The birth of the Soviet missile defense system. The end of Yuditsky
From the point of view of an outside observer, the work in the SVC proceeds in a regular socialist way - the research institute receives an order from one department or another for the development of a computer and executes it. At the beginning of 1972, there were three such orders at once. In 1971, the Sukhoi Design Bureau ordered a CAD supercomputer. In 1972, the GRU MO orders a supercomputer for (possibly) breaking ciphers. And finally, in the same 1972, an order is received from the Ministry of Civil aviation for the development of a message switching center (Yuryuzan project) with the installation of a sample at Pulkovo airport and subsequent serial production. The MGA was in the process of re-equipping the airports; in 1971, four French DS-4 message switching centers were purchased for their telegraph network at a cost of one million dollars. Similar CFBs were needed at every hub airport, as a result, the currency ran out, and it was decided to develop a domestic solution.
Yuditskiy deals with the first two problems himself (as an expert in modular arithmetic and supercomputers), the third partly delegates to the team of V.L.Dshkhunyan (more on this below). The result of work for Sukhoi is System IV (accepted by the customer, but the MCI was hacked to death), the result of the work for the GRU was the supercomputer 41-50 (accepted by the customer, but the MCI was hacked to death), but the work on the Yuryuzan project proceeded even more interesting.
First, here a fundamentally new class of devices was required for the SVC - not a supercomputer, but a mini-computer and not a number crusher, but a control system. Yuditsky, as we have already said, was not a fanatic, but a man of tremendous intellectual flexibility, and he simply could not fail to make a breakthrough in such a seemingly distant field from his interests. Everywhere that he touched, some new and progressive circuitry and architectural ideas flourished, and he did not disappoint in the field of mini-computers.
While the main team of the SVC was in sadness and depression due to the closure of all supercomputer developments, Yuditsky suggested starting from the opposite end - to build not the largest, but the smallest computer, and for this to do something that no one else in the USSR had ever done. Design a microprocessor!
The first in the USSR started the creation of domestic microprocessors SVC, for this purpose Yuditsky in 1973 allocated a special laboratory headed by the already mentioned Dshhunyan. The employees of the microprocessor laboratory were young even by the standards of the "youth" SVC and had a huge advantage in their audacious thinking over the dinosaurs who were engaged in cloning Western technologies. Recall that American microprocessor technologies began to actively develop just a couple of years earlier, and no one then knew where the idea of single-chip integration would lead us, so Yuditsky and his employees were literally at the forefront of global technological progress at that moment.
Dshhunyan was appointed the chief designer of the Yuz-1 research and development project (microprocessor), about 15 people worked with him. After analyzing the main architectural solutions of the LSI (multiplied by the analysis of Soviet production capabilities), the then classic bit slice scheme was chosen, which we have already written about in detail. Yuditsky was a principled opponent of the naked copying of foreign samples, but naturally he could not help but investigate how the competitors were doing.
Dshhunyan recalls:
Dshhunyan's team had competitors, for example, a group of on-board computer developers under the leadership of OP Gorokhov from the Leningrad Production Association "Elektroavtomatika". Their approach was, let's say, not very sound - Gorokhov did not want to develop a universal microprocessor, but simply to implement individual nodes of his computer in the form of a LSI, thereby obtaining a computer on a board consisting of several dozen unique mono-tasking microcircuits.
In addition to the complete futility of such an approach as a whole, Gorokhov's group was faced with the inhuman complexity at that time of implementing an entire computer unit in the form of a LSI, as a result, the work stalled. In the SVC itself, an alternative project was proposed by A.I. Koekin's laboratory (an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller with a reduced instruction set), but it was rejected as too primitive.
In the final version, the microprocessor kit of the K587 series looked as follows: K587IK2 - 4-bit bit slice processor, K587IK3 - 8-bit bit slice coprocessor, K587IK1 - 8-bit bus controller, K587RP1 - 8-bit RAM controller. The basic command system is its own - "Electronics NC".
Thus, the first and last time in all history In the USSR, we developed an absolutely original microprocessor, not borrowed from anyone in any way, with its own command system!
Nothing like this has been done in the country either before or since.
In general, the question of the priority of the first original domestic microprocessors (sectional) is disputed by the semi-mythical 532 series, whose history is full of lacunae and contradictions.
A set of microcircuits of this series, according to one version, was developed from the beginning of the 70s on the topic "Salyut-4" (according to some sources - "Salyut-MT4") and is the first Soviet microprocessor (not single-chip), with its own architecture and command system ... There is only one known special computer "Salyut-4" - an onboard computer for manned orbital stations, which is compatible with the ES computer according to the command system. But it is not a fact that this is the same "Salute", because the 532th series is known only in the civilian version, K532. This is rather weak for space.
As for the developers, there are also versions (perhaps not mutually exclusive).
According to the first, the circuit design stage of the development was carried out at the SVC, and the development of the topology and design - at the Research Institute TT ("Angstrem") under the leadership of Popov.
According to the second, it was one of the enterprises belonging to NPO ELAS, for example, at that time it included NIIMP, factories "Component", "Micropribor" and SEMZ. In any case, the serial production of microcircuits of this series was organized in 1974-1975 at Angstrem. The series included K532IR1 - an 8-bit register, K532IK1 - a digit comparison circuit, K532IK2 - a control device, K532IK3 - a multifunctional device, K532IE1 - an 8-bit counter.
According to B.M. Malashevich,
However, this version has serious inconsistencies with reality - neither IK4, nor IE1 are listed in the 587th series. As a result, the 532 series, as usual, is still waiting for the efforts of technoarchaeologists.
At the same time, in the designation of domestic microprocessors, the devil's leg will break - LSIs with indices 5xx were produced from the mid-1970s to the end of the 1980s, and there was no order in their assignment. For example, K536IK is the ALU of calculators released in 1987, 582IK1 is a 4-bit bit slice, a Texas Instruments SBP0400 clone (original 1976, ripped off in 1980), and 585IK is an analogue of Intel 3001 released as early as 1991.
It is striking that the K587 went into series (although it did not compare with the circulations of the later Intel clones), and this series was released in several versions in more than one generation. Original 9V CMOS K587 (SVTs, NII TT and Angstrem), 5V CMOS K588 (SVTs, NII TT and NPO Integral), TTL K1802 (SVTs, NII TT, NII ME and Mikron), nMOP K1883. Like Robotron U-83, these chips were produced even in the GDR!
In the future, a single-chip version of the K587 series with added on-chip peripherals (RAM / ROM / timer) was developed, in the version of the 1801BE1 microcontroller (with its own architecture "Electronics NC"). Later, at the request of the MEP, this architecture was abandoned in favor of the PDP-11 architecture and on its basis the VM801VMx, a series of Soviet 16-bit single-chip microprocessors, was implemented.
Nevertheless, it did not have a direct foreign analogue, the closest one was a single-chip DEC T-11 processor, but there was no full compatibility; T-11 has a direct clone K1807BM1. Another close analogue is LSI-11/03 (Electronics-60), but unlike it, the K1801 processors have a single-chip design. The processors were manufactured at the factories Angstrem (Zelenograd) and Exiton (Pavlovsky Posad). Later, for the production of a full range of components for the UKNTs, the production of KM1801VM2 was mastered at the Solnechnogorsk Electromechanical Plant (SEMZ) in Solnechnogorsk.
The machine for which it was developed was a little less fortunate, and the SVC was not at all lucky, but first things first.
In 1973, the prototype "Electronics NTs-1" was completed (still without a microprocessor, implemented on the traditional logic of small integration). The machine is accepted by the commission, including the Director General of the Scientific Center, A. V. Pivovarov, and the director of the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Academician V. M. Glushkov, with extremely high marks. The chief designer was Yuditsky himself, the developers: M. M. Khokhlov, V. V. Smirnov, B. A. Mikhailov, Yu. L. Zakharov and others. The machine turned out to be quite simple against the background of all previous works - 16-bit, with a performance of 0,5-0,7 MIPS, 128 KB RAM on magnetic domains (those same bubble memory boxes) and 7 KB ROM on removable induction cards (idea taken from the System IV).
The development was carried out in the anarchic style traditional for the SVTs, which is absolutely not similar to the dull Soviet design bureaus. M. M. Khokhlov recalls:
The machine turned out to be compact (much smaller than the SM series similar in class) and, most importantly, modular, and the concept of these modules, developed by Yuditsky, was close to the modern idea of a personal computer.
In the same way, in NTs-1 it was possible to remove and insert RAM blocks, connect additional controllers, etc. Yuditsky himself jokingly called his creation "children's designer". Power consumption - 1,1 kW, characteristics are also close to modern powerful gaming PCs. As an incredible exotic, the car was optionally equipped with a terminal - in other words, a monitor for convenient operation, which could only be dreamed of in devices of this class in those years.
In a separate table there was an amazing combined UPVV - a combined device for preparation, input and output of information. It consisted of a PL-150 tape puncher, a deeply modernized FS-1501 photo card reader, a Konsul-260 electric typewriter and controllers for connecting them to the standard ES computer interface. Note that only the perforator was Soviet, everything else, due to the monstrous quality of the domestic periphery, was taken from the Czech Republic.
Reading punch cards was a special fun.
In the USSR, there were no peripheral devices comparable to "Electronics" in size, even in the project, and one should not forget about their legendary quality. As a result, we had to farm an absolutely incredible thing. The photo reader unit was removed from the Czech reader, a manual (!) Broach and connectors for connection were attached to it, and in this form they were pushed into the UPVV. This was used in a mini-computer in the mid-1970s, entering information by manually dragging a punched card one piece at a time.
It was even more difficult with printing. Printers in the current sense were just appearing all over the world, but the SVC already had an experimental working model of its inkjet printer (theme “Jeweler”, GC V.S.Butuzov). Nevertheless, no one was going to produce it in series. As a result, the problem was solved by screwing the same electric typewriter to the SUPPV.
At that time, magnetic tape drives with a width of 35 and 16 mm were used as external storage devices, of which only 16 mm corresponded to the size of a minicomputer to some extent, but even then it was racks. Such a thing would not fit into the table, it would be logical to use tape cassettes, but the quality of Soviet cassettes of that time cannot be described in censorship words at all. The SVC, in fact, had to solve the problem of re-issuing serial cassettes, making them more or less suitable out of unusable ones.
As a result, KNML was developed (GK A. G. Kokyanov) with a cassette capacity of 5 Mbit with hardware control of information.
One way or another, the problems were overcome and, without waiting for the release of the K587, the MEP issues an order to begin serial production at the Pskov Plant of Radio Components (PZRD) of the Pskov Association "Rubin". To support production at the PZRD, the SKB of Computing Equipment was formed. In 1974, serial production began, continuing (already with the modified forces of SKB VT machines) until 1989.
At the exhibition "Svyaz-75" the demonstration copy "Electronics NTs-1" made a splash. In an article about this B.M.Malashevich says:
So the Yuryuzan project received its own control machine, and as a result, the first prototype for Pulkovo was manufactured by the forces of the SVC itself - a four-machine duplicated two-channel hardware and software complex.
Each channel consisted of a computer for interaction with telegraph channels, a computer for processing telegrams, and communication equipment with telegraph channels. CCS provided processing of 64 telegraph channels with automatic verification and correction of telegrams. The set of NTs-1 modules was replenished with a data transmission multiplexer. The complex was ready in 1975, it only remained to mount it (this happened a little later, after the complete destruction of the SVC, as a result, the prototype remained the only one, it worked successfully until 1995).
So, Yuditsky's only project was crowned with success, but a sword was already brought over the SVC.
In 1975, the microprocessor was finally ready and, using the modularity of the NTs-1, the prototype was converted into a single-board computer on a microprocessor - the first in the USSR, absolutely original and in no way inferior to similar developments in the United States. The prototype of the first is no longer a mini, but a microcomputer received the index "Electronics NTs-01" (not to be confused with "Electronics NTs-1").
The pre-production version ("Electronics NTs-02") was a little larger, occupying two boards, but still, it fit in a compact 5-kilogram case 240x420x60 mm, had a speed of 0,25 MIPS, power consumption - 15 watts. The forces of the pilot production of the SVTs itself produced 40 sets of NTs-02, after the destruction of the SVTs they were taken by Angstrem, and they were used to control the input control of the IET, robots and microcircuit splicing machines.
Note that later, thanks to the efforts of the Penza SKB VT, they prepared for the release of the version "Electronics NTs-1" on the BIS - "Electronics NTs-2" (again, do not confuse the index with the own development of the SVC on the BIS - NTs-02) and "Electronics 5E37".
And finally, none of them should be confused with "Electronics NTs-31", this is the development of NIITT in 1980, chief designer Yu. E. Chicherin, control machine of CNC machines.
In the wake of technical successes, SVC began to develop a number of compatible microcomputers - NTs-03T, NTs-04T and NTs-05T. In the course of negotiations with the developers of the on-board computer from the Leninets LNPO - R. Yu. Bagdonas and V. I. Koshechkin - the idea of a parallel joint development of ground and onboard versions of the microcomputer was born. They must be identical, except for the design. The basic modules were built on the basis of the Magistral NC bus developed at the SVC (extension of the Soviet analogue of the Unibus PDP-11 with the ability, unlike the original, to connect up to 4 processors). Only the development of NTs-03T (GK D.I.
In addition, work on switching centers attracted the attention of LNPO Krasnaya Zarya from the Ministry of Industry and Communications to the SVC. They were engaged in the development of the first in the USSR digital telephone communication system "Kavkaz-5", naturally, powerful computers were required for switching.
As a result, one more order fell on the extremely satisfied engineers of the SVC - a complex of computing facilities of variable composition "Svyaz-1". We worked together with the Research Institute of Electrical Devices (Research Institute ETU), the head institute of the LNPO.
The production of the KVS was planned at its own plant "Krasnaya Zarya". During the development, the solutions found in the course of designing the switching devices of System IV, NTs-1 and Yuryuzan were used in the broadest way, but the Svyaz-1 router was much more complex and powerful than anything that had been created for switching earlier.
An amazing hardware and software complex with a modular operating system was developed, multiprocessor and multitasking, also reconfigurable for the number of processors up to 30.
An original processor was also developed for the complex (GK IP Seleznev). With a corresponding set of microprograms, it was used in the KVS as a signal processor and as a switching processor. For the RAM, a special multiplexer processor (GK V.L. Glukhman) was made, which controls the exchange of data between the RAM-1 modules and the external memory of the ES computer on magnetic disks.
Each KVS processor accessed the memory subsystem (the task table) and received the current task from it. If there was no suitable task for him, and there was no master processor in the system at the moment, he assumed this role by periodically looking through the task table. As soon as a corresponding task appeared for the leading processor, he resigned from himself this role and proceeded to perform the current task.
KVS "Svyaz-1" and its software were developed, the project was accepted by the customer, the design and software documentation in the middle of 1976 was transferred to "Krasnaya Zarya" for serial production.
As a result, by the middle of 1976, the SVC was on the rise.
All current projects were successfully completed, in the spring the pilot production was transformed into the Logika plant, Electronics NTs-1 was already being produced in Pskov, the Yuryuzan prototype was mounted at Pulkovo, and the documentation for the Svyaz-1 PIC was transferred to Krasnaya Zarya. ”, The project K587 was completed and the serial production of the first Soviet microprocessors was being prepared.
The MEP became so generous that it wanted to donate the building under construction in Moscow on Sireneviy Boulevard to the SVC, organized its own pioneer camp "Albatross" for the children of its employees (whose number reached 1700). Relations were established with numerous Leningrad research institutes.
Naturally, all this could not last long.
On June 1976, XNUMX, Minister Shokin, the hero-creator of Zelenograd, the creator and defender of all domestic microelectronics, signed an order “On the transformation of the Specialized Computing Center into the Scientific Center. It had only two lines:
V.S.Butuzov recalls:
What happened?
Why did the reorganization order turn out to be a disaster? Where, in general, did this order come from? Did the MEP treat the SVC well?
As usual, the reason was purely personal and, as always, in the USSR rests on the relationship "designer-official". The evil genius of Yuditsky was Shokin's deputy V.G. Kolesnikov. As we have already mentioned, Yuditsky was in some ways very similar to Kisunko - a young, impudent, not hiding his opinion, a zero toady, always speaking to his face what he thinks. For the Soviet bureaucrat, there was no more offensive personality, especially given the intellectual level of the party elite and, at the same time, their fabulous sense of their own greatness.
Kolesnikov, the deputy minister of the electronics industry, was a character worthy of his great colleagues - Shokin and Kalmykov. A simple locksmith of the locomotive depot of the Kastornaya station of the Moscow-Donbass railway, who peacefully served there from 1943 to 1945, following his senior colleagues, he quickly realized that the strength of the proletarian was in the party, and already in 1948 he became deputy chief designer of the Voronezh plant of radio components. There he worked comfortably for 4 years, after which he found himself in the role of a trade plenipotentiary already in the GDR, the appointment was extremely warm, then his career flooded by leaps and bounds.
After completing evening courses at the Polytechnic, he immediately became the director of the Voronezh semiconductor device plant, then the general director of the Voronezh production and technical association "Electronics", and in 1971 - the deputy minister. Along the way, as usual, he received the Lenin Prize and four orders (and later, naturally, the star of the Hero of Labor).
After the defeat of the SVTs, his career gained such acceleration that when Shokin died in 1985, Kolesnikov automatically inherited the throne of his godfather and himself became minister of the electronics industry, having also received the USSR State Prize a year earlier. Already in the years of the Russian Federation, he also became a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and peacefully died in 2015 at the age of 90 years.
That Kisunko, that Yuditsky and Kartsev had an attitude towards such people, to put it mildly, not very positive. And, alas, they did not hide this, for which they all paid in the end.
N. M. Vorobiev:
V.S.Butuzov:
Note that not only Kolesnikov, Shokin himself was a fierce supporter of complete cloning, in an orderly order forcing them to massively produce something, and only that, which had an obvious Western prototype.
N. N. Antipov:
Alas, the seemingly personal love of the master did not save the slave from reprisal, Shokin, putting Yuditsky in a separate office, without any hesitation, under an unfortunate mood, simply destroyed his center, and his career, and all his works with one stroke of the pen.
However, even with Shokin, not everything was as smooth as we remember, the old locksmith fancied himself the greatest expert in microelectronics, which the hot-tempered Yuditsky could not stand.
A. V. Pivovarov:
In the spring of 1976, A.I.Shokin, V.G. Kolesnikov, A.A.Vasenkov gathered in my office. DI Yuditsky heard about the progress of work on the mini-computer. After the report, numerous questions followed, Alexander Ivanovich delved into the details, and then began to give technical "advice".
Davlet Islamovich could not stand the prolonged torture and in a rather harsh form said approximately the following: “Alexander Ivanovich, do not meddle in your own business. Your business is to provide funding, the rest I will provide ”(the same episode was similarly told by AA Vasenkov).
After a pause, the minister said: "This is where we will finish." When everyone dispersed, Alexander Ivanovich told me: "So that I don't see Yuditsky again." After that, I spoke with the minister many times, trying to soften him, explaining Yuditsky's behavior with a heavy load and his oriental character.
Alexander Ivanovich, who highly valued Davlet Islamovich as a specialist, gradually thawed out, but this episode apparently made it easier for Kolesnikov to sign an order from the minister in the summer of the same year on the creation of the SKB NC, behind which the actual liquidation of the SVC was hidden.
Naturally, one person, even a deputy minister, could not have slammed the SVC so easily by starting a reorganization of half of Zelenograd. Something else was needed that would justify the closure of the SVC before Shokin. And such was the envy and intrigues of NIITT and Angstrem, which absorbed the main potential of the Center.
The creation of microprocessors NIITT actually yawned: it completely lacked the necessary specialists in architecture and circuitry and system programmers, so at first they generously used the potential of the SVC subordinate to them, but this could not go on for a long time. It was necessary either to grow our own, which is long and expensive, or to carry out, in American terms, an “unfriendly merger,” or, in Russian terms, a “raider takeover,” using one's mighty administrative resource.
This was done, despite the fact that the main part of the SVC was completely unnecessary for NIITT: it liquidated some of the units immediately, and got rid of many later.
By this time, "Angstrem" began to release a new type of product for itself - microcalculators, mass-production equipment, the sums were spinning in the millions, awards, prizes and titles could pour like a cornucopia. But there was one small problem - for mass production, they would not have been prevented by another plant with all the infrastructure, and there was no time to create it. It is easier and faster to take a ready-made one - the Logika plant.
As a result, at one point the claims of NIITT came together - on the selected specialists of the SVC (those who are more convenient), Angstrem - on the Logika plant and the hatred of Yuditsky Kolesnikov.
The detonator of the incident was the resignation in June 1976 from the post of general director of the Scientific Center A. V. Pivovarov by age and state of health. K. A. Valiev and A. Yu. Malinin were in reserve for the post of general, but Valiev left Zelenograd, and the minister offered the post to Malinin. He agreed with the condition (and without a second thought!) - to reorganize the 2GU MEP (which then grew immensely) and to separate a separate general NPO with the joining of a number of factories and design bureaus. Shokin easily agreed, so an organizationally successful NPO NTs was created from 8 research institutes, 7 design bureaus, 9 experimental plants, 8 serial plants and 4 branches of plants.
But the SVC was literally torn to pieces in the process: some of the employees were thrown out, the plant was squeezed out in favor of Angstrem, and the transverse Yuditsky was deprived of all posts, thereby nailing down all promising developments.
On the site of the SVTs, a new SKB "Scientific Center" was formed, there was no place for Yuditsky in it, he was pushed into the NIITT by E. E. Ivanov, obviously realizing that he would not be able to endure there for a long time, which happened.
The defeat of the SVC took only a couple of weeks.
In April Shokin signs an order on the organization of the Logika plant (before the episode in A. Pivovarov's office), everything seems to be going well; Shokin signs order 8 on the transformation of the SVC and DSC into the Scientific Center, which actually liquidates the SVC and the Logika plant and removes its newly appointed leaders from their posts!
Order 336 was, surprisingly, classified. In Zelenograd, he was seen by a strictly limited circle of people, his copy was removed from the archives of the orders of the NC or never got there. And only in 2004 a copy unexpectedly surfaced among the unaccounted papers during the next reorganization of the Scientific Research Institute of the Scientific Center. Thanks to the executive director of the Scientific Center A. A. Popov, he was available to Boris Malashevich.
This secrecy gave rise to the legend that Order 336 was signed not by Shokin, who seemed to appreciate Yuditsky, but by his cunning deputy. This legend was supported by the reasoning that the minister signing orders on the creation of a new plant and appointing its leaders could not have known that at that very time another order was already being prepared, in fact turning into a farce what he signs, otherwise it the same nonsense! However, one should not underestimate the Soviet party battles, there could be something else.
This is how the participant of those events, A.A.Vasenkov (chief engineer of the NC before reorganization and chief engineer of NPO NC and SKB NC after), evaluates this legend:
Andrey Yuryevich Malinin, who was appointed the general director of NPO NTs, also set his own conditions. As regards the SVC, there were two of them.
First, the NGO should be headed by an organization with the status of the head research institute - the SVC had such a status, determined by the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Secondly, the collective of the parent organization must deal with the general strategy for the development of the NGO and ensure its implementation by the enterprises of the association. According to Andrei Yuryevich, he should not carry out instrumental development, since this will tear his strength away from the main task, and in case of failure, it will undermine the authority of the parent organization. Therefore, the main subdivisions of the SVTs did not find a place in the SKB NTs.
By the decision of A. Yu. Malinin, naturally coordinated with A. I. Shokin and V. G. Kolesnikov, they were transferred to NIITT, although this did not follow directly from the order of the minister. But the minister was persuaded.
Why NIITT?
Because they needed departments that develop microprocessors. And there were no applicants for other divisions.
The SEC was cut by two more orders No. 420 dated July 16.07.1976, 454 and No. 6.08.1976 dated August XNUMX, XNUMX.
In the preambles of these orders, the grounds for their issuance are indicated by the orders of the Minister No. 336-dsp of June 29, 1975 and No. 168-c of July 7, 1976. Please note that order 336 is stamped DSP, but at 168 it is already "Secret" , and it has not yet been discovered.
It is also interesting that only nine days separate them, and the SVC was liquidated even before the formation of the SKB NTs, it seems that someone was in a hurry, fearing that the minister, under the influence of time and Pivovarov, might soften in his attitude towards Yuditsky.
By order 454, all the supporting structures ended up in the SKB NTs, and the developers and production shops - in NIITT and Angstrem, the Logika plant was completely demolished after everything of value was taken from there.
The SVC disappeared completely.
The current plant "Logika", which produces pure gases and water for semiconductor production, as evidenced by its website, dates back to 1977, the first period of the existence of a plant with such a name has been deleted from history.
Until mid-September, D.I. With the collapse of the SVTs, the NC-1 program and systems based on it, the Yuryuzan program for the further development and the Svyaz-1 aircraft commander were destroyed. After several years of work on the CFB and switches, we had to start from scratch.
In addition, the development of the country's first RAMs on magnetic domains and ROMs on induction cards were abandoned, their production technology had not yet been brought to an industrial level, while in the West similar devices were used until the 1990s.
The groundwork for inkjet printers, improvements to compact-cassette drives, developments in the development of multilayer printed circuit boards technology, work in the field of fault tolerance of systems and a set of work in the field of information compression were destroyed - a fundamentally new direction for the USSR, which was no longer developed in it.
In addition, the ideas of developing supercomputers were forgotten in Zelenograd forever, the scientific groundwork for 5E53 and 41-50 was lost. As a result, when ITMiVT faced the need to have advanced CAD systems for designing "Electronics SS BIS", there were no computers of suitable power or design systems at hand. I had to urgently draw something from scratch, but the results were disappointing.
Yuditsky soon put the squeeze on completely, recalls V.S.Butuzov:
Yuditsky was helped by his old friend Kartsev, with whom he had an excellent relationship and with whom the MRP officials had previously unsuccessfully tried to quarrel him. And the last couple of years of his life he spent at the Research Institute of VK, the Institute of MA Kartsev. Most of the divisions of the SVC (excluding the developers of microcircuits), transferred to NIITT, received a not very affectionate reception, their topics did not correspond at all to the institute, as a result, all, except for a few microelectronics specialists, were forced to leave.
N. N. Antipov recalls:
In this way, the management of Angstrem got rid of one of the largest specialists in the USSR in organizing the development and production of equipment, which went through a huge school at ZEMZ and SVTs, and they did not have their own specialists of this level.
This attitude prompted many of the remaining leading specialists to leave too, and these losses were irreparable, affecting all subsequent developments.
Many divisions were beheaded as a result of the departure of leaders, a number of divisions were reorganized or abolished. All staff were demoralized.
M. M. Khokhlov recalls:
It was even harder for Davlet Islamovich. He went to the hospital. After leaving the hospital, he called me and asked me to tell him everything I know about sparse matrices. I began to talk about the general theory of matrix algebra, but it felt like he just needed an interlocutor. Soon he interrupted me: "What do you think to do next?" “I don’t know,” I replied, “I already had an offer several times at NIIMP, but I refused. I don't want to leave the team. And maybe everything will still be formed? " “No,” he replied, “you do not know our elite, they are capable of anything. Think and tell me. I will go to NIIMP as a deputy. director ".
It seems to me that then we all together and each separately betrayed him. We didn't have to go to NIITT then. It seemed to us that by preserving the theme, we would preserve the team. In fact, we have lost both the theme and the team.
Thus, we ourselves, by our actions, helped to break his will and finally finish it off.
In 1983, Yuditsky died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 53. In the same year, his best friend Kartsev, a genius of a different profile, but not of a smaller scale, died, and we will tell about his fate later.
- Alexey Eremenko
- http://www.skbvtvm.ru/, http://it-history.ru
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