Triumph and death of the "Lion of the North"

163
Triumph and death of the "Lion of the North"
Gustav II Adolf at the head of the Smallland cavalry at the Battle of Lützen

In this article we will continue the story about the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf. Let's talk about his participation in the Thirty Years War, triumph and glory, and his tragic death at the Battle of Lützen.

Thirty Years War



Drawing from Wapenhandelinghe van Roers Musquetten ende Spiessen (Military Exercise for Musket and Lance), 1607 edition.

Since 1618, a bloody pan-European war, called the Thirty Years, was going on in Europe.



It began with the second Prague defenestration and its first major battle was the Battle of White Mountain (1620). The Protestant army was led by Christian of Anhalt, who was elected king of Bohemia. From the other side came two armies: the imperial one, under the leadership of the Walloon Charles de Bucouis, and the army of the Catholic League, the formal commander of which was the Bavarian Duke Maximilian, and the actual commander of Johann Cerklas von Tilly.

These events were described in the article The end of the Hussite wars.
The Catholics won then, but the war continued for many more years, culminating in the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 (two peace treaties signed in the cities of Osnabrück and Münster).

On the one hand, this war was fought by the Czechs and the Protestant princes of Germany, on whose side in different years Denmark, Sweden, Transylvania, Holland, England and even Catholic France acted. Their opponents were Spain and Austria, which were ruled by the Habsburgs, Bavaria, Rzeczpospolita, the Catholic principalities of Germany and the papal region. It is curious that the so-called "Smolensk War" of 1632-1634 between Poland and Russia, not being part of the Thirty Years, still had some influence on the course of this conflict, as it diverted part of the forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

By 1629, in the course of the Thirty Years War, there was a clear turning point. The troops of the Catholic bloc, led by Wallenstein and Tili, inflicted heavy defeats on the Protestants and occupied almost all German lands. The Danes, who entered the war in 1626, after a battle with Tilly's troops at Lutter, requested an armistice.

Under these conditions, serious fears arose in Sweden associated with the movement of Catholic troops to the coast of the Baltic Sea. Yes, and Sigismund III now could well remember the claims to the Swedish throne.
In the spring of 1629, the Riksdag gave Gustav II permission to conduct military operations in Germany. Of course, the reason for the war was the most plausible. Gustav Adolf said then:

“God knows that I am not starting a war for the sake of vanity. The Emperor ... tramples on our faith. The oppressed peoples of Germany are calling for our help. "

Sweden enters the Thirty Years' War


In September 1629, the Swedes concluded another truce with the Commonwealth (for six years). Now Gustav II could focus on the war in Germany.

Running a little ahead, let's say that in January 1631 Gustav Adolphus also entered into an alliance with France, which promised financial assistance in the amount of one million francs a year for 5 years. The Dutch government also promised subsidies.

On July 16, 1630, the Swedish army landed on the Pomeranian island of Used, at the mouth of the Oder River. Coming off the ship, the king fell to his knees, slipping on the board, but pretended to pray for the blessing of the noble cause of protecting fellow believers.


"Prayer" by Gustav II on the island of Used

This army was quite small: it consisted of 12 and a half thousand infantrymen, 2 thousand cavalrymen, engineering and artillery units - only about 16 and a half thousand people. But its appearance radically changed the situation in Germany.

Very soon the troops of the Catholics were defeated in Pomerania and Mecklenburg. The doubts of the Protestants were finally dispelled by the pogrom of Magdeburg, organized by the Catholic army of Tilly (May 20, 1631). Up to 30 thousand people died in the city, these events were included in history called "Magdeburg Wedding".

But the Swedes by their behavior then very surprised Germany. Contemporaries of those events unanimously assert; the soldiers of the army of Gustav II did not rob the civilian population, did not kill the elderly and children, did not rape women. F. Schiller wrote about this in the "History of the Thirty Years War":

"The whole of Germany was amazed at the discipline for which the Swedish troops were so valiantly allocated ... Any debauchery was persecuted in the strictest manner, and most severely - blasphemy, robbery, play and duels."

It is curious that it was in the army of Gustav Adolf that punishment with gauntlets first appeared, which was then called "qualified execution."

The number of allies of the Swedes grew every day. The number of troops available to Gustav II also increased. True, they were scattered throughout Germany and it was the Swedish units that were the most efficient and reliable. And, in fairness, it should be said that during the campaign, with a decrease in the number of Swedes and an increase in the number of mercenaries, discipline in the army of Gustav Adolf significantly weakened.

In September 1631, at the Battle of Breitenfeld, the Swedes and their allies defeated Tilly's army. At the same time, at some point, the Saxons allied to the Swedes could not stand it and fled. Even messengers were sent to Vienna with the news of the victory. However, the Swedes resisted, and soon they themselves put the enemy to flight.

G. Delbrück, highly appreciating the martial art of the Swedish king, wrote later:

"What Cannes was for Hannibal, so was the Battle of Breitenfeld for Gustav-Adolphus."

Freeing the Protestant principalities, Gustav II struck a blow at Catholic Bavaria. Until the end of 1631 Halle, Erfurt, Frankfurt an der Oder and Mainz were captured. On April 15, 1632, during a minor battle near the Lech River, one of the best generals of the Catholic bloc, Johann Tilly (died April 30), was mortally wounded. And on May 17, 1632, Munich opened the gates in front of the Swedish troops. Elector Maximilian took refuge in the Ingoldstadt fortress, which the Swedes failed to take.

Meanwhile, the Saxons entered Prague on November 11, 1631.

At this time, Gustav II Adolf received his famous nickname "Midnight (that is, northern) lion".

But this king did not have long to live. On November 16, 1632, he died in the battle of Lützen, victorious for the Swedes.

In April 1632, the Catholic troops were again led by Wallenstein (this commander was described in the article Albrecht von Wallenstein. A good general with a bad reputation).

He managed to capture Prague, after which he sent his troops to Saxony. A few small battles did not change the situation, but Wallenstein's troops found themselves between the lands, which were then controlled by the Swedes. Naturally, Gustav Adolf did not like this situation, and he moved his army to Lützen, where on November 6, 1632, a battle began, which became fatal for him.

The last battle of the "Lion of the North"


It is said that on the eve of this battle, the Swedish king saw in a dream a huge tree. Before his eyes, it grew out of the ground, covered with leaves and flowers, and then dried up and fell at his feet. He considered this dream auspicious and foreshadowing victory. Who knows, maybe this circumstance played a role in the death of Gustav Adolf, who, having received such a clear prediction of a successful outcome of the battle, lost his caution.

The German historian Friedrich Kohlrausch, in his History of Germany from Ancient Times to 1851, describes the beginning of this battle:

“The troops stood ready in anxious anticipation. The Swedes, with the sound of trumpets and timpani, sang Luther's hymn "My Lord is my fortress", and another, the works of Gustav himself: "Fear not, little flock!" At 11 o'clock the sun peeped through, and the king, after a short prayer, got on his horse, galloped to the right wing, over which he took personal leadership, and exclaimed: “Let's start in the name of God! Jesus! Jesus, help me now to fight for the glory of Your name ”! When the armor was handed to him, he did not want to put it on, saying: "God is my armor!"


In this picture, we see the prayer of Gustav II Adolf and the Swedish army before the battle with Wallenstein's Catholic army at Lützen

At first, the Swedes outnumbered the Imperials, but by lunchtime the Catholics received reinforcements, which were brought in by Gottfried-Heinrich Pappenheim (he was mortally wounded in this battle).

At some point, the Imperials were able to push the Swedish infantry back somewhat. And then Gustav Adolf went to help his people at the head of the Smallland Cavalry Regiment. Kohlrausch, already quoted by us, reports:

“He (Gustav Adolf) wanted to spot the enemy's weak spot, and he was far ahead of his horsemen. He had a very small retinue with him. "

There was fog on the Lutzen field, and the king had poor eyesight. And therefore, ahead of his people, he did not immediately notice the Croatian imperial cavalry.

According to another version, the king and his people lagged behind the regiment and got lost in the fog - just like the Croats who met with them got lost. Since then, by the way, the expression "Lutzen's fog" has entered the Swedish language. According to some reports, the king was already wounded by a stray bullet, and therefore lagged behind the regiment. One way or another, the enemy's new shots turned out to be well-aimed: the king received a bullet in the hand, and when he turned his horse - in the back. Falling from his horse, he could not free himself from the stirrup.


JW Wahlbom. The death of Gustav Adolf at the Battle of Lützen, 1855


Fragment of the same picture

After that, the king's retinue was killed, and he himself was pierced several times with a sword. Tradition claims that to the question of an imperial officer ("Who are you"), the dying Gustav II replied:

"I was the Swedish king."


Jacket, pistols and sword of Gustav II Adolf, which were with him during the battle of Lützen

The cuirassiers took away all the valuables that were under Gustav, and his famous red leather tunic, pierced by bullets and blades, was sent to Vienna - as proof of the death of the king. Wallenstein, having learned about the death of the Swedish king, hinting at himself, modestly said:

"The German Empire could not wear two such heads!"


Stone at the site of the death of King Gustav II Adolf


Modern view of the place of death of this king

Curiously, part of the battlefield at Lützen, where Gustav II Adolf died, is now considered Swedish territory.

The Swedish troops, which are now led by Duke Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar, did not know about the death of their leader and won another victory.
Queen Maria Eleanor, who at that time was in Germany, ordered to send the body of her husband to Stockholm, where he was buried.


Carl Gustav Helqvist. The body of Gustav II Adolf on the way to Sweden, 1885


Riddarholmskyrkan Church, Stockholm. Here is the tomb of Gustav II Adolf

The road along which the embalmed body of the king was transported was named "Gustav Street". The Swedish Riksdag in 1633 officially proclaimed this king "Great".


At first, they told about Maria Eleanor, unloved in Sweden, that when she went to bed, she put a box with Gustav's embalmed heart into bed. Moreover, the daughter Christina allegedly forces her to lie down next to her - so that the whole family is assembled. And then there were wild rumors among the people that the dowager queen allegedly did not allow the dead spouse to be buried and everywhere carried a coffin with his body.

I can't say anything about the box with the heart, but there was definitely no gothic horror with a coffin in the bedroom.

"The era of great power"


So the life of the king was cut short, who, perhaps, could go down in history as a great commander, standing on a par with Napoleon Bonaparte or Julius Caesar. But the foundations for the coming greatness of Sweden (ruined by Charles XII) had already been laid. Chancellor Axel Oxenstern maintained and developed these tendencies. And the portrait of his ward - Christina, daughter of Gustav Adolf, we can see not only on Swedish coins.


Erfurt 10 Ducat coin depicting Queen Christina of Sweden

In the next article we will talk about the unusual fate of this woman.

According to the Peace of Westphalia, Sweden received the Germanic duchies of Bremen and Verdun, eastern and part of western Pomerania and Wismar. The Baltic Sea turned into a "Swedish lake" for many years. He left the state entrusted to Gustav at the peak of his power.


Sweden, 1617-1660

In Sweden, the period from 1611 to 1721 is officially called Stormaktstiden - “The era of great power”.
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  1. +17
    23 July 2021 04: 51
    He considered this dream auspicious and foreshadowing victory. Who knows, maybe this circumstance played a role in the death of Gustav Adolf, who, having received such a clear prediction of a successful outcome of the battle, lost his caution

    But I was not mistaken, the Swedes won once again!
    Thank you Valery!
    Regards, Vlad!
    1. +19
      23 July 2021 07: 24
      Thank you Valery!
      Exactly, I almost forgot! I join with pleasure in the noble cause of expressing gratitude to the author!
      I managed to write with love.
      Hell-naz-na-na !!! Valery von Ryzhov Groß vielen Dank for my favorite format of presenting articles even on serious topics - lively, not boring, exciting and even curious with pictures! Further creative successes in my personal life! , Your grateful reader.
      1. -6
        23 July 2021 11: 36
        SERGEANT is quite prolific and recently practically not a single article on VO is complete without his additions.
        It's hard to believe that Sergeant is so historically savvy on such a wide range of issues.
        It's time, probably, under such large additions and indicate a link to the real source, especially since thanks to plagiarism check sites, the quoted article is located quickly.
        1. +7
          23 July 2021 12: 15
          "not without his additions" 1) does he prevent others from commenting? Didn't notice something
          2) it seems that someone has a difficult character
          1. -3
            23 July 2021 12: 28
            Good afternoon! laughing
            1. Do not comment, but supplement (is there a difference?) I don’t remember any comments from him.
            2. "I can not give up the principles" N. Andreev laughing
          2. +10
            23 July 2021 14: 51
            "not without his additions" 1) does he prevent others from commenting? Didn't notice something
            2) it seems that someone has a difficult character

            I'll stand up for both. 1. Sergeant's comments are informative and interesting, I will support them. For example, I don't care which site he took from - I generally quote Wikipedia, because it's too lazy to look for sources. request
            2. As a person who knows Alexander, I authoritatively declare - the smartest and most educated person. drinks
            1. +3
              24 July 2021 03: 30
              Thank you Nikolay for your protection!
              Who does not like what I wrote, let it be better to get acquainted with the types and types of plagiarism. To broaden your horizons.
              Evgey Norin, the author of the article, which is copied and pasted by Sergeant, writes very interestingly.
              I advise you to read.
              1. +3
                24 July 2021 05: 31
                Sasha, hello and good morning! hi
                I wrote my opinion to Nikolai there and there is nothing more to add, besides the fact that plagiarism is not good, but in the comments it somehow does not work out without it. I, too, will steal something from someone, but I try to keep a sense of proportion. smile drinks
                1. +3
                  24 July 2021 05: 39
                  Good morning! How are you with the weather?
                  We all use other people's articles and no other way. laughing
                  But if they copy and paste the whole article! And then the question of authorship reasonably arises. Indicate and all questions will be removed.
                  I don’t want to discuss this. This is a matter of elementary ethics. And she either is or she is not! drinks
                  At night we have about 12 degrees, during the day they promise +20.
                  This year, very sweet raspberries, let's wait for the black currants and make the jam!
                  1. +2
                    24 July 2021 06: 22
                    Our fever also calmed down, but next week they promise again at thirty.
                    We have not only raspberries. but strawberries (though from the neighbors) are also very good. We drink compotes from the refrigerator, it is very helpful in the heat. smile
                    1. +1
                      24 July 2021 07: 37
                      "promise at thirty", but did not want +40? We had + 2 for 40 days, and then felt better.
                      The raspberries are already gone. I'll go to you to collect, and you come to me to warm up. Should be +32
                  2. +1
                    24 July 2021 07: 32
                    I had + 27 during the day, and at night, in the morning + 16.
            2. +5
              24 July 2021 05: 27
              Kolya, hi! hi
              I agree with you on both points, but sometimes SERGE just fills up with his sheets, you still need to have a sense of proportion, otherwise it turns out from time to time that his text (and someone else's) is twice, or even three times more than the author's. The middle ground, of course, is difficult to find, but you need to strive for this. smile drinks
      2. +9
        23 July 2021 12: 07
        SERGEANT, I support: creative success for the author, and we have more joy from quality work
        1. +2
          23 July 2021 12: 46
          Write articles yourself is one thing, but copy someone else's, for example
          https://pikabu.ru/story/pulya_dlya_korolya_chem_obernulas_bitva_pri_lyuttsene_6843025
          then the link must be given.
    2. +12
      23 July 2021 08: 23
      Let my enemies gain such victories. Louis 12 in a similar situation a hundred years earlier. The French won, but their commander Gaston de Foix was killed
  2. +10
    23 July 2021 05: 23
    I managed to write with love.

    Legend about the absence of the need to wear armor at least in the commentary to the proverb cite "Trust in God, but do not make a mistake yourself."

    And I also liked the story that first there was discipline in the army, and then - as usual.
    1. +9
      23 July 2021 06: 09
      ... and then - as usual.

      So, the mercenaries were recruited, and this is the kind of people for whom war is a profession and it does not matter for whom, or against whom, they live one day and must have time to grab what turned out to be at hand, otherwise tomorrow it may simply not come.
      Yes, with regard to armor, the man, of course, got excited, but in that situation, it seems to me, he would still be killed, with or without armor.
      Thank you Valery! smile
      Landsknechts, this is how the mercenaries of that (or so) time looked like.
      1. +4
        23 July 2021 06: 29
        For any event, the puzzle is made up of many factors. And you can't guess - which one will be decisive.
        1. +3
          23 July 2021 06: 36
          Sometimes a simple butterfly decides everything. smile
          1. +6
            23 July 2021 09: 49
            "And a butterfly with its wings byak-byak-byak-byak,
            And after her the sparrow jump-jump-jump-jump!
            He is her darling shmyak-shmyak-shmyak-shmyak,
            Yum-yum-yum, and sniff-sniff-sniff-sniff! "(C)

            Yes, that's how it happens. The butterfly flapped its wings, a sparrow pecked at it, and the future changed. I don’t remember anyone connecting the words of the song with Bradbury’s story "And Thunder Came ..."
            Minor little things change fate. For sensitive people, dreams predict its further course. The main thing is to correctly interpret and take the necessary measures.
            Gustav Adolf didn’t take it.

            Good morning everyone and have a nice day! )))
            1. +2
              23 July 2021 10: 52
              I suppose the minus was not put for the comment, but personally as a sign of dislike to me, and I will take that into account, I know whose minus it is.
              1. 0
                23 July 2021 10: 58
                And then! "I felt such fierce hostility, I could not eat!" laughing
                Good morning Lyudmila Yakovlevna!
                All right, the world is woven of accidents. I know from personal experience, because that is how I met my wife. Oh! fellow
                1. +6
                  23 July 2021 11: 43
                  Oh, Seryozha, I began to smear something past the letters, instead of “I suppose” it came out “I’m banging”, it’s all the same as “howling”, but I’m not a dog, although someone thinks that it is! wassat ))))
                  In fact, I am still interested in the question: why did the armor disappear? Here Gustav Adolf did not put them on and fell, struck down. Didn't put it on, it means that the era has already come of not necessarily wearing them. They say that Germany began to do without them since 1740.
                  1. +5
                    23 July 2021 11: 54
                    "the armor has disappeared ..." So in fact. So in fact the era of firearms has come. wink But bulletproof vests are still a long way off. Something like that, probably. recourse
                  2. +9
                    23 July 2021 13: 00
                    "why did the armor disappear?"
                    Why should I carry at least 4 kilos of weight if they don't protect against a bullet?
                    1. +12
                      23 July 2021 14: 56
                      And that's how the card will fall - often cuirasses saved the owners. And no one limited it - if you don't want 4 kilos, buy a heavier one, 10-12 kilos.
                      And sabers / swords / spears have not gone anywhere
                    2. +3
                      23 July 2021 18: 54
                      Glory, hello. hi
                      But a certain "Petsar of the growling image", with his Bazooka jammed not only the mills, but also his fellows in the shop.
                      In the background is Sancho with a whole bundle of stuck shots. laughing
                      1. +2
                        23 July 2021 21: 35
                        Is that how the islands get in control?
                      2. +4
                        23 July 2021 21: 45
                        Everyone has their own experience, here is Selkirk, for example.
                      3. +2
                        23 July 2021 22: 07
                        Robie from Signor Robinson was probably more fortunate.
                      4. +1
                        23 July 2021 22: 17
                        With such a friend who likes to be lucky. wink
                      5. +1
                        23 July 2021 23: 04
                        They started with Don Quixote, but did not last long.
                      6. +1
                        23 July 2021 23: 15
                        What to do, women, you yourself understand ... request smile
                      7. -1
                        24 July 2021 07: 21
                        "... why don't I know"? (c)
                      8. 0
                        24 July 2021 07: 31
                        The real prototype of Robinson.
                      9. -1
                        24 July 2021 07: 48
                        I didn't know that. I'll have to look
                      10. -1
                        24 July 2021 07: 19
                        Kostya, hello. From such a "spear" cuirass is unlikely to help
                      11. +1
                        24 July 2021 07: 33
                        Glory, hello.
                        "Panzershrek" is the surest remedy for all diseases. laughing
                      12. 0
                        24 July 2021 07: 46
                        This is for sure, and a brick on the crown of the head is the surest solution to a headache.
              2. +3
                23 July 2021 11: 59
                Quote: depressant
                I suppose, the minus was put not for the comment, but for me personally as a sign of dislike

                We put more minuses out of personal hostility than comments.
              3. +2
                23 July 2021 13: 26
                Greetings, Lyudmila Yakovlevna hi
                As promised - a plus. Yesterday I screwed up with epaulettes and now I'm bringing you to Marshal. smile
                What a tactful person VikNik is all the same - wrote simply - Dmitry, you are mistaken, do not argue. And that's all. And Phil brought pictures and links, and sent me to sleep at the end! And what kind of dream can there be after that? I cried all night in the closet from resentment laughing
                1. +5
                  23 July 2021 14: 20
                  Dmitry, amused! )))
                  He wept - a stern officer! Wipe away your tears and proceed to parse the article. For example, I finally figured out for myself what caused the Thirty Years' War. I discovered a complex of reasons, but I thought it was solely due to a religious split. And he, the split, is only a formal reason, although for the Catholic Church it is burning, because she lost her flock, which means money. And there, as it turned out, there is a lot)))
                2. +5
                  23 July 2021 14: 25
                  But I slept well and was in great shape! laughing
                  Hi Dmitry! hi
                  1. +5
                    23 July 2021 14: 43
                    Fizkult hello hi
                    1. +3
                      23 July 2021 14: 59
                      Fizkult hello

                      But I slept well and was in great shape!

                      As Carlson would say: "A miracle happened! A friend saved a friend's life!" fellow
            2. +6
              23 July 2021 11: 53
              Quote: depressant
              The main thing is to correctly interpret and take the necessary measures.
              Gustav Adolf didn’t take it.

              Means no luck.
            3. +1
              23 July 2021 18: 20
              Good afternoon, Luda. love
              I just meant "The Butterfly Effect" from Bradbury's story, along the way I remembered Captain Murphy with his well-known law, in short, speaking in Russian: "What will be is inevitable." request smile
              1. +2
                23 July 2021 22: 18
                Good evening, Kostya! )))
                I took it and watched the third-rate disaster film "The Direction of the Shock Wave". The film is disgusting, but it made it possible to once again be horrified at how far humanity has gone in its technical capabilities over the past 300 years, in general, remaining the same savages as in the era of the Thirty Years War.
                It's a shame.
                However, perhaps people were better then.
                1. +1
                  23 July 2021 22: 29
                  It seems to me that people have always been the same in their mass.
                  By the way, there was such a play "Return the tuition fee", and one of the questions on the exam was - "How long did the Thirty Years War last?" laughing
                  If you have not seen - look - will amuse, all the actors of the old school.
          2. +1
            23 July 2021 19: 29
            Yes. You can't argue with Lorenz and Bradbury.
            1. +2
              23 July 2021 19: 58
              Hello, Sergey. hi
              You mean Konrad Lorenz, of course? I only heard about him out of the corner of my ear.
              1. +2
                23 July 2021 20: 13
                Hi Constantine!

                In this case, no. Although ethologist Konrad Lorenz with "The Mines of King Solomon", "Aggression - as called evil" is more familiar.

                And Edward Lorenz introduced this concept from Bradbury's story into his climate model.
                1. +2
                  23 July 2021 20: 15
                  It is clear, but what kind of "climate model" and what is the connection?
                  1. +3
                    23 July 2021 20: 52
                    He took a little coarseness in the model - and came to big changes. At first they compared it with the flapping of a swallow's wing, and then they remembered about the butterfly.
                    1. +2
                      23 July 2021 21: 32
                      Hmmm ... I would have something simpler thread. Yes
                      1. +3
                        23 July 2021 22: 41
                        Yes, here you can understand in different ways. Once the Tsar Bomb was blown up. It would seem to have scattered without a trace. But everything in nature leaves an endless trace, transferring energy from one phenomenon to another, an endless chain of transfer is formed, and somewhere in something, that explosion still manifests itself. But we, even seeing some changes, do not understand that this is a trace, an echo of that distant explosion. The released energy is stable. She just has nowhere to go. With the exception of a small part that went into space, it is still spinning on Earth, finding a use for itself.
                        And too much of it has been released from the solid and continues to be released.
                      2. +2
                        23 July 2021 22: 46
                        Starting with this.

                        Arab modf.
                      3. +2
                        23 July 2021 23: 26
                        And the Chinese with their gunpowder? They also had something. And the mysterious Greek fire, the theme of which is played up in "Game of Thrones".
                      4. +2
                        23 July 2021 23: 37
                        And that the Chinese, there was gunpowder, there were no guns, they dabbled in crackers.
                      5. 0
                        23 July 2021 22: 56
                        Quote: depressant
                        But we, even seeing some changes, do not understand that this is a trace, an echo of that distant explosion.

                        It is called The Butterfly Effect
                      6. +3
                        23 July 2021 23: 23
                        Yes, the butterfly effect, we talked about it today. And when applied to an individual, any of his actions leaves an imprint on his entire future destiny. I have read that there is a whole theory on this subject about many of its lines. I did something, stop, there are not one lines, there are many of them, and as a result of your action, they all changed. Think about the possible ones, choose the next one.
                      7. 0
                        23 July 2021 23: 50
                        The butterfly effect only plays a role in chaotic systems, and society is a rather regulated sphere
                      8. +1
                        23 July 2021 23: 35

                        Sea Cat (Constantine)
                        Today, 18: 20
                        Good afternoon, Luda. love
                        I just meant "Butterfly Effect" ...


                        It has already been.
      2. +6
        23 July 2021 13: 16
        Kostya, good afternoon. The left landsknecht reminded me of a character from: "The dog on the wall", he also said: "call me a kurguz horse" the pack is like this. And for some reason it seems to me that I should be red-beard
        1. +1
          23 July 2021 18: 28
          Hello Slava. So he is red. By the way, did you notice that one of his trousers is "stealing" and the other is "guarding"? laughing
  3. +17
    23 July 2021 06: 03
    Naturally, Gustav Adolf did not like this situation, and he moved his army to Lützen, where on November 6, 1632, a battle began, which became fatal for him.
    The most interesting thing is that Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland, Sagan, Imperial Prince and Duke of Mecklenburg, Prince of Wendzky, Count of Schwerin, ruler of the lands of Rostock and Stargard, Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Army and Admiral of the Baltic and Oceania was just not going to fight as a general ... For those times, big battles were generally rare. You can win a decisive fight, but you can lose in the same way. The salary is paid to the mercenary, even if there was a major battle, at least not, and the dead man does not need money. So the war of the 17th century took place mainly in maneuvers and sieges, and the battle was far from the most common cause of death, hopelessly losing to hunger, bloody diarrhea and similar venerable reasons to go to a better world. Here, in general, some kind of chain of fatal accidents for Gustav II. Adolf can be traced - reluctantly and believe in fate, fate, fate and everything else .. Everything happened literally in a few tens of meters from the Swedish cavalry. If the day was clear, the monarch would have time to come to the rescue. If not for a stray bullet, he would have galloped along with his soldiers and could have survived. If the Smollan colonel had been on his feet, Gustav Adolf might not have gone into this attack. If only, if, if.
    1. +14
      23 July 2021 06: 06
      Wallenstein was not at all surprised when the Swedish army, which had come at full speed to the Leipzig area, suddenly began to dig in and build a permanent camp. In addition, Wallenstein's main army, led by Gustav Adolf, was not the only headache - it was necessary both to husk the Saxons and send someone to carry out private tasks, and standing in one big camp means problems with the delivery of provisions for such a crowd ... In general, on November 14, Wallenstein himself made a royal gift to Gustav Adolf - he sent a large detachment led by the cavalry commander Pappenheim to storm a small fortress 25 kilometers away. As soon as Gustav Adolf found out about this, he realized that this was his main chance to win, perhaps in the whole war. The Swedish army abandoned the unfinished camp and rushed towards the Catholics. The next day, the Swedes shot down a small imperial barrier. Now they were approaching a town called Lützen. Finding such a perdumonocle, Wallenstein grabbed his head and rushed to correct his own mistakes. A courier rushed to Pappenheim with the order to return as soon as possible, and the Catholic commander himself began to prepare for battle. Lutzen was great as a horn-resting position.
      1. +14
        23 July 2021 06: 08
        The Imperials stood along the road from the southwest to the northeast: the right flank rested on Lutzen, the left - in a section of rugged terrain. The ditch along the road was used as a ready-made trench for a chain of musketeers. An artillery battery was installed near the mills, not far from the city, and another one on the other flank.
        Due to the swamps and other inconveniences on the ground, Wallenstein did not fear that he would be bypassed. 18 thousand Swedes were advancing on him, Wallenstein himself had 14 thousand soldiers, and Pappenheim could bring another five thousand. In a word, the Swedes had not an overwhelming, but a significant advantage. One of the most important circumstances of the massacre on November 16, 1632, was the battle of the blind. A thick fog hung over the battlefield, in addition to the powder smoke, which even on a clear day made it difficult to see. In addition, Wallenstein creatively complemented the landscape - he drove the population of Lützen into the citadel, put them under lock and key, and set the town on fire - so the Swedes could not penetrate it, and even smoke was drawn onto the battlefield, additionally sheltering the positions from powerful Swedish batteries.
        1. +13
          23 July 2021 06: 10
          The Swedes climbed into this thick smog. Gustav Adolf always tried to be closer to the front line and did not change his habit here. He intended to advance with the Smallland Cavalry on the right flank farthest from the city. The Hakkapelites, the fiercest Finnish horsemen, and the best regiments in general, were also stationed there. It was the commander of the Finns, Torsten Stolhandske, that Gustav ordered to attack first with part of the cavalry regiments and attached infantry. This attack turned out to be unstoppable - the opposing Imperial cavalrymen were enough for half an hour of desperate battle, but then they crumbled. The most resourceful decided that the battle was lost, and rushed to plunder their own train. It seemed that now the whole battle would be over. But at that moment Pappenheim galloped to the battlefield. He reasoned that his infantry would not have time to pass 25 kilometers through the mud quickly, took the cavalry and ordered the others to catch up. This type fought for fifteen years on the principle "live fast, die young" and knew two things in life - attack and attack. Therefore, seeing the upset backs of his native imperial army, Pappenheim annexed everyone he found and rushed to counterattack the already celebrating victory Swedes and Finns. He restored the position with this brilliant throw - but he himself received a cannonball and three bullets at point-blank range. Pappenheim lived for a few more hours, but, of course, was no longer in command. With this almost unexpected reserve, the Imperials regained their balance. And then Gustav Adolf decided that it was his turn to fight.
          1. +12
            23 July 2021 06: 14
            The Swedish king with the Smollanders was a little to the left of the fighting Finns, in the fog he was trying to find a crossing over a roadside ditch. The need to mark time drove the "goat-bearded choleric" (as the German press affectionately calls him in our time) into a rage. In general, of course, he should not have gone on the attack like a simple colonel. But bullets and cannonballs - even though they flew through the fog - still found victims; all the colonels nearby had already been killed or wounded, and Stolkhandske was heroic somewhere in the thick smoke at a distance - you won’t get the shout out. However, Gustav Adolf was not afraid of attacks. In the end, the riders somehow climbed to the other side, and Gustav was able to turn around. The Smollanders rushed to the attack with the king ... What happened next the author painted to us beautifully, so there is no need to repeat myself. On the Swedish side, someone managed to notice the king's horse with a bloody saddle. This in itself did not prove anything, but Gustav was accustomed to being seen ahead, on a dashing horse, and the commanders already guessed that something bad had happened.
            1. +13
              23 July 2021 06: 17
              The Swedes (although there were practically no Swedes left in the army at that time - most were mercenaries, the Germans) attacked in waves through dense smog. The Imperials stood like a rock, the Protestants suffered huge losses, and no one showed any special tactical sophistication - there was an uncompromising head-to-head massacre. After the death of Gustav, two Swedish mercenary brigades - Yellow and Blue - tried to break through the front, but because of the same damned fog, they went out of order and took turns flying against large forces of the Imperials. Two brigades were killed literally in a matter of minutes. Reserves melted in battle like snow in May. At Lützen's, ranks of infantry, one after another, rolled onto the Mill Battery, which spewed fire point-blank. Already in the dark, another human wave still knocked the Imperials out of position: Wallenstein, Piccolomini and several more generals and colonels were wounded, and the Catholics withdrew. But the Swedes no longer had the strength or desire to develop their success. Wallenstein still had quite a lot of people, and in addition Pappenheim's infantry approached, but the commander was pressured by fatigue, his own injury, the death and injury of his comrades-in-arms. Many officers from those who were still on their feet would have liked to fight again the next day, but the commander himself had lost his courage completely. The imperial army began to withdraw. The Swedes could not vigorously pursue her - they did not have enough strength. They had to confine themselves to collecting guns on the battlefield (Wallenstein did not have horses to take them out), as well as capturing the wounded and stragglers. Winter was rolling in my eyes, the campaign of 1632 was closed by funeral teams, who, in the cold autumn rain, dumped nine thousand corpses of those killed on the spot and died from wounds and diseases in the following days into mass graves.
              1. +12
                23 July 2021 06: 19
                These graves were excavated already in our century - by accident, during construction work on the outskirts of Lützen. Soon the staff of the museum in Halle arrived at the site. In one of the opened burials, 47 bodies were found. The dead were between 15 and 50 years old, with an average of 28. Many of them were experienced warriors - 21 skeletons had a total of 30 bone injuries healed, 12 overgrown injuries were found in 16 skulls. Most of Lutzen's victims were killed by bullets, although some had traces of strong blows with swords or sabers. One deceased, about 20 years old, received two strong blows with a sword or lance in the cheekbone before being killed by a bullet. In general, there were many gunshot wounds to the head - 21 to 47 corpses. From this accuracy of fire, it can be assumed that they were shooting almost at close range. Which, however, is not surprising for a fight in the fog. The corpses were clearly robbed in the most thorough way - there were very few things on the bodies. Archaeologists suggest that this pit became the last refuge for the soldiers of the Blue Brigade of the Swedish army, shot at point-blank from the front and flanks by infantry and cavalry of the Imperials. Well, then, in the seventeenth century, the Swedes came to an unexpected result of their brilliant campaign. After a grand victory at Breitenfeld, after taking the Holy Roman Empire by the throat and reaching all the way to Bavaria, they returned to northern Germany without a victory and without a king.
                1. +12
                  23 July 2021 06: 23
                  Lutzen became the quintessence of the Thirty Years' War. A fierce battle, a burned town, mountains of corpses - and the actual defeat of both sides. The Imperials lost the battle and were forced to retreat, but the language will not turn to say that the Swedes won - this battle cost them a key figure, Gustav Adolf. Several thousand dead mercenaries from the enemy and a dozen captured guns did not make up for this loss in any way. A beautiful and fast-paced campaign turned into a war of attrition.
                  As you can see, sometimes a mere trifle puts an end to great plans - bad weather and a dozen mercenaries who flew out of the fog at the wrong time. By the way, Wallenstein's favorite mercenaries, about whom he said: “The Germans are bulky, heavy and slow horsemen; Hungarians are unreliable and run; Poles scatter quickly in search of prey; Moldovans do not want to go far from their homes; Wallachians are sold for little money, and Croats attack strongly and in groups, where it is most needed, and almost never give up ... ”.
                  1. +9
                    23 July 2021 06: 33
                    No, not just the little things.

                    Very much like a long chess game.
                    What remains at the end is a lot of free space.
                  2. The comment was deleted.
                  3. +10
                    23 July 2021 12: 15
                    If you are suddenly interested, read more here
                    1. 0
                      25 July 2021 19: 55
                      Hosspadi, it's just gorgeous when the comments are not inferior to the article, although I have already read this :). For Europe, the 30-year war in terms of relative population losses was, emnip, even worse than WWI and WWII. Although the heroes of those times, for all their moral ambiguity, themselves did not hesitate to lay down their heads in battles, being present in the ranks of the army both in victories and in defeats. Not like their descendants, centuries later, shooting themselves in underground bunkers, taking poison or the Versailles agreements.
                  4. +6
                    23 July 2021 14: 38
                    SERGE ANT: These graves were excavated already in our century - by accident, during construction work on the outskirts of Lützen. Soon the staff of the museum in Halle arrived at the site. In one of the opened burials, 47 bodies were found.

                    Why didn't you illustrate your text? Although such pictures cannot be found in wiki and zen smile
                    a photo... General view of the burial.

                    a photo Intravital skull injuries in the remains of the Lützen burial ground

                    a photo Near-death wounds from a sharp object in the remains of the Lützen burial ground.

                    a photo Near-death bullet wound (entrance hole). Lutzen burial (1632)

                    URL: The face of war: Trauma analysis of a mass grave from the Battle of Lützen (1632).
              2. +11
                23 July 2021 08: 33
                Here Bernard's tenacity played a positive role. He generally believed that there was no defeat until he himself admitted it. But at Nördlingen it led to disaster
            2. +13
              23 July 2021 13: 38
              "However, Gustav Adolf was not afraid of attacks" was a brave man. A king who does not hesitate to be near the soldiers will be honored by his army.
              But on the other hand, the king is responsible for the state. It is good if the heir has a head, but if the heir is a baby or "especially gifted"?
              This is where the fun begins: balancing courage and caution. How to do it, where is the line between stupidity and courage?
              1. +9
                23 July 2021 14: 15
                I don’t know, but in relation to this particular battle, if, then I would rather agree with Marx: “We must make the people horrified themselves in order to breathe courage into them.” It means that there was a battle where it is impossible without a personal example ... no one from the high mounds watched the battle - Wallenstein was wounded, Pappenheim and Gustav Adolf were killed, like many others ..
          2. +10
            23 July 2021 06: 31
            But he could do a good thing.
            If you can do something very well, you will come in handy.
            Not everyone succeeds.
            1. +6
              23 July 2021 13: 49
              Gustav Adolf actively built the fleet. On August 10, 1628, he launched the Vaza galleon, one of the largest and most expensive ships of that time, which sank in the harbor of Stockholm during the first voyage.
              In 1961, the ship was raised, mothballed, restored, and is currently on display in a museum specially built for it. The Vaza is the world's only surviving sailing ship from the early XNUMXth century.
              The length of the hull "Vasa" - 69 m, and its width - 11,7 m. On board the ship provided for the placement of 64 guns
              1. +6
                23 July 2021 13: 50
                Interesting facts about Gustav Adolf:
                - The nickname "The Snow King" (by analogy with the "Winter King" Frederick V), received from the Emperor Ferdinand II, who smugly declared that "the snow king threatening his country will melt under the rays of the imperial sun"
                - Gustav's favorite authors were Xenophon and Seneca.
                - Napoleon put Gustav Adolf on a par with the great military leaders of antiquity.
                1. +5
                  23 July 2021 13: 52
                  a photo.Tomb of King Gustav II Adolf (1594-1632), on the first floor of the Gustavian Chapel in Riddarholmen Church, Stockholm, Sweden
                  1. +5
                    23 July 2021 14: 35
                    Tomb of King Gustav II Adolf

                    Dmitry, I'll joke with black humor, but was the king's surname Vaza? The grave is somewhat reminiscent of her ... If for a vase, then a salad bowl.
                    1. +3
                      23 July 2021 14: 58
                      Nicholas hi My regards.
                      was the king's surname Waza?

                      I think - Vasa.
                      Although it is better to check with our "experts" - VikNik, Alexander ee2100, Valery Ryzhov, or Mikhail
                      1. +3
                        23 July 2021 15: 01
                        My regards.

                        Mutually, haven't seen each other for a long time! drinks
                        I think - Vasa.

                        From the wiki:
                        Swede. Vasa, Vasaätten, Polish. Wazowie, lit. Vaza, Vazos
                        Wondering how it was pronounced in Swedish? Through "s" or "z"?
                    2. +3
                      23 July 2021 18: 17
                      Quote: Pan Kohanku
                      Tomb of King Gustav II Adolf

                      Dmitry, I'll joke with black humor, but was the king's surname Vaza? The grave is somewhat reminiscent of her ... If for a vase, then a salad bowl.

                      The bathroom of the founder of a bank installed in Russia who fled to London resembles laughing
                      Greetings, Nikolay! hi
              2. +8
                23 July 2021 14: 39
                "sank in the harbor of Stockholm on his first voyage." Probably, many then spoke obscenely. And you can imagine what feelings were overwhelmed by historians when they raised the ship
                1. +6
                  23 July 2021 15: 12
                  Probably, many then spoke obscenely.
                  I think that it is unlikely, it was already too late to express myself. They expressed themselves earlier, when Henrik Hubertson and others tried to explain that such ships had not yet been built, that so many guns and sculptures could overload the ship, but the king declared his will. What else was left for them - he wanted such a ship - the largest, the most armed. the most beautiful - well, he will get it. Who dares to argue with the king ?!
                  one can imagine what feelings were overwhelmed by historians when the ship was raised
                  Still, untouched seventeenth century! A luxurious gift, and not only for historians, it really perfectly preserved its beauty for everyone
                  1. +8
                    23 July 2021 15: 32
                    Still, untouched seventeenth century! A luxurious gift, and not only for historians, it really perfectly preserved its beauty for everyone

                    Do you want another story? wink In 1771, a small sailing ship "Frau Maria" sank off the coast of Finland. Works of art purchased by Catherine for her own use followed to St. Petersburg, including a number of paintings by Dutch masters of the 17th century. The ship has been found, but no one has dared to lift it yet. There are opinions that the paintings could have been packed in lead tubes, and, in theory, could have survived! Which, however, is unlikely ... what
                    And it would be interesting if raised, right? drinks By the way, what is your name, dear SERGE ant? With respect, Nicholai drinks
                    1. +10
                      23 July 2021 15: 49
                      I heard that they are not raising it, because they cannot agree in any way, we or the Finns will get the treasure, we are talking about many hundreds of millions of evergreen American rubles after all, it’s not a ram sneezing for you, however! There such a squabble began - only fluff and feathers flew - both the Dutch (they say, our ship), and the Swedes somehow sideways, and the divers who found it - in general, decided that the schooner would remain at the bottom until the question of who it belongs to was resolved. Since then, no obvious progress has occurred, and the safety should be excellent, so no one would have fought for this ship, if it had rotted there, then everyone knows what they are butting for! divers, it is unlikely that a warship stands above it and guards) let's see, and not only at the pictures - there are many interesting things!
                      1. +9
                        23 July 2021 15: 56
                        But how they will raise it, then (if the same divers do not plunder, it is unlikely that a warship stands above it and guards it) we will look, and not only at the pictures - there are many interesting things!

                        By the way, I'm not so much worried about who the values ​​will belong to (if they are raised!), But what kind of pictures are there really? We will then be able to enjoy, if not the contemplation of their "live", then the pictures on the Internet - for sure! hi
                    2. +3
                      23 July 2021 16: 59
                      I know about this ship. The ship is in the territorial waters of Finland
                2. -1
                  23 July 2021 16: 15
                  sank in the harbor of Stockholm on the very first voyage. "Probably, many then spoke obscenely.

                  Vera hi
                  I strongly doubt it. After all, the king himself and all his entourage were Protestants, and it was considered shameful for them not only to speak obscenely, but even to utter swear words.
                  1. -1
                    24 July 2021 06: 23
                    Dmitry, there are exceptions to the rule
                3. +4
                  23 July 2021 19: 33
                  In front of the entire venerable public and relatives.
              3. +10
                23 July 2021 14: 43
                Quote: Richard
                "Vaza" - one of the largest and most expensive ships of that time

                - Good steamer!
                - He's a good steamer. Only he is afraid of water.
                There were many versions during the investigation, from the drunken crew with the captain to the unreliable mounting of the guns, but in the end everyone agreed that mistakes were made in the design of the ship and no one was condemned for the loss of the ship. During the investigation, the Arent de Groot shipyard indicated that the ship was built according to the dimensions that were personally approved by King Gustav II Adolphus.
                -So who is to blame? the investigator asked.
                -Only God knows, - answered de Groot.
                On that and decided.
                1. +6
                  23 July 2021 18: 17
                  It is said that the second row of guns was designed.
                  And a little already turned out to be what was necessary.
                2. VLR
                  +10
                  23 July 2021 19: 25
                  Just a continuation of the anecdote: the biggest bell that never rang, the biggest cannon that never fired ...
                  And the largest Swedish sailing ship that has never sailed.
                  There is a legend about the Tsar Cannon that once they fired from it - with the ashes of False Dmitry. But in 1980, the restorers came to the conclusion that it was hardly possible to shoot from it: the inner part of the barrel was not cleaned after casting and the filling hole was not drilled. They came to the conclusion that this was a kind of "presentation" of power to foreign ambassadors visiting the Kremlin.
                  But, according to some modern calculations, the "weapon" could be the tsar bell: most of the sound waves from it, supposedly, should be in the infrasonic range, and cause panic and horror among the listeners.
              4. +6
                23 July 2021 18: 16
                Was at the Vaza Museum. True, they were not allowed on board. Strong impression.
  4. +7
    23 July 2021 08: 50
    Probably, the 30-year war should be broken into several stages, where at each stage certain problems were solved. The peak, perhaps, can be called the stage when Catholic France took the side of the Protestants in the war.
    1. +9
      23 July 2021 15: 05
      Actually, this has been done for a long time. Stages -
      Czech
      Danish
      Swedish
      Franco-Swedish
      And separately the Franco-Spanish war, which lasted until 1658.
  5. -2
    23 July 2021 09: 30
    YYADLIGZARLIGZPRPR
    1. +2
      23 July 2021 10: 58
      Dear colleague, extremely expressive! wassat ))))
      And most importantly, it is filled with deep meaning!
      1. +1
        23 July 2021 11: 07
        Laconic, but clearly from the heart! laughing Excellent morning commentary. good
      2. +6
        23 July 2021 11: 50
        Quote: depressant
        And most importantly, it is filled with deep meaning!

        If there is nothing to say, it would be better if he just kept silent.
        1. +2
          23 July 2021 12: 01
          In vain. Sometimes the site is "naughty". It happens. And Lyudmila Yakovlevna and I just joked. No offense. wink
        2. +5
          23 July 2021 12: 02
          A colleague of faterdom said below. He just expressed emotion above, it happens, it is expressed like this)))
          We are all people! Yes )))
      3. +5
        23 July 2021 12: 02
        Klava has recently been buggy from Android, and only on VO. You type - zero reaction in the window. Press "send" - sometimes nothing happens, except for the splash screen "your message is too short", sometimes what you typed appears in the window in capital letters and backwards for some reason. But this can already be edited.
        Why am I writing - I would like to know: is it just me such glitches or someone else?
        1. +3
          23 July 2021 12: 06
          It was. It was at Morkot's / Constantine's /. It happens. hi
          1. +3
            23 July 2021 13: 38
            And I just wrote a big comment and it does not load)))
        2. +2
          23 July 2021 12: 13
          Quote: faterdom
          Why am I writing - I would like to know: is it just me such glitches or someone else?

          "Worm" and the RAM.
      4. +5
        23 July 2021 14: 02

        faterdom (Andrey): YYADLIGZARLIGZPRPR

        depressant (lyudmila yakovlevna kuznetsova):
        Dear colleague, extremely expressive! wassat ))))
        And most importantly, it is filled with deep meaning!

        It's simple - faterdom (Andrey) writes that the king was a slob - did not wear armor. And "encryption" is the site's tricks.
        To decrypt, just use a small program. link: https://yandex.ru/search/?clid=9582&text=deshifrovka+posi+topwar.ru=ru&lr=5 Yes
        1. +3
          23 July 2021 15: 17
          Yes, sometimes an unsuccessful comment can be simply deleted. I did this several times as an addition to my own - well, it happens that I forgot something, I ought to finish it. And then you read this supplement, already posted on the site under your comment, and you think: no, you shouldn't. And you delete. And when you delete it, you find that the comment has been deleted. And it turns out that it was not I who removed my supplement, but someone impartially expressed himself about my previous comment, and the kind Author removed that "impartialness". All that remained was to stare at all this - what would people think? I won't do this anymore wassat )))
  6. +5
    23 July 2021 09: 33
    Razgildyay, he didn't wear the armor. If he had a boss, he would make him. And so, God as the boss ... He can joke: to grant victory, but - posthumously!
    1. +4
      23 July 2021 11: 05
      You know, even the most prudent person sometimes gets tired of this property and believes that if fate has gained momentum and is driving him towards success, then there is no need to help her - the curve will take out! That's how Gustav Adolf got caught, on a shallow bend. Fog is epic!
      1. +8
        23 July 2021 11: 12
        That's how Gustav Adolf got caught, on a shallow bend. Fog is epic!

        Something similar will happen in 1806 at Eylau. "Brave Augereau" in a strong blizzard with his body will go astray, and go straight to our main battery. In a matter of minutes, the corps will be shot point-blank ...
        1. +3
          23 July 2021 11: 50
          So a night vision device should be used in such weather wassat ))))
          1. 0
            23 July 2021 12: 05
            Here, here! Something like that. laughing
      2. +3
        23 July 2021 15: 33
        Fog is epic!

        The phrase "Lützendimma" (Lützen fog) is still used today in Swedish to describe a particularly heavy fog.

        This is how the king has "firmly settled" in the Swedish language for almost half a millennium. Is this not a national memory?
        1. 0
          23 July 2021 16: 31
          Is this not a national memory?

          If only the people knew that they remembered the fog that killed the king winked
      3. Cat
        +1
        23 July 2021 18: 19
        fate has gained momentum and is driving him towards success

        Usually "fate plays with a person and plays with him. recourse
    2. +8
      23 July 2021 13: 55
      "slob, the beatnik didn't wear" let's say he put on armor, but armor will not save you from a rifle bullet. Any gun of that time would easily send a bullet of 50 meters, and a 16-18 mm lead "acorn" in the chest would not add health.
      PS Nado Bones, "sea cat" to clarify: from how many meters, then, the musket, sent to "rest"?
      1. +7
        23 July 2021 15: 11
        And this is still a controversial question - from what distance, from what angle (they began to make chicken breasts for a reason), and then they put the king and swords.
        1. +1
          24 July 2021 07: 24
          But before he was "treated" with a bullet
          1. +1
            24 July 2021 11: 25
            Only, almost certainly, from a pistol. And again, only the guarantor gives a full guarantee, but here, as luck would have it, the range, the angle ...
  7. +5
    23 July 2021 11: 48
    So the life of the king was cut short, who, perhaps, could go down in history as a great commander, standing on a par with Napoleon Bonaparte or Julius Caesar.
    No matter how great Napoleon was, Kutuzov was taller.
    The referee raises his hand, not to the one who is stronger, but to the one who won.
    1. +6
      23 July 2021 15: 06
      The referee raises his hand, not to the one who is stronger, but to the one who won.

      So he struck once, twice, three - and he lost his strength.
      The referee, whom I did not beat, raised my hand.
      He lay and thought that life was good ...
      To whom - good, and to whom - no shisha!
      laughing V.S. Vysotsky! drinks
  8. 0
    23 July 2021 14: 07
    Colleagues, Valery, good afternoon. We were discussing the article with the girls.
    Gustav Adolf glorified Sweden, and Karl 12, who is he to him ?, He flushed the greatness of Sweden down the toilet, and there are more monuments to him. Paradox and only
    1. +2
      23 July 2021 14: 56
      and Karl 12, who is he to him?

      By and large, nobody. The person in the same position is the king. But already a completely different dynasty. Charles XII, by the way, our Holstein idiot Peter III was a distant relative.
      1. -1
        23 July 2021 15: 46
        Katka takes away
        1. +1
          23 July 2021 17: 50
          Katka takes away

          Ekaterina, you were wrong (c)
          1. +1
            23 July 2021 18: 58
            "To each Katka, on the phone! With registration on VO !!!"
            V.F. Zhirinovsky.
            laughing
      2. +4
        23 July 2021 15: 57
        Hello, I'm Katya, Sweden is now ruled by a dynasty: Bernadotte, a French general, since 1810 King of Sweden Karl 14. And he became the founder of a new dynasty.
        1. +1
          23 July 2021 16: 03
          Katka is a sassy pig.
          P
          S
          I don't know if it's true or not, but Bernadotte had a tattoo on his shoulder: "Death to kings". I read about it in x / l
          1. +5
            23 July 2021 16: 11
            He had such a "stuffed" one.
            laughing
            1. +3
              23 July 2021 17: 09
              Have you personally seen?
              1. +1
                23 July 2021 17: 29
                Recreated according to descriptions of eyewitnesses and accomplices. laughing
            2. +1
              23 July 2021 17: 47
              Vera, Sergei jokes This is not a Bernadotte tattoo, This is a "kung" tattoo, which became cult thanks to the famous hockey player and coach Bengt Oke Gustafsson smile

              1. +1
                23 July 2021 18: 37
                Dmitry, bravo !!!! BINGO! good good good
              2. +1
                23 July 2021 18: 54
                And here you are, heir to the glory of Bernadotova. Crown Prince Carl Philip.
                wink
              3. +1
                24 July 2021 06: 27
                I had no doubt that this was not Bernadotte's tattoo.
            3. +3
              24 July 2021 08: 09
              Yeah, there are thieves' stars on the shoulders, on the back there is a temple with domes)))
          2. +2
            23 July 2021 19: 25
            Hello, I'm Katya

            Katka is a sassy pig.

            Oh no
          3. +4
            23 July 2021 19: 36
            How did Matroskin communicate with Sharik?
        2. +6
          23 July 2021 16: 05
          Bernadotte, French general, from 1810 King of Sweden Karl 14. And became the founder of a new dynasty.

          This is a modern dynasty. It has nothing to do with Vasam (Gustav Adolf) or the Palatinate-Zweibrucken dynasty (Karl XII). A small misprint - Bernadotte became king not in 1810, but in 1818. Yes In 1810 he was ... "adopted" and made the crown prince (heir) of the aged Charles XIII, who had no legal heirs. That did not prevent the former Napoleonic Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte from immediately taking Sweden into his own hands - fortunately, the "newfound papa" was already weak in body and mind. hi
          1. -2
            23 July 2021 17: 07
            I didn't let Katka write much. Pig doesn't want to register, just give her a phone number
          2. +4
            23 July 2021 17: 37
            Valery thank you very much!
            The result is a good article from your author's cycle about the "unknown" great commanders. And Gustav Adolf deserves one of the main places in this cycle.
            Allow me to add a little - according to both SVE and the military encyclopedia of RI Sytin, Gustav Adolf is the founder of linear infantry tactics, standardization of artillery calibers and gun carriages, maneuverability and massing of its use, and the creation of mobile artillery reserves. As well as the tactics and uniform armament of the cavalry, which allowed Napoleon to call him "the father of modern maneuverable offensive war" (Père de la guerre offensive maniable moderne). No less merit of Gustav Adolphus in the art of war is the full provision of salaries, food and fodder to the troops, completely excluding looting, and the introduction of a quartermaster service - the prototype of logistic support. All this led to the fact that for many years a small, but self-sufficient and maneuverable Swedish army ruled the ball on the battlefields of Europe.
            Thanks again for the article!
            If it's not a secret, who is the next article about?
            1. VLR
              +3
              23 July 2021 19: 09
              About Christine, as promised at the end of this article. Very easy to read, elegant and slightly ironic article.
              And then - a short article about medieval Spain. It seems to me that the historical episode that will be described is little known to a wide range of readers.
      3. VLR
        +8
        23 July 2021 17: 14
        Peter III was the most legitimate of all the available heirs to the thrones of two states - Russia and Sweden. And between these countries a serious diplomatic struggle was fought for him. The Swedish Riksdag even decided to offer him the crown. When Elizabeth found out about this, the Duke of Holstein, who was in St. Petersburg, was immediately baptized and declared the Grand Duke and heir. If this young man was what Catherine II and her accomplices, who usurped the Russian throne, describe him, none of this would have happened. The murdered emperor was a rather gifted and well-educated person (much more educated than Catherine). But this did not mean anything, because he did not inherit willpower and strong character from either Peter I or Charles XII. Weak monarchs stay on the throne only if they voluntarily surrender power to the most capable, strong and intelligent predator - like Louis XIII Richelieu.
        1. +3
          23 July 2021 17: 43
          Valery, purely fantasy.
          Nicholas II and Richelieu? wink
          1. VLR
            +6
            23 July 2021 19: 02
            Nicholas II, in my opinion, generally had only one chance not to get into the basement of the Ipatiev house: immediately upon accession to the throne, to renounce him. Another thing is that there was no strong candidate among the rest of the Romanovs. And the potential Richelieu around - too. Stolypin, who is considered by some to be a potential savior of the fatherland, firstly, appeared too late, and secondly, his activities are evaluated ambiguously. Some even argue that his reforms have sharply intensified social contradictions and divisions in the Russian countryside, thereby making the revolution almost inevitable.
            1. +3
              23 July 2021 19: 22
              Thank you for your answer! A deep systemic crisis that turned into the collapse of the empire.
    2. +3
      23 July 2021 16: 57
      Quote: Astra wild2
      Gustav Adolf glorified Sweden, and Karl 12, who is he to him ?, He flushed the greatness of Sweden down the toilet, and there are more monuments to him. Paradox and only

      Napoleon raised and then drowned France, and there are more monuments to him than we have to all the commanders of the Russian Empire and the USSR. But on the other hand, a whole pantheon was built for Eltsin.
  9. +5
    23 July 2021 15: 39
    * Gustav Adolphus also made an alliance with France, which promised financial assistance in the amount of one million francs a year for 5 years "This agreement shows that Gustav-Adolphus was a good diplomat. For that time, the amount was impressive.
    I especially like that Catholic France financed the war against Catholics. And they were not afraid that the Lord would punish them. Probably counting on the Pope of Avignen ?. The Pope will curse, and Avignen will acquit and vice versa. This plays into the hands of various "conscientious" crooks, he could calm his conscience: if God tolerates two dads, then God must forgive me at all
  10. +6
    23 July 2021 16: 55
    In fact, Catholic France financed the war against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire because it was afraid of being absorbed by it. At one time, Emperor Charles V, having inherited the Spanish throne, thereby received such power that no one had ever had. But this seemed to him not enough, and all subsequent Habsburgs, including the son Philip, who became the Spanish king, and brother Ferdinand, to whom Charles handed over the reins of the empire, rushed with the idea of ​​crushing the rest of the world, and all of Europe, including the same independent France to be made vassals of the Holy Roman Empire. There was a coalition of countries opposed to Rome, de facto - Vienna, where France entered.
  11. +2
    23 July 2021 17: 12
    [quote = Astra wild2] Have you personally seen?
    1. +1
      23 July 2021 17: 40
      Yes, it's a tough case. recourse
      1. +3
        23 July 2021 21: 05
        “- I am a witness! And what happened?" (with).
  12. +4
    23 July 2021 19: 44
    The Scandinavians, in principle, could stir up their not weak empire. Swedish, Norwegian and Danish are similar as well as Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. The mentality is similar, in principle, one people. Could unite all of Scandinavia plus the Baltics. Finland has never been independent at all, it has always been part of either Sweden or the Russian Empire. In general, the Scandinavian Empire could not be weak, both in terms of territory and in terms of population and resources. But it didn't work out.
  13. 0
    27 July 2021 08: 52
    Curiously, part of the battlefield at Lützen, where Gustav II Adolf died, is now considered Swedish territory.

    But from this moment in more detail. I never found confirmation of these words on the network. Do you have documents or links confirming this fact?

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