-recognizable style.

I immediately recognized the cycle about the Bosporan Kingdom.

Maybe a little dry

The first article was like this, many (myself included) grumbled about the lack of illustrations, but now this is not the case - plus the author and thanks for the work in writing articles for "VO"!

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Moving along the East European Plain along the western slope of the Ural ridge, as well as in the lower reaches of the Yana River in Northeast Asia, the nomads left behind mostly extensive camps, without clearly defined boundaries and locations for residential zones.

The Neolithic era on the slopes of the Ural Mountains was reflected in the rock carvings of an ancient man - "Scribble"!

If you look closely, you can see the ocher pattern of the "hunter" and "deer".
Olenyi Ruchyi Natural Park Nizhneserginsky District, Sverdlovsk Region.

[3x3zsave]

The Kola Peninsula is also so robustly marked by the Neolithic era. Two kilometers from my hometown, a Neolithic site, marked on the last map given by the author. Back in the mid 80s. while walking along the banks of the Pinozero one could easily find flint chips and cores.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote: 3x3zsave

The Kola Peninsula is also so robustly marked by the Neolithic era. Two kilometers from my hometown, a Neolithic site, marked on the last map given by the author. Back in the mid 80s. while walking along the banks of the Pinozero one could easily find flint chips and cores.

Good afternoon Anton. Perhaps there is a connection in this. So the linguistic connection can be traced from the Bardymsky ridge to the Kola Peninsula. At one time, I counted more than ten rivers with the name "Serga". One each in the Sverdlovsk Region, Perm Territory and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, more further to the north-west. An analogous situation with the river - Revda. The rest of the Ural rivers have more Finno-Ugric "va" - Sylva, Kosva, Chusovaya, Sosva, Ufa.

[3x3zsave]

You see, Vlad, if you delve into toponomics, the Kola Peninsula is a treasure trove for folk historians!

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote: 3x3zsave

You see, Vlad, if you delve into toponomics, the Kola Peninsula is a treasure trove for folk historians!

Uh-huh, I can say the same about many other places. At one time, my father bought antennas for a TV set of Georgian production "Atig" (the name of a mining village where we are from). Maybe someone came from us, went to Georgia, came up with an antenna. It wasn't like that on the internet

versions - the name of the river has very deep roots, and was obtained from the Iranian-speaking Aryan tribes who inhabited the Southern Urals in the distant past. It is assumed that "Atig" is a slightly modified word "adag", which means "ravine" in Iranian. Another version points to a Turkic origin, from the word "tik" - "straight, steep".

So there is where to break your head !!!

[Ross xnumx]

Quote: 3x3zsave

You see, Vlad, if you delve into toponomics,

I would say - to delve into toponymy (toponymy is the science that studies place names, their origin, semantic meaning, development, current state, spelling and pronunciation.)

[Ross xnumx]

Quote: 3x3zsave

while walking along the banks of the Pinozero one could easily find flint chips and cores.

Walking along the shores of Lake Päiva (Päivajärvi), which is on Rybachye, you can find interesting traces of bare feet in the stone. It seems that someone was running on the clay, and then it turned to stone. I talked to the special officer, so he said that there is no way to some areas of the Kola Peninsula. And the Nazis were looking for something there ...

[PhilipKDick]

I have been doing this tiny material for a month.
There are 9 different drafts on the computer. As for me, the topic is very difficult to study and write.

A bit dry in the text and lumpy. I agree, but it didn't work out otherwise.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Egor, you have raised a complex and interesting topic. At the same time, they did not slide down to the commonplace, who ate mammoths. Society of the "Neolithic" is little studied, which in turn gives rise to a sea of ​​fantasies and guesses. In fact, scientists are unanimously (and then relatively) sure of only one thing in primitive society, matriarchy prevailed. The rest is guesswork.
I, in turn, can only say one thing, we (humanity) have lost the basic skills of survival in nature. Without a knife, an ax and a gun, even the hardened of us will not last a week in the winter forest. He personally had the experience of trying to light a fire in the forest without matches. Alas, it was a fiasco, I had to take out a magnifying glass.
With all due respect, Vlad!

[tlauicol]

Quote: Kote Pan Kokhanka

I, in turn, can only say one thing, we (humanity) have lost the basic skills of survival in nature. Without a knife, an ax and a gun, even the hardened of us will not last a week in the winter forest. He personally had the experience of trying to light a fire in the forest without matches. Alas, it was a fiasco, I had to take out a magnifying glass.
With all due respect, Vlad!

well, another person did not suddenly find himself in the winter taiga or tundra. he had everything for comfortable survival

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote: Tlauicol

well, another person did not suddenly find himself in the winter taiga or tundra. he had everything for comfortable survival

In most cases, migration to the north is not from a good life - remember the jackal Sher Khan "and we are going north"!

[Ross xnumx]

Quote: PhilipKDick

I have been doing this tiny material for a month.

Don't worry. Some people manage to write only a few dozen vacation applications and financial assistance in their entire lives. I remember meeting with geologists from Leningrad. came to explore the Pechenga - Zapolyarny - Nickel region. Interesting stories were told and different pebbles (samples) were shown. One of them suggested to me that in matters of coverage of history (even if you have extracts from archives or birch bark letters in your hands) you always need to make an assumption. Agree, there are no eyewitnesses from that time, and the stones speak their own incomprehensible language.
I wish you success! Train your hand and sharpen your pen.

[PhilipKDick]

Thank you for your feedback. Trying

[alexey sidykin]

It's great anyway.

[bar]

the surrounding area consisted of herbaceous and shrub tundra, practically devoid of woody vegetation. Considering that animal bones can be a good fuel for a fire

However ... It would be interesting to know how in the "treeless" tundra the ancients managed to ignite the bones of animals, which, if they burn, then only at very high temperatures? Apparently not without extraterrestrial technology.
Actually, after such a pearl, I did not want to read further.
Oh, these anthropologists, they are such dreamers ...

[tlauicol]

bonfire of bones
“Since there is very little forest in Scythia, the Scythians invented the following for cooking meat. After peeling the skin of the sacrificial animal, they clean the bones of meat and then throw them into the cauldrons of the local product (if they are at hand). These cauldrons are very similar to Lesbian wine mixing vessels, but much more. Having put the meat in the cauldrons, the bones of the victims are set on fire and cooked on them. If they do not have such a cauldron, then all the meat is put into the stomachs of animals, water is added and the bones are set on fire from below. The bones burn perfectly, and the meat free from bones fits freely in the stomachs. Thus, the bull cooks itself ... "

Herodotus

[bar]

Herodotus was also a great lover of myths, for which I do not blame him at all. The times were like that, there were problems with information, I had to speculate a lot.
As for the above video, it is perfectly visible that the bones allegedly "burn" (rather simply smoke) surrounded by a large amount of burning charcoal, with which there were clearly problems in the "treeless" tundra.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

There is an easier way. The hot stones were dipped into a wooden vessel. This way you can even boil water in a paper bucket.
About fuel in the tundra. First of all, it is a shrub, which is enough even in the modern tundra. Then animal waste. Bones must be dried for use. There were no problems with this either. In the forest-tundra, archaeologists often found woodpiles of animal bones.

[Konnick]

... In the forest-tundra, archaeologists often found woodpiles of animal bones.

There are quite scientific studies

In the Voronezh region there is a museum-reserve Kostenki, there is even a reconstruction of the dwelling of mammoth hunters and their bonfire from bones based on the results of excavations.

[Lynx2000]

Quote: bar

However ... It would be interesting to know how in the "treeless" tundra the ancients managed to ignite the bones of animals, which, if they burn, then only at very high temperatures? Apparently not without extraterrestrial technology.
Actually, after such a pearl, I did not want to read further.
Oh, these anthropologists, they are such dreamers ...

The ancient Homo Sapiens were no different from the modern inhabitants of the northern latitudes, they also migrated south for herds with the onset of winter, into the forest-tundra.
Grease - will illuminate, heat and help cook food.

[bar]

Quote: Lynx2000

Grease - will illuminate, heat and help cook food.

But the conversation was not about fat, the combustible properties of which have long been known, but about bones, which supposedly "burn beautifully." But they only do it at temperatures above 1000 C.
https://necrodesign.livejournal.com/103843.html
It is very unlikely to reach such a temperature in an ordinary fire, even if it is watered with fat, otherwise the Bronze Age would have come much earlier.

[Lynx2000]

Quote: bar

But the conversation was not about fat, the combustible properties of which have long been known, but about bones, which supposedly "burn beautifully." But they only do it at temperatures above 1000 C.
https://necrodesign.livejournal.com/103843.html
It is very unlikely to reach such a temperature in an ordinary fire, even if it is watered with fat, otherwise the Bronze Age would have come much earlier.

Did you mean this quote from the article?

According to the studied layers, during the first penetration of people into this territory, the surrounding area consisted of herbaceous and shrub tundra, practically devoid of woody vegetation. Given that animal bones can be a good fuel for a fire, it is very likely that ancient hunters deliberately returned to the same place to access a relatively simple source of heat.

This is an assumption, not a reliable fact. The shrub will already be enough. In my opinion, a person chose places for summer and winter stops, as well as intermediate stops during seasonal migrations, based on the experience of previous generations. I do not think that a grove of trees is the main factor for parking, taking into account the availability of a source of water, food, shelter from bad weather (wind, blizzard). I hardly believe in heating "on the bones" ...

[bar]

Quote: Lynx2000

This is an assumption, not a reliable fact.

I also meant it. And everything would be fine if further theory was not built on this unreliable fact.
Paleontologists and anthropologists have an extremely developed imagination that allows them to reproduce a whole dinosaur from a piece of bone found or fossilized feces and describe its entire life and habits. There were also many incidents with anthropologists when they passed off wishful thinking, sometimes not disdaining falsifications.

[Lynx2000]

Quote: bar

I also meant it. And everything would be fine if further theory was not built on this unreliable fact.
Paleontologists and anthropologists have an extremely developed imagination that allows them to reproduce a whole dinosaur from a piece of bone found or fossilized feces and describe its entire life and habits. There were also many incidents with anthropologists when they passed off wishful thinking, sometimes not disdaining falsifications.

In order not to fantasize, there is such a direction - practical archeology, associated with reconstruction, determination of the method of making an object, its purpose, recreation of everyday life.

[tlauicol]

It is fatty bones that burn (below NDR-791 gives an interesting link) and fish. And no coal is required for ignition.

[PhilipKDick]

Hello.
But I didn’t write that they burn “perfectly”. Please don't be cunning

I wrote about "good fuel".
There are works from experimental archeology that, in principle, admit that with the help of bones with bone marrow it is possible to warm up using proportionally less wood.

[bar]

I apologize, I went overboard in the heat of the discussion about the "burn beautifully".
But "good fuel for a fire" is also a clear inflection.

There are works from experimental archeology that, in principle, admit that with the help of bones with bone marrow it is possible to warm up using proportionally less wood.

The terminology "in principle admit" seems to hint at some doubtfulness of this hypothesis. As for "proportionally less wood", this also raises a lot of questions. Namely, what is the magnitude of this proportion for the possibility of heating? Doesn't this proportion resemble a fairy tale about porridge from an ax? Where to get the required amount of wood for this proportion in the "virtually treeless" tundra? And the most important thing is how to create a temperature of 1000+ degrees in a fire with a limited amount of wood, at which bones can burn? As the latest practice shows, problems arise with this even in India, which is warmer and more secure with firewood.

[Lynx2000]

Quote: PhilipKDick

There are works from experimental archeology that, in principle, admit that with the help of bones with bone marrow you can also warm up using proportionally less wood.

You will forgive me generously, but altering the phrase from the movie "Operation Y":
- bones with bone marrow, into the fire?
- Yes
- yes I will ...
For such blasphemy that reindeer herders and nomads would burn such an "innovator" themselves at the stake.
Bone marrow is valuable in calories, fatty acids and amino acids, carbohydrates and protein. A full belly warms better.
Small children are fed, helps in the development and strengthening of the body.

[paul3390]

with the help of bones with bone marrow you can warm up

Easier to collect dung .. As all steppe inhabitants do .. And the bone marrow - to knock out and still gobble up.

[Han Tengri]

Quote: bar

But the conversation was not about fat, the combustible properties of which have long been known, but about bones, which supposedly "burn beautifully." But they only do it at temperatures above 1000 C.

If you had watched the video you posted to the end, "suddenly" you would have discovered that, during the experiment, it was found that only dry bones burn badly, and fresh ones burn well enough, or rather the bone marrow burns, seeping through the micro-debris in the bones ... Its (bone marrow) combustion temperature is quite enough to rekindle fresh bones and tendons.

[alexey sidykin]

Did you know that metals began to be smelted long before the onset of the Bronze Age?

[NDR-791]

This is really nonsense about a treeless vegetation. Even serious work confirms that wood was used to ignite the bones (remains of charcoal were found). It's just that its remains are not found everywhere - such time is not preserved under normal conditions.
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-ispolzovaniya-kosti-kak-topliva-dlya-kostrov-v-verhnem-paleolite-russkoy-ravniny/viewer

[bar]

Quite possible. Why not throw the gnawed bone into the burning fire. Perhaps it will even burn in some places. It's just that in the article I was conquered by the words about bones that "perfectly are burning. "In my opinion, this is overkill. But after all, far-reaching theories are built on it ...

[NDR-791]

Well, I threw the link above, quite serious work. There is about it. Although as for me ... if I had a choice to drown my bones or go south, I would leave

[3x3zsave]

Recently, another version of the development of the New World through Berengia has been gaining popularity. According to her, Paleolithic colonists moved to the south of the continent not through its central part, but along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, bypassing mountain glaciers along the western edge.
How does this version differ from the "Solutrean hypothesis"?
Thank you, Egor!

[PhilipKDick]

Hello.
In my subjective opinion, they are no different. And there and there there is not much evidence + the age and belonging of the cultural remains are constantly revised.
However, to be honest, it is not clear why, for what purpose, ancient people could go from Europe to America along the edge of the glacier.
Thank you.

[3x3zsave]

Well, there could be only one goal "at that heroic time" - I really want to eat, that is, "where the meat goes, we go there."
Would you like to inquire about your creative plans?

[PhilipKDick]

For 4 months, with varying degrees of success, I have been trying to delve into the actual development of northern latitudes by people. Although there is literature, it is very specialized.
Brains are not enough however

I would also like to write a small group of articles about the Scythians (2, maybe 3). However, given how many people sing along here, when this topic is touched upon, even the desire disappears.

[3x3zsave]

I would also like to write a small group of articles about the Scythians (2, maybe 3). However, given how many people sing along here, when this topic is touched upon, even the desire disappears.
Ay, stop it!
Whichever topic you take, there will always be characters who "burn out". As well as those who will support. For example, I have illustrative material. On the Scythians, however, not very much, but there is something. Within the framework of this exhibition:

[3x3zsave]

For 4 months, with varying degrees of success, I have been trying to delve into the actual development of northern latitudes by people. Although there is literature, it is very specialized.
Brains are not enough however
Eh, you should talk to Anatoly "Al Bee Bek" (not sure if he wrote his nickname correctly). He is a professional archaeologist and specializes in primitive cultures. Unfortunately, I haven't appeared on the forum for a long time.

[PhilipKDick]

I would love to be honest. Thanks for the advice.

If I suddenly manage to snatch on vacation, I will go to the Crimea and Taman to the archaeological sites.

Fortunately, I myself am not far away, I live in Krasnodar.

[3x3zsave]

If you happen to visit Feodosia, please take a picture of the remains of the Kaffa fortress. I would be grateful for the photos!

[PhilipKDick]

The order was accepted.

[3x3zsave]

Thank you!

[Andobor]

Quote: PhilipKDick

months, with varying success, I have been trying to delve into the actual development of the northern latitudes by people

In the ice age, the world was like a mirror, if it is warm in Europe now
even in Scandinavia, and the zoning is meridional, then during the ice age in Scandinavia the glacier lay, but it was comfortable in the east at the same latitudes,
maybe not much warmer, although at times it was definitely warmer, bushes and even small trees grew along the river valleys, but it was drier, it was moisture, snow, swamping that killed the megafauna.
There was a savanna, and if the savanna freezes due to lack of moisture, then there it freezes for 9 months because of the cold, and the grass and even bushes were a rampart, for the fat herds, after which people reached out, people quickly learned to fight with the cold, I am alone the Mongol said - the Mongol in the steppe will never freeze, under any circumstances.

[nikon7717]

Do not be afraid. Write. I read it with pleasure. A plus

[kalibr]

Quote: PhilipKDick

I would also like to write a small group of articles about the Scythians (2, maybe 3). However, given how many people sing along here, when this topic is touched upon, even the desire disappears.

Egor! The dogs are barking the caravan is coming! Really the opinion of anonymous, which is nothing and call you in any way affects. Yes, spit on them and write what you want!

[Cartalon]

So they conducted any sea trade, and so they advanced, there is a free territory that would not go there.

[PhilipKDick]

There is this question (in the development of America).
Fishing dates back to the Mesolithic level excavations (from 10 years ago).

And people came to America early, back in the Paleolithic.

[Konnick]

And people came to America early, back in the Paleolithic.

The greatest need for humans, like animals, is food. People were going to get food, look at the pictures, "coincidence? I don't think so.

[Andobor]

Quote: PhilipKDick

Fishing dates back to the Mesolithic level excavations (from 10 years ago).

Fishing in the Paleolithic was, but it was secondary, as a summer version of life, there is archaeological evidence, mainly on fish and, most importantly, fishing skills, people in the Mesolithic and moved when the megafauna disappeared.
But most of the traces of Upper Paleolithic fishing were inevitably destroyed by the "great flood" - the end of the Ice Age, then there were powerful floods and the restructuring of all coastal river territories, and sea areas in general at the bottom of the sea up to 100 m.

[PhilipKDick]

Thank you for the clarification. You're right. Fishing is rare in the north. More often on the southern borders.

[alexey sidykin]

Most likely there were several paths during the groove times.

[Olgovich]

The degree of survival and adaptability of ancient people reached such a level that about 4 years ago they managed to conquer and populate even Greenland, the living conditions in which at that time were far from simple.

It was not called the green land in vain - abundant meadows covered it at that time, and not ice, how can one not live today?

And so throughout the Arctic, basically, when the ice receded, people came and vice versa ...

[PhilipKDick]

Hello.
In Greenland, it has never been particularly warm, although yes, people lived on the western edge of the coast, and on the ground

Although there was a glacier in the central part.

[Konnick]

Permafrost and arctic deserts retreated to the north, their place was taken by tundra and forest-tundra, on the new pastures of which herds of animals gradually penetrated.

After all, probably the tundra steppe, and not just the tundra, the climate was dry, and herds of animals, such as herds of mammoths, followed by a man needed hay on the vine or under the snow. And in the conditions of the tundra and forest-tundra, there is no such abundance of grass.

[PhilipKDick]

There was also a tundra steppe. It has not survived to this day. It is believed to be quite good for mammoths: dry albeit cold climate, a little snow, a lot of sun.

[Andobor]

Quote: Konnick

required hay on the vine or under the snow.

There was practically no snow during the ice age, there were no swamps, it was drier,
but there was enough moisture for the grass in the summer, there were thickets of bushes and trees along the banks of the rivers - the grass and bushes were a rampart, the snow and swamping of the megafauna were killed, and the cold did not bother either animals or people, there was a kind of arctic savanna, as it is now in Africa, only in Africa does it periodically dry up, and there it froze.

[Konnick]

There was practically no snow during the ice age, there were no swamps, it was drier,
but there was enough moisture for the grass in the summer, there were thickets of bushes and trees along the banks of the rivers - the grass and bushes were a rampart, the snow and swamping of the megafauna were killed, and the cold did not bother either animals or people, there was a kind of arctic savanna, as it is now in Africa, only in Africa does it periodically dry up, and there it froze.

The climate was dry, the tall grass that grew during the summer had time to grow, dry up in the autumn and go under the snow, turning into natural hay, which the mammoths ate in the winter, raking the snow with their tusks. This is the definition of tundra steppe.

[Andobor]

Quote: Konnick

which mammoths ate in winter, shoveling snow with their tusks. This is the definition of tundra steppe.

The fact of the matter is that there was really no snow, otherwise there was not a tundra steppe, but a modern tundra, a tundra steppe - it is rather a savanna with a set of northern grass and shrubs.

[Konnick]

The fact of the matter is that there was really no snow

There was snow, as if without snow, precipitation fell in winter, not in such an amount as now, the climate was drier.
Definition of tundra steppe from wikipedia

The tundra steppe (also in the English-speaking scientific community - mammoth prairies or mammoth steppe) is a once vast ecosystem (biotope) of the polar and subpolar regions of Eurasia and North America of the Pleistocene epoch. Areas of relict tundra-steppe landscapes - dryad tundra-steppe - have survived to this day in Khakassia, in Altai; some areas of these plant communities have survived in Transbaikalia and the Baikal region.

During the Last Glacial Maximum, the tundra steppe, the mammoth steppe, was the largest biome of the Earth in terms of area. In the longitudinal direction, it stretched from modern Spain to the east across Eurasia to Canada (at that time Eurasia and North America were connected by means of Beringia - the land route on the site of the present Bering Strait), in the latitudinal direction - from the modern Arctic islands to China. The biome's climate was cold and dry. The vegetation cover was dominated by high-calorie, forage grasses and willow bushes. They provided a reliable food base for a large number of megafauna animals all year round. The main herbivores of that period were steppe bison, horses, woolly mammoths

.

[Andobor]

Quote: Konnick

The snow was like no snow, precipitation fell in winter too

There was no snow, modern Mongolia is just that relic that I saw,
snow yes - it falls, not a lot, it doesn’t exist before lunchtime, - it evaporates without melting, - it sublimates, occasionally a lot of snow falls out, - this is all - white death, cattle die en masse, something similar happened with the end of the ice age - it snowed regularly fall out - the megafauna is over.

[Trilobite Master]

Something the author is not at all. Russophobe, apparently. Not otherwise, he writes from Ukraine.
Archaeologists hide the remains of ancient Slavic Arctic cities with metro and airports, built by Russians (no, Russians!) Hundreds of thousands of years ago, and the author is a nigugu!
How long will we endure?
Tell me, the author, why didn't you write that all these people were Russian?
And in general, I was thinking here. So that's it. The last glacier is actually due to a nuclear war between our Hyperboreans-Slavic-Scythian-Ruso-Aryans and pro-Western Atlanteans. We defeated them and sent Atlantis to the bottom, while we ourselves settled in America, and the author does not write anything about it. The whole story is a lie, our ancestors did not burn any bones, but warmed themselves with a laser, otherwise where did they take heat from?

But seriously, Yegor, thanks for the material.
If you will allow me, I would recommend that when choosing topics and preparing material, think less about what aggressive ignoramuses will say, counting on a more or less adequate audience. Srach can even be created from a theme like this.
And you get interesting articles and would like to see them here more often. It will be a shame if, because of your unwillingness to read nonsense in the comments, you deprive us of the opportunity to read your articles in principle.

[3x3zsave]

"Venya" came to mind ...

Michael!

[3x3zsave]

warmed up with a laser
Vraki! They warmed themselves by means of thermonuclear fusion, and only cut off the suckers with a laser!

[Trilobite Master]

You know the story poorly, Mr. Russophobe. Shit nuclear fusion is the prerogative of the Masters of the West. Ours used only environmentally friendly laser!

[3x3zsave]

This is how the enemies of the Normanists, hiding behind a false concern for the ecology and preservation of the planet's biosphere, continue to deny the existence of Vimans and the exploration of near space by our Ruso Aryan ancestors!

[Trilobite Master]

Quote: 3x3zsave

enemies of the Normanists ... continue to deny the existence of the Vimans

Are the Normanists arguing with him or what?
Type:

We Normans are brawny people
Soar on a vimana under the radiant sun

[3x3zsave]

Soar on a vimana under the radiant sun
That Icarus was also a Norman?

[Trilobite Master]

Icarus, Ryghar and Pukar, or, in other words, IkAriy, RygAriy and PukAriy - three brothers-ancestors of the Aryan people, this is all known. Whether they practiced Normanism in the quiet of their offices and how often we do not know. The Slavic Vedas do not say anything about this.

[3x3zsave]

IkArius, RygArius and PukArius - three brothers-ancestors of the Aryan people
"... And their father is Raj Kapuriy."

[Trilobite Master]

Where does this ignorance come from? Their father is Pisuarius, Pizuarro, or simply Pizarro, nicknamed Took the Boob, the Europeans altered it in their own way, of course ...
Don't you know anything about it? It's a shame, my friend.
Bralsiska Pizarro - read, Anton, read ...

[3x3zsave]

I'm sorry, I don't follow the latest research ... The fact that Pisaro (a double consonant in Russian is not acceptable!), Who based his fleet on Easter Island and defeated the last stronghold of the Atlanteans, is definitely Rusoary! But what about the renegade Cortez?

[Trilobite Master]

Quote: 3x3zsave

double consonant in Russian

Damn, when will my Tatar habits stop letting me down! ...
With Cortez? It couldn't be easier.
If we apply Fomenkov's method of reverse reading, without changing the syllables in places, we get Roxette. Roxette who? Swedes. We return to the Norman theory, so to speak, to the original beginning. That's it, "Crash! Boom! Bang!", Checkmate, anti-Normanists!

[3x3zsave]

Damn, when will my Tatar habits stop letting me down! ...
Never! So are my Jewish ones.

[3x3zsave]

Well, it's good that not "Abba".

[Trilobite Master]

Good thing not Sir Elton John. In Fomenkov's way, this can happen, there would be a desire.

[PhilipKDick]

I fully agree with the first paragraphs in the comment. I confess. Tried to hide the great truth. I sit abroad, work for the Tartarians and the hydra of the Western Masonic lodges. It is obvious that the first people, through the reactor and such and such a mother from the northern borders, went to the south on vacation.

[Trilobite Master]

That's it. Repent now. Hopefully the next article will be more truthful. Read Chudinov - here is a storehouse of scientific knowledge about the past. And we, true patriots, will guide and instruct you.

[Konnick]

And in general, I was thinking here. So that's it. The last glacier is actually due to a nuclear war between our Hyperboreans-Slavic-Scythian-Ruso-Aryans and pro-Western Atlanteans. We defeated them and sent Atlantis to the bottom, while we ourselves settled in America, and the author does not write anything about it. The whole story is a lie

Put some oil on the laser fire

The first picture is a map of migrations of Indo-Europeans from about 4000 to 1000 BC. NS. in accordance with the barrow hypothesis, the second map of the distribution of chariots in time. I did not find the third card of good quality. I wanted to find a map with the highest density of mammoths before their disappearance, except of course the islands of the polar seas. The third map would show the same locations. The presence of rich protein foods contributed to human development.

[Trilobite Master]

Thank you for not bringing up the Arctic hypothesis.
The Kurgan hypothesis is one of several scientifically recognized hypotheses of the location of the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans.
There are also Middle Eastern hypotheses - Turkish, Armenian, also with their own evidence and are also criticized.
The topic is interesting, but personally I don't know much about it, so I haven't formed my own opinion yet.

[nikon7717]

The vimanas and the war of the brahmanas are described. The document is from the Indians.
By origin, of course, it is interesting to take into account the climatic analysis. Before the cold snap. Since the mammoths froze so sharply, so that then their dog meat in the 19th and 20th centuries ate when they were found, then the climate was clearly warmer in the Arctic.

[Konnick]

The topic is interesting, but personally I don't know much about it, so I haven't formed my own opinion yet.

The topic is actually interesting, especially since this hypothesis of 1956 by the American Maria Gimbutas has more and more confirmation, both artifacts and DNA of geneology.

[Trilobite Master]

I do not know what you mean by "DNA genealogy", if Klyosova, then this is not for me. If we mean population genetics, then, as far as I know, it has not yet brought about this issue with significant clarity. It is quite possible that the barrow hypothesis is indeed the closest to the truth, but to be honest, this makes me neither cold nor hot.
Of course, Indo-Europeans are our direct ancestors, but they are also the ancestors of almost all of modern Europe, half of Central Asia and even a few Indians. Dividing their inheritance between such a numerous and, most importantly, diverse offspring is, in my opinion, completely uninteresting.

[alexey sidykin]

Firstly, genetics would never say to what culture and in what language the subject spoke, and secondly, were the Indo-Europeans long before the builders of the mounds, or did they fall from the sky?

[alexey sidykin]

With these Indo-Europeans in general, the matter is dark ...

[alexey sidykin]

Dear people, and you know that the mammoths were the last to become extinct on the islands in 9 thousand BC. and you represent to us 4e here ...

[Konnick]

Nice man and you know

I know. It's just that a large amount of protein food is needed for the evolution of the brain and brain activity. Thus, the excess of large animals in these places contributed to the advanced development of speech and social society for many millennia, and not just 4 thousand years BC. Moreover, climate change and the disappearance of large animals such as mammoths, bison forced the most developed tribes to look for other places of residence and 5-4 thousand years BC. they moved west, southwest, and south on domesticated horses, promoting the Proto-Indo-Aropean language created by that time and giving names, for example, to rivers that have survived to our time. Moreover, the movement was not non-stop, the expansion continued for a long period. And in these places on the shown maps 10 thousand years ago there were simply the largest concentrations of large animals and ... horses. Such a coincidence. Why do you think there is such a difference between the Indo-European languages ​​and why there is such a similarity between the hydronyms of Russia and India. The Iranian word biruder, the Italian bratello and the Russian brother have strong differences due to the constant updating of languages, and the names of rivers and lakes have remained ancient. Well, the names of the rivers Moksha, Sura, Alatyr, Insar and even Saranka are easily translated from Sankrit, but not from Mordovian. These are all traces of those Proto-Indo-Europeans, not the later Finno-Ugric.

[Liam]

Quote: Konnick

Iranian word biruder, Italian bratello and Russian brother

)))

A person writes, writes polysyllabic theories ... and pours into ignorance of banal elementary things that collapse the whole building with a crash.
There is no such word in Italian - bratello ... This is from the same opera and the same level of ranting about Etruscans-Russians

[Konnick]

There is no such word in Italian - bratello

There is a word FRATELLO which sounds like bratello.

[tralflot1832]

An article came across. On a polar fox on Svalbard they put on a collar with a satellite answering machine. So this four-legged rascal from the North of Svalbard rushed over the drifting ice to Greenland, and then to the North of Canada. How did he know that there was land ???

[Alexey Nikuli]

Interesting article, it is absolutely precisely noted that human migrations have often been caused by climate change. According to new data alone, people in the region of the Gulf of Ob appeared about 60 thousand years ago. This has an explanation, 70 t was the peak of the first Wurm cold snap, and about 60 t the climate warmed. During the period of glaciation 126 - 13 tons, there was such an ecological zone - the tundra steppe, it is also the mammoth steppe. It was a huge strip in the Northern Hemisphere of the earth, but during warming and cold snaps, it shifted, expanded and contracted. In its northern part, reindeer lived, most likely people followed them and moved north. For more details, see my book https://ridero.ru/books/pervonachalnoe_rasselenie_lyudei_sovremennogo_anatomicheskogo_tipa_v_evrazii/ and articles https://proza.ru/avtor/agnikulin51.
Not knowing how the ancient people kindled a bonfire from bones, but what they did is a fact proven at many ancient sites.

[zenion]

We are not afraid of the Arctic and Antarctica. Chief Academician Yoffe says cognac and coffee will be replaced by sports prophylaxis.

[Ulrich]

Interesting article, thanks. Only Berengia cuts an eye all the time