A useless fort known to everyone. Fort Boyard

46
Fort Boyard in 2015

Fort Boyard is a symbol of modern television and the name of a popular television game, the rights to which are successfully sold around the world. Dozens of countries have already shown national versions of the game, Russia is no exception. In the fall of 2021, the next season of the Russian adaptation of the show will be released. In addition to some of the characters of the fort and trials, all versions of the transfer are united by Fort Boyard itself, an authentic historical the object on the territory of which the shooting is taking place.

The stone fort is located off the Atlantic coast of France in the Antjos Strait. Without the appearance of the TV game, this fortification object would have come to complete desolation and simply would have collapsed from old age. However, fate had a different outcome for Fort Boyard. It so happened that the French long-term construction, never fulfilling the role for which it was conceived and built, by the will of fate became one of the most famous sea forts on the planet.



First attempts to build Fort Boyard


It is known that the epic with Fort Boyard lasted for almost two centuries. The idea of ​​building a fort originated in the 1666th century. Since XNUMX, several attempts were made to build a fort, only the one that was undertaken already in the XNUMXth century was successful, but even then the construction stretched for decades.

For the first time, they started talking about the construction of the fort back in 1666, when the Minister of Finance of the era of the reign of Louis XIV initiated the creation of a shipyard for the construction of warships near the city of Rochefort. The city itself and the shipyard were located at the mouth of the Charente River, located in southwestern France. Until the XNUMXth century, this river remained the main route for transporting goods from the Atlantic coast to the central regions of the country.

When the river flows into the Bay of Biscay, the Atlantic Ocean in the immediate vicinity of the large seaport of Rochefort Charente forms an estuary almost 15 kilometers long. The bay itself and the estuary were convenient for ships. Therefore, the military dockyard built in Rochefort was vulnerable to attacks. fleet enemy. At that time, France, like many other European countries, often waged wars with its neighbors. And the main military enemy of France was England, which possessed one of the most powerful fleets.

Scale model of the fort with jetty and breakwater, made for the World's Fair of 1867

Realizing the possible risks and trying to protect the infrastructure of the shipyard and the port, the French government decided to build a fort in the Antjos Strait, which opened the way to the mouth of the Chartan River. It was decided to build the fort on a sandbank, which was located between two islands: Ile d'Aix and Oleron. The shoal of the Boyard Spit was called, and the fort built here will receive the same name in the future. In fact, the name of both the braid and the fort is pronounced and spelled like Boyard, but Boyard's transliteration has become entrenched in the Russian language.

The decision to build the fort was justified, but it was difficult to build a solid stone structure on the sandy spit, especially given the level of construction technology of those years. Therefore, the Marshal of France Sebastian Le Preter de Vauban reacted to the proposals of the engineers with a great deal of skepticism. The proposed project for the construction of the fort was not approved and was rejected.

For the second time, the idea of ​​building a fort was returned already during the reign of Louis XVI in 1763 at the very end of the Seven Years' War. During the hostilities, the British managed to land troops on the Isle of Aix twice, which clearly demonstrated the vulnerability of objects located in this French region. The question of building Fort Boyard was raised again and even a project was developed. However, construction work did not begin this time either, as the project was deemed too expensive.

Third visit to the construction of the fort


The third visit to the construction of Fort Boyard took place at the beginning of the 1801th century. By this time, construction technologies made it possible to build such fortifications even on difficult terrain. The idea of ​​construction was returned in XNUMX.

Submitted by a mixed commission, which included military and civilian builders and engineers, the project of the fortress was personally approved by Napoleon I in early February 1803.

The need to build a fort became especially evident at this time against the backdrop of serious disagreements between France and Great Britain. The Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, in which the French fleet was defeated by the British, clearly showed how strong Great Britain is at sea.

The location of Fort Boyard, image of the Yandex.Maps service

Construction of Fort Boyard began in 1804. Since the sandy base of the spit was poorly suited for construction, it was decided to strengthen it with a mound of stones. At the same time, the construction process was very difficult. The stone blocks mined in local quarries could be delivered to the spit only at low tide and in good weather, which changed quite often in the coastal region. In the third year of construction work, it became clear that the previously laid stone blocks push the sand and deepen into it under their own weight.

The situation was aggravated by strong storms that raged in the region in the winter of 1807-1808. The element destroyed two almost finished layers of the stone embankment. Then it became clear that construction is very expensive for the country. In 1809, Napoleon I decided to reduce the size of the fort and start work on a new project, however, in less than a year, the construction was stopped again.

One of the reasons was the serious financial difficulties of France, which has been waging wars across the continent for a long time. By this time, about 3,5 thousand cubic meters of stone had been spent on the manufacture of a stone embankment, and the total state expenses for the construction of the fort exceeded 3,5 million francs.

Completion of construction


They returned to the unfinished fort again in 1840, when relations between France and England became tense again. Now work was carried out under King Louis Philippe. By this time, the previously laid stone foundation had stabilized naturally. At the same time, the technical capabilities have also expanded significantly. The French builders had at their disposal cement, concrete and hydraulic lime. Thanks to this, it was now possible to make stone blocks for the walls of the fort directly on the spot.

Completion of the "long-term construction" began actively in the second half of the 1840s. So, work on the foundation was fully completed only in 1848, the construction of the basement floor was completed in 1852. The first floor was completed in 1854, the second floor only in 1857, at the same time the upper platform of the fort and the famous watchtower were built. At the same time, the construction work in the fort was completed only in February 1866.

As a result, more than 60 years passed from the beginning of the first construction works to their full completion.

General view of the fort from the southeast side

The result of long work was the emergence of a large fort, the garrison of which consisted of 250 people, among whom were not only soldiers, but also a waitress, a laundress and two shoemakers. The latter is especially strange when you consider that there was nowhere much to wear out shoes on the tiny island. The length of the fort reached 68 meters, width - 31 meters, the height of the walls reached 20 meters. The dimensions of the courtyard are 43 by 12 meters. According to the plans, up to 74 guns could be placed in the fort, but in practice their number did not exceed 30.

The newly made fort had three main tiers, on which 66 separate rooms were located. On the basement floor of the fort there were storage rooms, as well as rooms for storing ammunition and gunpowder, provisions, fresh water tanks, a dining room, a kitchen, a guardhouse and a latrine. Residential casemates were located above. The reserves of water and provisions for the garrison of the fort should have been enough for two months without a supply from the continent.

Fort Boyard


The long construction time played a cruel joke with the fort.

When the fort was finally ready, no one needed it anymore. The artillery firing range by that time made it possible to easily shoot through the water area of ​​the entire Anthos Strait from the two islands of Ile d'Ex and Oleron without any problems. For this, only the coastal batteries were enough.

The need for the built fort disappeared almost immediately, while the object remained on the balance sheet of the French military department for many years. At the same time, the fort never took part in hostilities. For a short time, from 1870 to 1872, the fort was used as a prison.

Finally, Fort Boyard lost the status of a military facility in 1913.

After that, the inside of the fort, especially the remaining guns and metal parts, were taken away by marauders. They did not stand on ceremony and undermined some things with dynamite.

Fort Boyard during the beginning of restoration in 1989

Nature and looters destroyed the fort, but the Germans also added their contribution to this process, who during the Second World War used Fort Boyard as a target for shooting practice. As a result of these shelling, the fort suffered serious damage. The Germans almost completely destroyed the breakwaters and docks, and the entire courtyard of the fort was littered with stone debris.

The situation was saved by the fact that in the 1950s the fort was included in the list of historical monuments of the French Ministry of Culture. After that, his state was maintained at least at some minimal level that saved him from destruction.

But Fort Boyard found a real second life only after it became a platform for a popular TV game.

The company that bought the fort began work on its restoration in 1988.

The restoration and reconstruction of the fort was fully completed only in the XNUMXst century. They were conducted in parallel with the filming of the TV game.

The final stages of the work were the restoration of the inner courtyard of the fort, which took place in the winter of 2003-2004, and the overhaul of all the walls of the courtyard, as well as sealing cracks in the foundation of the fort in 2005.
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  1. +22
    1 August 2021 05: 27
    Thanks for the story! And about the "uselessness" ...
    At the same time, the fort never took part in hostilities.
    Here are the Kronstadt forts: are they useful or not, if in the Crimean War “they never took part in hostilities?” The point is that even by the very fact of their existence, such forts do not allow enemy fleets to go wherever they please ..
    1. -16
      1 August 2021 05: 53
      Where is Crimea, and where is Kronstadt?
      1. +21
        1 August 2021 06: 09
        "Where is Crimea, and where is Kronstadt?"

        You are confusing, in fact, the Crimea itself and the Crimean War.
        As for the uselessness - if I'm not mistaken, several English ships perished in the minefields between the Kronstadt forts, just in the Crimean War. This is true, by the way.
        1. +19
          1 August 2021 06: 17
          As far as I know, not one was killed, but this does not change the essence of the matter, they did not go further and there was no bombing of Kronstadt.


          When the enemy squadron approached Kronstadt on June 20, 1855, there were already more than two thousand mines (of different models and power) in the waters around it. Before the start of decisive actions, the command of the allied squadron decided to conduct reconnaissance of the fortifications of Kronstadt. The steam frigates "Merlin" and "Firefly" were sent to the island and immediately ran into a minefield. Both ships were blown up by Nobel mines (with a weak charge) and received light damage. However, the very fact of the presence of minefields in front of the fortress sharply diminished the fighting fervor of the British and French admirals - they resolutely refused to attack Kronstadt and until the end of the war no longer tried to break into the Gulf of Finland.
          1. +6
            1 August 2021 06: 21
            Thanks for the amendment. Means forgotten. hi
            1. +8
              1 August 2021 06: 46
              Ivan hi , this is not an amendment, just a clarification. smile I myself was sure from childhood that the "Merlin" was sunk, because Soviet historians wrote about it and it was blown up, allegedly, on a mine designed by the Russian inventor Boris Yakobi. smile
          2. +21
            1 August 2021 08: 41
            Good morning, Uncle Kostya!
            But I immediately remembered where I saw this fort, much earlier than the show. And most of those in attendance, I think, are also the 1967 Adventurers! With Alain Delon.
            My father, the deceased, has been dragging me to cinemas since childhood to see such interesting films ...

            Remember the final showdown scenes?))
            1. +14
              1 August 2021 09: 09
              Hi, Igor! hi
              I remember this film very well, I watched it with pleasure. And the sad scene of farewell to the funeral of their girl in the sea took heart at all.
            2. +4
              1 August 2021 09: 19
              Yeah. The nephew of the deceased Letizia showed the weapons "treasure" to the heroes of the film!
            3. +13
              1 August 2021 09: 34
              Exactly. When I saw the picture and immediately remembered.
              At one time it was a Bomb film. In my opinion: the best films both in the Soviet Union and abroad were shot before 1985. Some films were shot later, but an exception to the rule. Perhaps I'm picky?
            4. +12
              1 August 2021 13: 03
              A good film, great actors, wonderful music.
              Everyone who remembered this film - a plus from me!

              All the same old people for a long time ...
              Alain Delon - 85
              Joanna Shimkus - 77
              Lino Ventura - left us back in 1987 at 69 years old ...

              This film is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Jose Giovanni. Real name - Joseph Damiani. There is a lot to tell about him ...
              Born into a family of immigrants from Corsica, he received a good education in prestigious educational institutions, having tried many activities: he worked as a dishwasher in a restaurant car, a lumberjack, a miner, a diver, a waiter in a hotel restaurant in Chamonix. Carried away by mountaineering, he becomes a mountain guide ...

              In 1945, Joseph and his older brother join a gang of robbers created by their maternal uncle. In the same year, during one of the raids during the ensuing firefight, the owner of the house, defending himself, received a fatal bullet. Damiani's uncle and brother were also killed. The latter was arrested as an accomplice in the crime.
              The investigation lasted almost three years.
              On November 17, 1948, the court sentenced Joseph Damiani and his accomplice Georges Akkad to death.
              For months, Joseph is on death row, awaiting the guillotine.
              He managed to avoid death thanks to the efforts of his father, who was taking care of him.
              French President Vincent Oriol replaces both criminals with the death penalty for 20 years of forced labor.
              In 1956, after eleven years in prison, Damiani was released.
              In 1986, a new trial took place in the 1945 case, after which he was fully rehabilitated. During the trial, it was proved that he was not in possession of a weapon.

              After leaving prison, Damiani writes his first novel "The Hole", which tells about the escape attempt, which he made together with other prisoners.
              In total, Jose Giovanni wrote twenty novels, two books of memoirs and thirty-three scripts. He directed fifteen films and five television films.
              On the night of April 20, 2004, he suddenly felt unwell and was admitted to one of the Lausanne hospitals. He lived there for only four days. On April 24, at 2 a.m., Jose Giovanni died of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 80.
            5. +1
              2 August 2021 22: 54
              Quote: Sea Cat
              I remember this film very well, I watched it with pleasure.

              Oh, guys, as they say - I'm not the only one who tumbled in the field laughing I remember the film, it was cool, there is also Lino Ventura playing good
      2. +9
        1 August 2021 06: 12
        In the Crimean War (Eastern, for Western participants) there were several theaters of military operations: the Baltic, the White Sea, Kamchatka, the Caucasus, Crimea was the most fierce.
        1. +6
          1 August 2021 11: 38
          Quote: andrewkor
          In the Crimean War (Eastern, for Western participants) there were several theaters of military operations: the Baltic, the White Sea, Kamchatka, the Caucasus, Crimea was the most fierce.

          After the Crimean War, a coastal fortress was built in the Kerch Strait, in comparison with which such a fort looks like a child's play. Now the fortress is available for excursions, and if someone is interested, you can visit it - the impression will be overwhelming.

          https://youtu.be/HMsrAY7SniU

      3. +14
        1 August 2021 06: 13
        Forgive me, but was it only in the Crimea that hostilities were fought in that war? And Petropavlovsk, Solovki, Arkhangelsk, Odessa, and the Caucasian and Danube fronts, Sinop ...
      4. +2
        1 August 2021 19: 54
        Quote: out of habit
        Where is Crimea, and where is Kronstadt?

        And where Kamchatka is, that war took place there too.
        1. +2
          1 August 2021 20: 48
          Thank you all, I forgot.
        2. +1
          8 August 2021 14: 51
          Quote: svd-xnumx
          And where Kamchatka is, that war took place there too.

          Therefore, the correct name for this war is the Eastern War. Our Crimean version does not reflect the full picture of the war on all fronts. From the North Sea and Baltic, Black and Azov. Far East, Caucasus ... Such a full-fledged war of the Republic of Ingushetia on all borders.
      5. -2
        2 August 2021 22: 47
        Quote: out of habit
        Where Crimea, and where Kronstadt?

        Where where? In Karaganda !!!!
    2. +4
      1 August 2021 20: 48
      Quote: SERGE ant
      Here are the Kronstadt forts: are they useful or not, if in the Crimean War "they never took part in hostilities"?

      They accepted that - in 1854, by the very fact of their presence, they forced Admiral Nepyr to abandon the breakthrough to St. Petersburg and confine himself to the assault on the unfinished Bomarzund fortress.
      And in 1855 they worked on the ships of the "flying squadron" of the Dundas-Peno squadron.
      Meanwhile, British steamers surveyed the Gulf of Finland. On May 17 they were at Hanko, on May 21 - at Vyborg, on May 27 they came under fire from Kronstadt batteries.
      © Sergey Makhov. Crimean War: The Baltic Campaign of 1855.
      And then the forts covered the minefields from trawling attempts and ensured the work of the Putilov gunboats, preventing the enemy from pursuing them.

      That is, the Kronstadt forts in the Crimean War not only "had time for the war", but also twice met enemy ships that approached them ... and left. smile
      But Fort Boyard was late in construction for all the wars and never saw the enemy ships.
      1. +2
        3 August 2021 00: 02
        Quote: Alexey RA
        The Kronstadt forts in the Crimean War not only "had time for the war", but also twice met enemy ships that approached them ... and left

        These harsh forts of Kronstadt in the icy wastelands still inspire.


  2. +8
    1 August 2021 05: 36
    In my opinion, this fort flashed in the 1967 Adventurers movie.
    With Alain Delon ... the artists ran all over the fort, throwing German grenades ... here are weirdos.
    The fort itself is very convenient for detached housing.
    Sea, sun, no tourists and annoying visitors.
    1. +2
      2 August 2021 09: 24
      Nobody this formula not intrigued? !!!
      "3,5 thousand cubic meters of stone, and the total cost of the state for the construction of the fort exceeded 3,5 million francs. "
      Cubic meter stone for 1 000 francs !!!!!!!
      And this is in 19th century!!!!!!
      Yes, this background - even the Pentagon with its 8 trillion dollars of unaccounted for nervously smoke on the sidelines, and Zakharchenko plays in the sandbox ...
      It would never have been built - bottomless feeder bottomless ...
      1. +1
        2 August 2021 10: 14
        Quote: your1970
        A cubic meter of stone for 1 francs !!!!!!!
        And this is in the 19th century !!!!!!

        Easy - if this stone needs to be delivered to a patch of sand poured at high tide and laid in an embankment.
        The stone blocks mined in local quarries could be delivered to the spit only at low tide and in good weather, which changed quite often in the coastal region. In the third year of construction work, it became clear that the previously laid stone blocks push the sand and deepen into it under their own weight.
        The situation was aggravated by strong storms that raged in the region in the winter of 1807-1808. The element destroyed two almost finished layers of the stone embankment.
        1. +1
          2 August 2021 11: 15
          Quote: Alexey RA
          Easy - if this stone needs to be delivered to a patch of sand poured at high tide and laid in an embankment.

          Yes Yes....
          The cost of building "Cutty Sark" - £ 16..
          You seriouslythink - what is the cost 16 cubes stone (most likely by convicts cut down) delivered on a barge (together with at least another 10 -20m3 of stone) and laid on the sand (by other convicts / migrant workers) = the cost of building an ocean-going ship from the best materials by highly qualified craftsmen ???????? !!!!!!!!

          For those times, an absolutely crazy figure of 3,5 lemma for primitive labor - which was worth a penny (in the literal sense of the word).
      2. +1
        8 August 2021 14: 57
        Quote: your1970
        "3,5 thousand cubic meters of stone, and the total cost of the state for the construction of the fort exceeded 3,5 million francs."

        it is on the spit. This is + wealth and styling. Expensive logistics.
        It would have cost the same wait. Even more expensive with this kind of logistics.
        It's like counting the Pyramids, if you differentiate from concrete - one logistics and price, from stone - prices are higher than the Pentagon ones.
        By the way, I look cement / concrete was invented again ... it was also used in ancient Rome .. Although it is Roman concrete (pouring). And by the time of the fort, there was already reinforced concrete (1854) Wilkinson.
  3. +6
    1 August 2021 05: 53
    Sergey, thank you, read it with sincere interest !!!
    Have a nice weekend !!!
  4. +14
    1 August 2021 06: 00
    Very good sketch.
    At one time, I was greatly impressed by the Plague Fort in Kronstadt. And it was a shame for him, it will be repaired, restored, and it will be no worse than that of the French. Moreover, its historical significance is much greater than that of Boyard.
    1. +1
      2 August 2021 16: 12
      I agree) our TV projects could be tied to their historical locations, especially since the format "keys to the fort ..."
      You could have launched your plague doctor in a plague fort with a teleformat) and this is money for the maintenance of the location, repairs, additional tourist flows outside the filming season)) and salaries for the project staff in local pockets)
  5. +6
    1 August 2021 07: 15
    Quote: out of habit
    Where is Crimea, and where is Kronstadt?

    The Crimean War of 1853-1856 is also called the Zero World War. And it was the Kronstadt forts that stopped the breakthrough of the British fleet into St. Petersburg during that Crimean War.
    1. +7
      1 August 2021 07: 33
      Quote: north 2
      The Crimean War of 1853-1856 is also called the Zero World War.

      I heard a similar opinion about the Seven Years' War!
      1. +3
        1 August 2021 09: 38
        Rather, the Seven Years War will lead to a Zero World War
    2. 0
      3 August 2021 13: 18
      And it was the Kronstadt forts that stopped the breakthrough of the British fleet into St. Petersburg during that Crimean War.

      the forts certainly played a role, but the british did not make it to St. Petersburg primarily because of the new wunderwuffly - sea mines.
    3. +1
      8 August 2021 14: 59
      Quote: north 2
      The Crimean War of 1853 -1856 is also called the Zero World War.

      RI was without allies in fact .. does not pull. Although the actions were other than Africa and Australia ..
      does not pull either the East or the Seven Years .. although the second also affected the North. America.
      so everyone is right - this is not null.
  6. +1
    1 August 2021 10: 07
    Comrades, I thought: fortifications, how much are they needed?
    In the Middle Ages, fortresses were necessary, and by the end of the 18th century the visibility of the fortresses had slightly decreased.
    For example, a fort. At the beginning of the 19th century, an artillery battery could be placed there, and with the support of a squadron, cheap and angry. But the fort sounds more solid. And you can save more money?
    1. ANB
      -2
      1 August 2021 19: 28
      ... .the vision of the fortresses decreased slightly.
      For example, a fort.

      Take an excursion to the Red Hill and Gray Horse forts. It seems to me that they still matter. And already in the Second World War they fought in full.
    2. +1
      1 August 2021 21: 03
      Quote: vladcub
      In the Middle Ages, fortresses were necessary, and by the end of the 18th century the visibility of the fortresses had slightly decreased.

      Rather, by the end of the 19th century. Then yes, due to the rapid progress of artillery, the fortresses had to increase sharply in diameter and increase the thickness of concrete more and more. And all the same, this did not help the isolated fortress - it was taken, despite all the fortifications and external forts.
      The way out was the transformation of the fortress into a fortified area (similar to the Warsaw UR) and joint defense of fortresses and field troops (the fortress was not supposed to fight on its own, but to become a part, a strong point of field defense).
      Quote: vladcub
      At the beginning of the 19th century, an artillery battery could be placed there, and with the support of a squadron, cheap and angry.

      To install the battery, you first need to equip a stable base. Then provide shelters for the guns - otherwise the open battery will be demolished by the fire of the naval artillery. Moreover, it is necessary to cover the guns from above, too - nobody canceled the bombarding ships. You need a lot of guns and the battery firing sector must be wide - otherwise the enemy will simply break through the battery at speed.
      And as a result, we get ... a fort. smile
    3. 0
      8 August 2021 15: 02
      Quote: vladcub
      Comrades, I thought: fortifications, how much are they needed?

      you know the good old rule
      One cannon on the shore is worth a whole ship at sea.
      Since Ushakov's times ... (and beyond)
      almost always worked.

      Quote: vladcub
      In the Middle Ages, fortresses were necessary, and by the end of the 18th century the visibility of the fortresses had slightly decreased

      the better the artillery, the thicker the walls of the forts and the lower and deeper the location.
      As for the descent - over there, you need to ask Togo - why did he bombard the PA so weakly, because the Golden Mountain and the Electric Cliff could not be afraid ...
      1. 0
        9 August 2021 11: 53
        Just ask him already. And the meaning of the Electric Cliff - which side to look at: Stepanov's is so very significant
  7. +4
    1 August 2021 11: 33
    As for wearing out shoes, if there was nothing to do, I obviously had to do drill training.
  8. +1
    1 August 2021 23: 11
    Perhaps I am mistaken, but it seems to me that in the movie "The Adventurers", in the finale, the action takes place in this fort. School was executed with girls in this film ...
  9. 0
    2 August 2021 10: 49
    The long construction time played a cruel joke with the fort.
    Long terms of construction, especially the fact that the stone was laid down in a natural way, helped to see this fort live for ours and the next, I think, for many generations.
  10. +1
    2 August 2021 11: 02
    A useless fort known to everyone. Fort Boyard

    It turned out to be helpful. Even what they told us about him and what we know about him says that it is not in vain ...
  11. 0
    2 August 2021 22: 42
    In fact, the name of both the braid and the fort is pronounced and spelled like Boyard, but Boyard's transliteration has become entrenched in the Russian language.(C)
    "So, this bullet is 6,35 from" omega "or"bayard"(c) Gleb Zheglov" Meeting place ... "
  12. -1
    3 August 2021 10: 57
    Is this the most popular article on the military review? Why is she at all?
  13. 0
    6 August 2021 05: 28
    Quote: Garrett
    but the british did not make it to St. Petersburg primarily because of the new wunderwuffly - sea mines.

    Without forts and gunboats, the mines alone would not cope

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