Space technologies. Shape morphing and flight shaping

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Natural morphing


Bird morphing


Researchers and observers have long recognized that birds and various other flying creatures change the position of their body structures in flight to perform specific maneuvers or to adjust their aerodynamic profile to accommodate changing flight conditions.


This eagle rests its feet on the body to reduce aerodynamic drag. Notice also extending the wings (usually used to slow down the rate of descent) and spreading feathers on them to break up the vortexes at the tips of the wings that increase drag.



Another well-known example of the transformation of airplane structure is the retractable landing gear, which serves the same purpose for the airplane as for the bird when it pulls its legs towards the body in flight.

Space technologies. Shape morphing and flight shaping

That is, this type of transformation dramatically reduces aerodynamic drag, which in turn increases the energy efficiency of the bird of prey, and this also leads to fuel economy in aircraft.

Additional “low-tech” conversion examples include movable control surfaces used to transfer forces and torque to the aircraft for maneuvering and stability, “slats,” “slots,” and “flaps” that protrude to reshape the wing, providing more lift with more lift. low take-off and landing speeds; and variable sweep wings, which allow the aircraft to fly efficiently at dramatically different flight speeds, for example, when transitioning from subsonic to supersonic flight.

These past examples of morphing technologies were certainly groundbreaking in their day, but they are now fairly commonplace - some are not even considered morphing.

Metal morphing


In fact, ever since man began to forge metal with fire, the "state of metal" has been known to be volatile.

Europeans, who tested metal for "bendability" and load in the 1930s, noted that some alloys (containing aluminum) can exhibit a kind of pseudo-elasticity (this is so, by the way).

In the USSR, did they come up with metal morphing?

Let's remember this for the objectivity of the presentation.

The shape memory effect in metal alloys was discovered in the USSR by scientists G.V. Kurdyumov and L.G. Khandros, and on March 17, 1949, it was formalized as a scientific discovery that was empirically confirmed and related to diffusionless types of phase transformations in metal alloys. The discovered effect was experimentally found in alloys based on metals such as gold, copper, cobalt, iron, nickel.

And what's the use?

The status of this discovery or declaration about it is lower than any patent, even Russian, registered, for example, in the USA.

Not to mention that the discovery of the "shape memory effect" in general dates back to 1932, when the Swedish chemist Arne Olander first discovered this property in gold-cadmium alloys.

Currently, the current Civil Code of the Russian Federation, defining the grounds for the emergence and procedure for exercising exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity (intellectual property), does not regulate legal relations associated with scientific discoveries.

In the USSR, it was proposed to understand a scientific discovery as the establishment of previously unknown objectively existing and verifiable regularities, properties and phenomena of the material world, which make fundamental changes in the level of knowledge.

The funny thing is that since the world scientific community never participated in the recognition of Soviet / Russian discoveries, their status was determined by Russian experts, among whom there have never been Nobel laureates or scientists with a Hirsch index (HIR) of at least more than 30. That is, according to the existing now in the world science agreements, none of them was a great scientist.

This note is for those who want to clarify the content of an article on Russian Wikipedia or on articles by Russian scientists, including the head of the Commission "on pseudoscience" (Commission for the fight against pseudoscience is a scientific coordination organization under the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences), "academician without admission ”, Whose THEM also falls short of 20, but who“ knows everything ”and judges everything.

No pure shape memory metal (SMM) exists. These are always alloys.

The most general definition.

SPF Is a group of metal alloys that can return to their original state.


XNUMXst century morphing


Unlike the "low-tech" transformation designs of the past, the transforming aircraft is defined today as "One that uses innovative actuators, actuators and other mechanisms to adapt its condition, in order to improve behavior and performance when flying in several environments or in different conditions".

Despite recent centuries of innovation in aviation technologies, the versatility of modern aircraft remains much worse than that of biological prototypes and analogues.

Today, research in aviation technology and design continues to draw inspiration and inspiration from nature. But it is also obvious that our technical capabilities are seriously lagging behind the natural capabilities of divine creations.

Achieved characteristics, properties and effects, practical implications


Shape memory effect. The material can be used as an actuator to provide the force for restoring the shape.

Pseudoelasticity. The material can be stressed to provide large recoverable strains at relatively constant stress levels.

Hysteresis. Allows energy dissipation during pseudoelastic response.

High response voltage (400–700 MPa). Components with small cross-sections can generate significant forces.

High actuation load (about 8%)... Short components can accommodate large movements.

High energy density (about 1200 J / kg)... A small amount of material required for significant actuation.

Three-dimensional triggering. Polycrystalline SMA components manufactured in a variety of shapes to provide many useful geometries.

Response frequency... The difficulty in achieving high cooling rates of components limits their use in high frequency applications.

Energy efficiency (10-15%). The amount of thermal energy required to operate is much greater than the power of mechanical work.

Transformation-induced plasticity. The build-up of ductility during cyclic response ultimately leads to material failure and failure.


Some modern SPFs and their characteristics

Cosmic Forming


The applications for shape memory alloys are varied.

Their priority implementation is carried out in areas with high fees for the functionality of new products: medicine, aviation and astronautics; firefighting and oil and gas industry. And even in the circus ...

Taking into account the interests of the audience, we will consider only its aviation-military-space application.

For aerospace applications, weight savings are critical. Shape memory alloys are special materials that provide higher torque and output mass, require fewer total parts and require less maintenance than conventional hydraulic actuators required for flight and engine control.

This is achieved through a shape memory effect. When the SPF is heated or cooled, it undergoes a reversible phase change, and its original shape is restored even under the opposite load.

This gives these materials the necessary attributes so that they can become a viable replacement material for various structures in the aerospace industry.

For example:

• Materials of the main structures;
• self-unfolding structures (antennas, solar panels, etc.);
• mechanisms of orientation of solar cells;
• tools for assembly work (nutrunners, self-tightening clips and couplings; clamps, flarers, etc.);
• drives of rotary mechanisms (rudders, dampers, hatches, etc.);
• manipulators, etc.

The properties of the SPF make it possible to create devices that implement complex kinematics of deformational displacements of structural elements with the maximum weight efficiency of the devices, their constructive simplicity and location in a minimum volume.

Examples


In 1993, at the Mir station in open space, a truss of the Sophora orientation engine was assembled.

In the cooled state, sleeves in the form of bushings were deformed to increase their inner diameter. After inserting the ends of the tubular elements into the sleeve and heating it above the temperature of the reverse martensitic transformation, the sleeve reduced the inner diameter, providing a reliable deformation connection.

At the Mir station, a Rapana farm was deployed using an SPF drive (in the form of a wire through which an electric current was passed to heat it), and two antennas with a diameter of 40 m were deployed on the Progress-20 space truck.

There were, of course, later applications.

NASA


NASA is developing reshaping metals such as intelligent adaptive materials for spacecraft.

NASA's Langley Research Center in Virginia is playing a key role in this endeavor. Its Materials Center of Excellence is frantically working on shape-shifting aircraft.


Dr. Anna McGowan - Director of NASA's Material Morphing Program


Anna McGowan, Lecture at NASA's Langley Research Center.

To shed light on what a complex system is, McGowan compared it to traditional engineering, which she studied in school.

Using this long-standing approach, “you took a very complex system and kept breaking it down until you figured out the details,” she said.

"Then you analyzed the parts separately, and once you understood the parts, you plugged it back in to understand the whole system."

However, with complex systems, this linear reductionist approach does not work.
“Complex systems are a function of intersection learning,” McGowan said. "The boundaries between the various components are now blurry."


Or, in other words: "Complex systems in engineering rely more on the interaction of components than on the components themselves."

Therefore, it is necessary to think about the creation of morphic materials in an integrated manner, that is, in fact, about the creation of intelligent morphic systems.

This approach can have real application in the development of advanced spacecraft.

With a shape-shifting craft, it is possible to control the reduction of drag, load, noise, as well as the coordination of sensors and actuators using such a material.

Most importantly, such a material could one day be used as the basis for a "self-healing spacecraft shell" that can self-repair itself.

This transformation allows the machine to "remember" previous configurations or "remember" itself for future functions.

When the material can transform, the shape of the ship can be changed to suit the environment in which it moves. And such material can "disguise" aircraft and spacecraft, which will "confuse" the audience.

Soft robotics


Terminator # 2 is a typical soft robot



The Terminator is one of the most iconic characters in science fiction films.

But this technology is probably still many decades away, isn't it?

Probably no.

Liquid metal


The electric fields used to shape the liquid are generated by the computer, which means that the position and shape of molten metal can be programmed and controlled dynamically.

“Liquid metals are an extremely promising class of materials for deformable applications; their unique properties include stress-controlled surface tension, high liquid conductivity and liquid-solid phase transition at room temperature. "
- said Professor Shriram Subramanian, head of the INTERACT laboratory at the University of Sussex.

“One of the long-term visions of us and many other researchers is to change the physical form, appearance and functionality of any object using digital control to create intelligent, nimble and useful objects that surpass the functionality of any modern display or Robot».

Programmable Liquid Metals


"This is a new class of programmable liquid-state materials that can dynamically transform from a simple drop shape to many other complex geometric shapes in a controlled manner."
Said Yutaka Tokuda, a project researcher at the University of Sussex.

While the Tokuda group's research is in its early stages, the evidence they have collected has inspired them to explore potential applications, including soft robotics and smart electronics.

Digital control


This research made it possible to use computer-controlled electric fields not only to change the shape of liquid metal, but also to move it through space.

The researchers have a long-term vision to one day use digital flexible object control to create "intelligent, nimble and useful objects that exceed the functionality of any modern display or robot."

New intelligent shape-shifting material, self-healing, designed for soft robotics


Advances in soft robotics, wearable technology, and human-machine interaction require a new class of extensible materials that can adaptively reshape, relying only on portable electronics as the power source.


Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University have developed a material that exhibits a unique combination of high electrical and thermal conductivity with actuation capabilities.

Another key feature of the material is its resistance to significant damage.

"We have observed electrical self-healing and damage detection capabilities for this composite, but damage detection has gone a step further than previous liquid metal composites."
- explained Michael Ford, researcher at the Soft Machines lab and lead author of the study.
"Because damage creates new conductive marks that can trigger shape change, the composite responds unambiguously to damage."

The high electrical conductivity of the material allows the composite to interact with traditional electronics, dynamically respond to touch and reversibly change shape. It can be used in any application that requires stretchable electronics: healthcare, clothing, wearable computers, assistive devices and robots, and space travel.
The work was funded by a grant from the Office of Army Research.

Nitinol



Nitinol or titanium nickelide - intermetallic compound (chemical compound of metals with a fixed ratio between the components).

Nitinol in space


NASA has a long history conducting material science and engineering experiments in space. Many of these studies remain classified.

There is information that NASA sent nitinol into space for secret experiments. Emerging information indicates that he was placed in specialized test chambers during flights of space shuttles and space stations in the 1990s. And in 2017, even on our ISS.

The weightlessness and gravity-free environment of outer space may have provided clues to "strange manufacturing and processing", as well as to understanding how and why material can "transform".

It also became known that the US Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson (AFRL) developed the spacecraft components made of metal with memory (nitinol) and launched these unique morphing systems into space. For decades, the Wright-Patterson AFRL has been developing memory metal-based spacecraft systems.

The base itself, which received and researched the memory metal from Roswell, has used the technology to its advantage on at least three demo times with three little-talked about spacecraft being launched:

• MIghtSat / FalconSat is a small satellite spacecraft developed by AFRL to test advanced imaging, communications and “bus components” of spacecraft in space, launched in 2000 on a two-year mission. A deep search of technical literature reveals references to a MightSat launched into space using a memory metal. The device is referred to as the "AFRL Form Memory Release Device" and its abbreviation is referred to as SMARD (or Shape Memory Alloy Release Device).

• In July 1997, Wright's AFRL Lightweight Flexible Solar Array (LFSA) was launched into space. The technical reference is to the “shape memory alloy hinge” design and to AFRL's creation of a metal memory device with NASA, DARPA and Lockheed Martin. It contains very thin pieces of nitinol. These strips served as ultra-flexible devices on which attached parts of the ship could pivot, swing, or lock.

The Laboratory's current mission in space Is a spaceship Rosette. Wright's research labs have worked with the European Space Agency on a spacecraft to be the first to enter orbit and land on a comet. The comet-chasing ship is equipped with a shape memory gas release mechanism, a specialized metal memory valve.


Rosetta is an automatic interplanetary station designed to study a comet. Designed and manufactured by the European Space Agency in collaboration with NASA.
The spacecraft was launched in March 2004 to comet 67P / Churyumov - Gerasimenko. As part of the program, on November 12, 2014, the world's first soft landing of a descent vehicle on the surface of a comet took place.

SPF materials and technologies in aviation


In the past, aircraft have used variable sweep, retractable landing gear, retractable flaps and slats, and "variable noses."

The return of design thought to the principles of aircraft control, which were used at the dawn of aviation, confirms that everything new is a well-forgotten old. The morph concept in modern aviation goes back to the principles of aircraft control developed by Otto Lilienthal.

For example, the concept of a flexible or morph wing is very promising for many reasons. Aircraft speeds increase, and this leads to the fact that the aerodynamic load on the wing increases, and any seam or protrusion, of course, affects fuel consumption. The struggle for the "smoothness" of aerodynamic forms is becoming an urgent task.


Realized and potential use

This is doubly important for the military - their morphic aerodynamic surfaces attract the ability to reduce the effective reflective surface of the aircraft in the radio range, reduce the weight of mechanical drives - and thereby obtain reserves for increasing the range, maneuverability and survivability of the aircraft in combat collisions.

Of interest are also more significant changes in shape, in particular, changes in the surface area of ​​the wing and the controlled convexity of the airfoil.

That is, we are not talking about morphing as an abstract technology, but constructive solutions using metamaterials with previously unattainable "morphic" properties.

Aerospace vehicle of the XXI century



This is a fairly old project, albeit in the 2001st century. In fact, NASA has been striving to create a convertible aircraft concept since XNUMX.

But in the long term, NASA hopes to design a transforming aircraft.

This concept, known as the XNUMXst century aerospace vehicle and sometimes referred to as the morph plane, includes many intelligent technologies that allow in-flight reconfiguration for optimal flight performance and is an example of biomimetic technology.

In this case, the biological design of the bird is imitated.

Through the use of intelligent materials that are flexible and can change shape on command, a XNUMXst century aerospace vehicle can shape its wings by extending the ends outward and slightly upward to provide optimal lift.

But after takeoff, an airplane needs a wing that can offer less wind resistance while maintaining lift. This is why the wings, at altitudes of over 3000 meters, contract inward and swing backward to minimize drag and increase flight speed.

While this program has yet to bear fruit, it is an exciting proposition that offers a glimpse into the future.

So far, ideas that are more technologically advanced for modern science and technology are being implemented.

GIGAbay cargo plane


This is a concept design that will use advanced ceramics, fibers and carbon nanotubes to create a massive flying superstructure.


The payload will be so great that after landing, the plane can be turned into a mobile power plant, a water treatment plant, or even a three-story autonomous hospital.

To maintain the integrity of this "large structure" and not have a common fuselage with constant pressure changes over it during flight, it can be equipped with an internal active sub-fuselage AFS, which distributes pressure for best performance and prevents damage to the fuselage.

AFS consists of a carbon fiber structure with multiple mobile sections with hundreds of sensors along its entire length and an electric air pump system with two external air intakes that push or pull high pressure air;

AFS re-adapts its shape in this way, all controlled by various computers that analyze the situation every millisecond.

Flight morphing


Flight morphing is an example of an ability that includes much more than just the structural configurations that give animals such as bats, birds, and butterflies the ability to fly.

Indeed, morphing flying is a very versatile skill.

The various disciplinary aspects of morphing can be broken down as follows:

Remote control: incentives to change shape.

The main influence on the potential use and development of responsive materials is, of course, how they can be set in motion. Again, natural systems operate with a limited palette of stimuli.

In the artificial world, the promise of remote control and integration with existing systems makes light, electric and magnetic fields attractive candidates for controlling responses and increases the ability to go beyond natural limits.

Hygroscopicity.

Hydrogels are the prototype for a hygroscopic response material that changes in size by more than 1100 times when solvent particles completely penetrate their polymer networks and cause expansion due to hydrophilic effects.

Chemistry.

The presence of chemicals is a ubiquitous natural trigger, be it ion concentration, pH change, or the presence of a specific antigen. The volume change due to chemical triggers of hydrogels can be up to 350 times.

Heating.

Temperature response is perhaps the most famous passive movement trigger in the artificial world. Varying heat coefficients are easy to observe, and strip-based bimetallic control systems have adopted this approach since the XNUMXth century. Many commercial plastics, such as polyesters and polyurethane, are thermoplastics that exhibit shape memory effects due to their ease of processing. However, their use in post-production shape change applications is currently a novelty.

Shine.

The use of materials that are sensitive to electromagnetic or radiation influences opens up possibilities for remote activation and gradual stimulation, compatible with existing control systems. Liquid crystal systems are well known for their light response triggering the switching of trans isomers discussed earlier. For LCEs, polymer systems, and hydrogels, it has been shown that the addition of nanoparticle composites with tuned plasmon resonances increases the photoresponse by triggering heating.

Electricity and magnetism.

The electrical impulse of the action potential is a key stimulus for activation and formation in the natural world, where muscle contraction occurs from ion channels opened by a voltage of the order of 10 mV. Multiple electroactive shape-shifting polymers are synthetically known, none of which exhibit high gains in muscle interaction: indeed, many require kilovolts to match a moderate 20 percent muscle contraction.

Morph philosophy


Sensitivity


Flying creatures and machines must be able to detect or sense the state of the atmosphere around them, as well as their own position and structural configuration, in order to be able to fly in a given environment.

Examples of the types of data that need to be collected include air speed, altitude, air pressure, position relative to other objects, and the position and shape of their wings at any given moment (this is especially true if morphing is used).

This capability could include highly specialized sensors in aircraft such as yaw rate gyroscopes to measure orientation and wing openings to measure air pressure.

Calculation


Sensory signals from eyes, ears, etc., as well as from specialized sensory systems, must be integrated and processed in the brain of biological pilots or, alternatively, an on-board computer, if we consider the sensory systems of aircraft. The processing to be performed includes specialized algorithms for flight stability, guidance, navigation and control.

Flight stability is perhaps the most important of these functions, since without stability it is impossible to stay in flight, and lack of stability in flight can easily lead to tragic results.

In airplanes, flight stability algorithms are executed with the highest possible processing speed and have the highest priority for processor use.

Navigation


Hovering is a function that determines, as accurately as possible, where the flyer is at a given moment, especially in relation to where it needs to fly.

In biological pilots, these commands are electrical impulses from the brain that stimulate specific muscles and organs. In airplanes, commands are also electrical signals that activate electric motors or trigger hydraulic actuation.

Drives


Morphing flight requires highly specialized structures, but also requires specialized actuators to move and position these structures.

Flight morphing


Thus, each of these "subsystems" requires specialized components to fulfill their role in providing the miracles of flight morphing.

However, the way these subsystems interact is equally important to the success of the transformation and to ensure a positive contribution to flight performance.

Sensory outputs must provide specific information to be useful for stability, control, and navigation, and the computing capabilities must have sufficient processing power and be “wired” in such a way as to work effectively with this information.

Likewise, the computation function must have information about the configuration and dynamics of the actuator in order to output the appropriate command signals to achieve the goal of flight stability and successfully execute the desired movement.


This block diagram illustrates the interrelationships and interdependencies of the major subsystems involved in achieving improved flight performance.

However, when these physical components are viewed in a systems context, complexity arguments are taken to a whole new level.


The functional concept of a morphic system uniting various classes of structures from the point of view of technologies is shown.

The bird's brain must have sufficient capacity to perform the calculations required for life and daily activities. And the plane, in addition, must also launch missiles, shoot, and maintain the viability of the pilot or crew.

Conclusion


This discussion shows that taking into account all aspects of the significant interdisciplinary problem of shape morphing, and even more so their synergetic elaboration, is hardly possible.

There is also another explanation.

Achievement of "bird ability" in aircraft, even with significant resources, concentrated in the framework of significant research efforts, is impossible, since birds are the product of not only design, but also an incredibly capable Designer with an unprecedented understanding of the interdisciplinary nature of the problem.

(Although a man is even more complicated, but the ability of "autonomous flying" is not inherent in him by nature. We must accept and look for other possibilities, using a more powerful intellect than most birds).

But it's one thing to fantasize or even study the functionality and activation mechanisms of synthetic shape-shifting materials, it's another to compare our current knowledge of self-forming materials with strategies found in nature.

The conclusion is inevitable: in the foreseeable future, there will not be a single material and production method that would allow for the complete self-forming of any device or aircraft in accordance with the wishes of even very charismatic rulers, the engineering and scientific community.

Results


Unlike humans, "originally not intended for flying," birds from birth have their entire "flying machine" and its support system, and besides, they are genetically trained to use all of this.

Achieving bird morphing in an aircraft is only possible by creating materials and systems that respond directly to the pilot's thought.

And what are the thoughts of a pilot, for example, a military man writing comments on the VO forum?

And where will we fly away with such thoughts, even with the most advanced cosmic metamaterials?

Such a symbiosis of a man and an airplane (spacecraft) is unattainable for earthly mankind in the foreseeable future, although there are hypothetical prototypes of this project ...

But until this beautiful time, it is better not to use the term "smart metal".

***
This article is just a preamble to a deductive scientific investigation that touches on America's best-guarded secrets in breakthrough scientific development of "smart" materials, "very smart" by comparison.

What follows is a narrative (or rather an investigation) of why and how, the wreckage of "memory metal" found at the Roswell UFO crash site in 1947 became both a conceptual and technical impetus for today's "shape memory alloys" or "transforming metals" such as nitinol.

To be continued ...
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22 comments
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  1. +5
    23 July 2021 15: 20
    What follows is a narrative (or rather an investigation) of why and how, the wreckage of "memory metal" found at the Roswell UFO crash site in 1947 became both a conceptual and technical impetus for today's "shape memory alloys" or "transforming metals" such as nitinol.
    laughing I started well, from afar. laughing
    1. +15
      23 July 2021 15: 27
      Nothing, we'll wait. I hope that the author really managed to sneak into the "Area 51" object and steal secret files there, with the help of which he will bring all these imperialists and their alien friends to clean water. The truth cannot be hidden from progressive humanity, let them know reptilians and yankees, and the author will help us with that.
    2. +7
      23 July 2021 16: 11
      - Okay, starting from afar.
      On the exam:
      -Even when the earth was warm and mammoths walked on it ..
      -What is your question?
      -Radiolamp.
      Part one I would simply titled as bionics.
      Leonardo da Vinci was also inspired by engineering biology.
      And today the "transfer of technology" from an evolving living organism to an artificial object finds application in many areas of human creativity.
      When it comes to smart materials, the question is tricky.
      expensive and difficult pleasure.
      Although "bimetals" have been used for a long time and successfully, in particular. as elements of thermoregulation ..
      When I was young and cheerful, I made a lock without a key with a friend, I just had to heat it up with a lighter "in some place".
      Then they decided to use a magnetic field, but decided to abandon this venture because of "Dora Govizna" for certain alloys, even by Soviet standards.
  2. +1
    23 July 2021 15: 29
    Flight morphing
    In my - not a professional opinion - this is a dead-end path that can give only a relatively short-term effect. Although this does not mean that there is no need to study this direction.
    birds from birth have their entire "flight apparatus" and its support system, and besides, they are genetically trained to use all of this.
    Birds are different. There are such "recognized" flyers as chickens, penguins and ostriches. Those. for each future aircraft, you need to separately select and study your prototype among birds. Depending on the planned area of ​​application and weight and size characteristics. Although there will certainly be features and effects common to all devices.

    PS
    whose THEM also falls short of 20, but who “knows everything” and judges everything.
    Here I remembered one popular author here) Although this phrase can be applied to almost any commentator, including me)
  3. +10
    23 July 2021 15: 39
    Great-grandfather was an Old Believer, born in 1883, knowledge about curing living beings from humans to insects was passed from father to son. To the question: "Grandpa, how do you treat animals - they don't understand you!" I got the simplest answer: “I don’t treat people either, they recover themselves, I only help them!”. Well, as a young pioneer, I get it with the following question: "Why can't we fly?" - "And who told you that we can't? Maybe they just forgot how? In a dream you walk - you walk in reality, in a dream you swim - you swim in reality. In a dream you fly? Why can't you in reality? Forgot"))))) And here the whole article is really for creating a liquid terminator! So I think, can we really fly ourselves? laughing
  4. +4
    23 July 2021 15: 42
    Messy
  5. +5
    23 July 2021 15: 47
    wreckage of "memory metal" found at the Roswell UFO crash site in 1947

    I was already afraid that we would manage without aliens, and they are right there, dear ones!
    1. +4
      23 July 2021 17: 19
      Where without green men))
  6. +6
    23 July 2021 15: 59
    Guys, what was that? A short five-year course at the Aircraft Institute?
    1. +3
      23 July 2021 16: 49
      Quote: sabakina
      Guys, what was that? A short five-year course at the Aircraft Institute?

      This is a practical guide to building a terminator. In short: you take a liquid controlled metal, put in a nuclear liquid battery, assemble a liquid super computer, write an artificial intelligence program, launch this creation - the T-3,14 is ready! Hosh let it be a plane, Hosh a fish, Hosh a nanovarka! Delov something! good fellow wassat
      1. +3
        23 July 2021 17: 01
        To be continued ...

        In the second part - a workshop! laughing laughing laughing bully
        1. +2
          23 July 2021 18: 27
          Quote: Babay Atasovich
          To be continued ...

          In the second part - a workshop! laughing laughing laughing bully

          Theory without practice is dead! I hope the author will provide us with a list of what to buy in the stores "Radiodetali", "Young Technician" and "Pharmacy". laughing
          1. -1
            24 July 2021 14: 43
            I hope the author will provide us with a list of things to buy in the stores "Radiodetali", "Young Technician" and "Pharmacy".
            In this case, only a pharmacy will help. Moreover, without fail, with a doctor's prescription. For without him they will not sell.
          2. 0
            29 July 2021 21: 05
            Vyacheslav, welcome! And what if the purpose of the article is to urge you to look at flights from a new point of view. My colleague and I were talking and came to the conclusion that a time machine exists ...
            I explain: if you want to get into the primitive system, you fly to Papua or somewhere else .. to the natives
            If you want a feudal system, please go to Turkmenistan.
            Then you want to go to the future, you fly to Japan laughing
            The plane is a time machine.
  7. +3
    23 July 2021 16: 42
    In general, the concept of copying biological material as the basis for a new generation of materials is a better option. That is, to create a bird using organic matter, but it will be a 'superorganic' capable of withstanding enormous temperatures, pressure an order of magnitude higher than existing materials, protecting it from strong radiation ... This path will be more complicated, but this is a technology for future millennia, at least ...
  8. +4
    23 July 2021 16: 47
    Dear commentators who were hooked by the mention of UFOs. I was hooked that the whole research department at NASA is busy with morphing. This is because its access to this or that practical application promises the discovery of undeniable advantages. Here's what one might think about. And also ask yourself the question: do we, in our research, have the strength and means for such research?
    A necessary caveat: a leak about research in new directions of science may turn out to be false in order to direct the enemy on the wrong path of research in order to waste his time and energy. The Academy of Sciences and aircraft designers should give an honest assessment of the available data.
    1. +2
      23 July 2021 17: 56
      Here's what one might think about.
      You can, but the line about UFO spoils everything
  9. 0
    23 July 2021 17: 59
    Bionics, transforming metals, are very interesting, but why attract to UFOs. If they already exist, then these technologies are for them, yesterday.
  10. +3
    23 July 2021 19: 22
    Bird morphing

    Metal morphing

    The author, excuse me for being straightforward, hangs on the audience's ears, since morphing is a technology in computer animation, a visual effect that creates the impression of a smooth transformation of one object into another. Neither birds, nor metals, nor other objects have it.
    The article is a branchy cranberry from a certain "Ivanov clan" nestled on the site.
    1. 0
      24 July 2021 15: 42
      Yes, there is such a word in IT. There is also a section of mathematics with the same name, which describes the methods of the most "economical" interpolation of functions. This word was simply invented by someone, originally for computer animation. As far as I understand, it originally did not exist in English. And no one forbids applying it to other areas.
      In general, the article is empty.

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“Non-profit organizations, unregistered public associations or individuals performing the functions of a foreign agent,” as well as media outlets performing the functions of a foreign agent: “Medusa”; "Voice of America"; "Realities"; "Present time"; "Radio Freedom"; Ponomarev; Savitskaya; Markelov; Kamalyagin; Apakhonchich; Makarevich; Dud; Gordon; Zhdanov; Medvedev; Fedorov; "Owl"; "Alliance of Doctors"; "RKK" "Levada Center"; "Memorial"; "Voice"; "Person and law"; "Rain"; "Mediazone"; "Deutsche Welle"; QMS "Caucasian Knot"; "Insider"; "New Newspaper"