American Army and Indian Territory

The American army is marching deep into the prairie. A scene from the film "Sound of a Distant Trumpet"

For 90 years, the American army served as a kind of buffer between the indigenous Indian population of the Wild West and white settlers. It so happened that she fought with them, it also happened that she also protected them ...

“I must be going to Indian territory before Tom and Jim, because Aunt Sally is going to adopt and raise me and I can't stand it. I've already tried. "
("The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". Mark Twain)

History land overseas. The publication of the latest materials showed that VO readers are interested in materials on the history of the United States, and they read them with pleasure. There were also questions that needed additions and answers. For example, the question about the Indians. After all, "race for land" took place on their territory. And in general, what happened to them and how. Moreover, not with "Indians in general" (this is a separate story, very interesting, and a series of articles on it will definitely appear here - I promise), but with those who just lived on the prairies, which were used as free lands under the Homestead Law ... After all, there were also many so-called "Indian wars", agreements were concluded with the Indians, in a word, there was "a whole life." And finally, today we will tell you about its military aspect ...

Modern map of American Indian reservations

Well, let's start with 1803 and finish in 1893, that is, consider a period of as much as 90 years. In the history of the American army in the West at this time it is quite possible to distinguish at least seven main phases.

Here in this book it is interesting and detailed about the Apaches ...

The first phase - 1803-1819, a period that began with the purchase from France of a territory called "Louisiana". And they bought it, but no one even knew what to do with it for a while. It wasn't until the late 1810s that the federal government decided to use most of the new territory as a resettlement zone for East Indians, so that they could be placed. The first settlers of the East Indians were the Cherokee, who, beginning in 1808, voluntarily emigrated to the area that soon became western Arkansas. And between the Cherokee and the local Osage Indians, a fierce war over hunting grounds immediately began. The army tried to stop the bloodshed, for which Fort Smith was founded on the Arkansas River in 1817, which, by the way, can be considered the first US military post in present-day Oklahoma.

And here - about the Comanches

At the second stage of the presence of the army in the West, in 1819-1830, the so-called "permanent border with the Indians" was created. Moreover, the Indians of the newly created territories of Missouri (1816) and Arkansas (1819) had to go further west. Then, between 1819 and 1827, a line of seven new military post-forts was established, stretching from what is now Minnesota to Louisiana. The tasks of the forts were diverse: they were supposed to both maintain peace between the settlers and the Indians, and not allow the Indians themselves to feud, and protect those farmers who already lived west of the established border.

1900 Comanche shirt, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

Military action in Oklahoma intensified in the third phase, in the period 1830-1848, which began with the passage of the Indian Resettlement Act and ended with the end of the war with Mexico. During the 1830s. US President Andrew Jackson signed about seventy treaties with the Indians, according to which they were supposed to emigrate to the "Indian Territory" in the West. Most of the Indians moved to the current states of Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma. The resettlement took on the character of forced deportation, which had to be supported by the army.

Comanche leggings. National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

Some of the treaties required the United States to provide protection for the "remote" East Indians from the "wild Indians" of the plains. The resettled peaceful Indians (and there were some!) Had a particularly hard time - they were also forced to deal with fugitive criminals and whiskey traders from Arkansas, as well as with robbers and horse thieves from Mexican Texas (an independent republic of Texas after 1836). On the other hand, the Comanche and Kiowa tribes began using "Indian territory" as a refuge after the attack on American settlements in Texas. In response to demands for an end to their attacks, the US Army rebuilt the old Gibson and Smith Forts and established new ones: Fort Coffee (1834), Wayne (1838), and Washita (1842). They were connected by a system of roads along which army patrols moved.

Moccasins of the Haida Indians. National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

During the war phase of 1830-1848, the soldiers took part in four expeditions into Indian territory in Oklahoma. One of the goals of the military operations was to ensure the work of the Stokes Commission. It was a commission created in 1832 by US Secretary of War Stokes, whose purpose was to discourage Comanche and Kiowa raids on the East Indians of the Great Plains. Captain Jesse Bean's 1832 expedition of volunteer "mounted riflemen" and Captain James B. Money's 1833 expedition of infantry and marksmen were unable to make contact with the Indians they were looking for. But Captain Henry Dodge's horse-drawn Dragoon Expedition of 1834 was still able to convince some Kiowas, Comanches and Wichita in southwestern Oklahoma to meet with US representatives.

"Give up, Apaches, give up!" A scene from the film "Sound of a Distant Trumpet"

The Dragoon Expedition was the first major equestrian military expedition in US history. A year later, the Stokes Commission dispatched Major Richard B. Mason to the Indians with another batch of dragoons. As a result, in 1835 at Camp Holmes, the first US treaty was finally concluded with the Southern Plains and Southwest Indians.

Comanche moccasins. National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

The fourth phase of hostilities began again in Oklahoma (1848-1861) between the end of the war with Mexico and the outbreak of the North-South civil war. This period was a period of intensive settlement of the new state of Texas (1845) and new territories - Nebraska and Kansas (1854). Today's Oklahoma has become the site of the expulsion of the Indian population from Kansas, Nebraska and Texas. Accordingly, now it was Oklahoma that was called "Indian Territory". The army was once again called upon to become a tool for coercing Indians to evict. New forts were built: Cobb (1859), on the lands around which the Indians from Texas settled, and Fort Arbuckle (1861). The latter was supposed to protect the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians, as well as the white settlers in the area, from the increasingly frequent raids from the Kiowa and Comanches from Texas.

Saddle of the Hopi Indians. National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

And these are their stirrups! National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

Navajo saddle cover. National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

The so-called "Comanche Frontier" was established in Texas, and in 1858 most of the future state of Oklahoma became part of the Texas Department of the US Army. In the same year, two campaigns were launched in Texas against the Comanches and the Kiowa. On May 12, Texas Rangers, led by John S. "Rip" Ford, attacked Indians hiding near the Antelope Hills in western Oklahoma. On October 1, the Second Cavalry, commanded by Captain Earl Van Dorn, attacked the Comanches who were camped on Rush Springs in southern Oklahoma.

Quiver of mods. National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

At that time, many had to defend. These were emigrants traveling along the Texas Road, passengers of Butterfield ground mail, and again peaceful Indians. All this, as well as the war with the Indians, required an increase in the peacetime army. The need for additional equestrian units was especially great. In 1855, two more infantry and two cavalry regiments were sent west. The latter were already the very "real" dragoon cavalry, which is shown to us in films about the American army and Indians of those years. Moreover, in the 1850-1870s, due to the recruitment of Indians from Indian territories as scouts, the combat effectiveness of this cavalry increased sharply. Suffice it to say that an Indian scout in the service of the US Army received $ 30 a month (at that time a lot of money), ready-made uniforms and only he was entitled to a nickel-plated Colt Scout revolver, which all scouts were very proud of.

Springfield carbine model .55 caliber. Belonged to the leader Geronimo. National Museum of American History, Washington

The practice of inciting Indians against Indians reached its climax at the next stage of hostilities - during the American Civil War in 1861-1865. There were several reasons why the Indians took a very active part in this war. One of them was the hope that going over to the side of the United States or the Confederation could increase their chances of keeping Indian Territory safe from pale-faced encroachment.

Selling a gun to an Indian. Roy Grinnell painting

The second consideration was the opening of the opportunity to settle long-standing political and family conflicts under the thunder of the guns of the southerners and northerners. The third factor was the concern of the Indians with the withdrawal of garrisons from the "Indian Territory", since these troops were needed east of the Mississippi. A very important factor that many forget about - the Indians have banally stopped paying annual payments, to which they have already got used to. Well, the last reason is also very simple: the Indians, it turns out, also had slaves, and they simply did not want to lose them, so they supported the Southerners!

Blackfoot Tomahawk. National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

Confederate Indian Commissioner Albert Pike skillfully played on the discontent of many Indians with the United States, which allowed the Southerners to forge alliances with many Indian tribes. During the war, about 5000 Indians from "Indian Territory" were recruited into eleven regiments and eight battalions of the Confederation. On the other hand, about 3350 Indians fought in three regiments of northerners on the border. The result of the participation of the Indians in the Civil War was their accelerated integration into American society. But most importantly, the treaties of the Indians with the Confederation provided the US government with the opportunity to consider them the loser and act with them on the principle of "woe to the vanquished"! Already in 1866, new treaties were concluded with the Indians-supporters of the Southerners, which dealt a strong blow to the autonomy and territorial integrity of the "Indian Territory". Shortsightedness once again played a cruel joke with the Indians. They had to bet on the winner, whom they did not guess, and then ... in any case, then they would not be considered losers!

Pawnee scouts. Photos of those years

The sixth phase of hostilities - 1865-1875. At this time, gold was found in the lands of the Indians, and gold diggers began to scour their hunting grounds even during the war. Several of the miners took part in the infamous Sand Creek Massacre in 1864. By 1867, the new states of Kansas and Nebraska had achieved almost complete expulsion of all Indians from their territories. Railroads cut through the lands claimed by the lowland peoples. The rapid growth of settlements in the plains also increased the possibilities for traditional Native American raids.

Cheyenne: Women's dress embroidered with cowrie shells. National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

The solution to urgent problems was a series of treaties concluded with individual Indian chiefs in 1867 at Madison Lodge Creek, Kansas. According to them, in Oklahoma, reservations were organized for the Cheyenne Arapaho and Kiowa Comanches, where they were promised not to be touched. But from the beginning, the new reservations began to suffer from administrative corruption, depletion of pastures and the inability of the army to stop the invasions of horse thieves, pastoralists and hunters on Indian lands.

Cheyenne scout. Photos of those years

The result was renewed attacks by the Southern Cheyenne in Kansas and Nebraska. These attacks coincided with the Kiowa and Comanche raids in Texas and Kansas already from the new Indian reservation. At this time, Major General Philip H. Sheridan was the commander of the United States Army in Missouri, operating in most of the Great Plains. They sent troops under the command of Alfred Sully and George A. Custer to the northwest of Indian Territory. On November 27, 1868, Caster attacked the Indian camp on the Washita River. However, there were the peaceful Indians of the leader of the Black Cauldron. Another column of Major Andrew W. Evans from New Mexico took the Comanche and Kiowa camp at Soldier Spring by surprise on Christmas Day 1868. The soldiers staged a uniform massacre there, which, however, prompted many fighting Indian detachments to disperse.

Comanche shield. National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

New forts were also built: Fort Sill (1869) to oversee the agency in the Comanche-Kiowa lands and Fort Reno (1875) to guard the Cheyenne-Arapahoe County. The founding of Fort Sill coincided with the outbreak of the Red River War in 1874-1875.

Kiowa drawing. National Museum of the American Indian, Washington

The Red River War was the largest Indian war ever. To win, Sheridan planned a five-column invasion of the Comanche and Kiowa lands of the Texas Panhandle in the fall and winter of 1874-1875. Of the fourteen major battles during this war, three again took place in what is now Oklahoma. By June 1875, the last of the Comanche Indian chiefs had surrendered to the authorities. By that time, more than 70 Indian chiefs had been arrested and sent to a military prison in Florida.

The last conflicts with the Indians took place in 1875-1893. In 1887, the Dawes Act was passed and the Dawes Commission (1893) was established, which divided the communal lands of the Indians into separate land plots, which finally destroyed the traditional life of the Indians and contributed to many land scams.

Apache Indian. For a long time we have represented Indians fighting with bows and arrows against rifles. But look at this fellow. He is armed with a revolver and a 26-round (!) Evans carbine, model 1871, which was never in service with the American army and was incredibly expensive. And the question is: where could he get it?

Between 1882 and 1885, the army repeatedly sent cavalry units to capture armed squatters (land invaders) who were attempting to seize land without permission and escort them back to Kansas. But the squatters still managed to achieve the distribution of land. Therefore, in 1889, the army was given the responsibility to regulate the use of the so-called "unassigned land" in central Oklahoma. The army was to organize and control the "land races" in the Cheyenne-Arapaho lands in 1892 and the same races in the Cherokee lands in 1893. Watching the 1893 race was the last "combat" task of the old US Frontier Army. By the way, now no one drove the Indians from their lands. They sold them themselves, because, as it turned out, they significantly exceeded the statutory ownership. The government paid the Indians, and then ... the land for a symbolic 10 dollars was received by the participants in the "land race". Well, the story of how exactly they happened, we will continue in one of the next materials of this cycle.

To be continued ...

Comments

[Hunter 2]

Well ... what can I say? Shpakovsky Again Pleased With A Quality Article ! Thank you personally from Me.
As always, the illustrations are on the Heights, you can immediately see how much material has been processed, how much time has been spent. Tomahawk Blackfoot - very impressed, not a standard device, from "taporic" in the traditional sense - almost nothing remained. Good luck to Vyacheslav Olegovich in the New Year, creative success and more useful articles for us, your readers

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

I join Alexey, there is nothing to add!
I don’t know how anyone, but I personally got the impression that the movement of “whites” to the west was constantly faced with provocations and deceptions of the indigenous population. The old Roman postulate is divide and conquer.
I tried to find analogies with our movement to the east. Only one thing can be clearly traced, private capital rules the situation. If you want to get around the law, give it to an official.
Regards, Vlad!

[Korsar4]

Could it be otherwise? A new civilization has come and occupied free niches. Hard or soft power. Or just cheating.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote from Korsar4

Could it be otherwise? A new civilization has come and occupied free niches. Hard or soft power. Or just cheating.

Hello, Sergey!
Nice "free niche"! Yesterday this is your hunting ground, tomorrow it is not your ranch !!!

[Korsar4]

And there is. But the future rancher didn't think much about the hunting grounds.

Imagine how the location of the timber industry enterprise affected the hunting grounds.

Or: whose linden in the forest - beekeepers or loggers.

There would be a resource, but there will be a conflict.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Recently, in the village I often go to the forest. A nightmare that's going on. The forest is being cut down thoughtlessly. A fir-tree here, a fir-tree there - they don't even hide the traces of poaching.

Although the living creatures in the person tightened. For two weeks I saw a lynx, a wolf (the brothers shuffled in a spruce forest), a dozen hares and squirrels. And this is within 3-5 km from the city.

[Hunter 2]

Quote: Kote Pan Kokhanka

Although the living creatures in the person tightened. For two weeks I saw a lynx, a wolf (the brothers shuffled in a spruce forest), a dozen hares and squirrels. And this is within 3-5 km from the city.

Greetings Vladislav! You are right, there are more animals! The responsibility for poaching was toughened (very serious fines, seizure of weapons) and the restoration of what was knocked out in the nineties began slowly. A good start is to involve Hunters in the protection of the animal world and stimulate this activity by issuing premium licenses for animals. With Lynx and Wolves - you're in luck, very careful animals. The number of Wolves has only increased greatly, but nothing is regulated. From SW. Alexei.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Dear Alexey, the lynx is apparently a young lynx - it has swatted the poor dog. I wanted to take a picture, but when she saw me, she flooded me with a tank. So, I reverse from the cat, without making noise back in my tracks. I tried to come up and take a picture from the burnt, but she dragged the dog into the spruce forest. So I left there is nothing to spoil the kitty's appetite, the knife is against her, that yours is a little tooth.
Wolves are not scary at this time of the year, I went out apparently to be curious. In February, they could try it on a tooth. Although the gray may "go away". The place is hare. On the left is the Srednyaya river, on the right is a high-voltage line - people walk often. Grandmothers feed the birds and bunnies - whoever is scared from the eared ears, they go into the forest, and there are horror films.
And apparently stray dogs are knocked out. The dump is not far away. But they do not become impudent. Apparently some kind of socialization process. This year there is still little snow, we are going through the forest.

[Pane Kohanku]

Dear Alexey, the lynx is apparently a young lynx - it has swatted the poor dog.

Wow, "cat" ... Vlad, I didn’t know that the lynx is capable of such a thing ... no, if you drag the toy terrier away, I’ll still understand, but for a stray dog ​​...
Owls are found among the wild animals in St. Petersburg. The picture was taken in November, and not by me. City center.

[3x3zsave]

In September, moose roamed about Aircraft designers

[Pane Kohanku]

In September, moose roamed about Aircraft designers

I saw an elk only in Kingisepp - at the entrance to the city, in 2015.

[Revolver]

Quote: Pan Kohanku

In September, moose roamed about Aircraft designers

I saw an elk only in Kingisepp - at the entrance to the city, in 2015.

And I saw a moose during a class excursion to Aurora in nineteen hundred and seventy, I don’t remember what year. I just remember it was late spring, almost summer. The elk stood in the water almost at the very embankment. And everyone around him paid more attention to him than to the glorious cruiser.

[Ugochaves]

Well, in general, we have a lynx in the Far East, a goat (roe deer) presses, so a 15-20 kg doggie is not a problem for her

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote: Pan Kohanku

Dear Alexey, the lynx is apparently a young lynx - it has swatted the poor dog.

Wow, "cat" ... Vlad, I didn’t know that the lynx is capable of such a thing ... no, if you drag the toy terrier away, I’ll still understand, but for a stray dog ​​...
Owls are found among the wild animals in St. Petersburg. The picture was taken in November, and not by me. City center.

To be honest, after seeing that she flooded in my direction. I myself got a little scared. I took out my phone and a knife, but the fact that I wanted to photograph her flew out of my head.
The second time was not given.
The old cat instead of the rat took the toy terrier from me. Then they dragged them around the courts.
Fortunately, there was a blessing, the kittens of the chairman's cat managed to make the unfortunate fleas fleas. So on family ties "son-in-law" otmazat. But the courtroom was laughing for about five minutes when I brought him to court in a string bag.

[Майло]

He was scared of the owl.. he really pissed off, let alone the lynx.

[Майло]

Yes, he just pissed off - with a knife against a lynx he writes that he is helpless

[Майло]

Is a knife against a lynx insignificant?
Aren't you crazy, sir?

[BAI]

With Lynx and Wolves - you're in luck, very careful animals.

In 1989 I met a lynx on Valdai Lake. My friend and I only have fishing rods in our hands, up to a trot of 3m (he jumped out onto the road in front of us). They stood and looked at each other. The lynx jumped into the forest. Dispersed.

[Майло]

and some are barking at the lynx with a knife))

[Korsar4]

The best time is in the forest. Or at least among the trees.

Hello Vladislav!
I answered. And he didn’t say hello in return. Hurry and rude.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote from Korsar4

Hello Vladislav!
I answered. And he didn’t say hello in return. Hurry and rude.

It happens, too, sometimes sinful!

[Korsar4]

It's not a good habit to focus on a fragment.
The tactician is not bad. And the strategist is none.

Okay. They will understand. They will not be judged.

[Pane Kohanku]

It's not a good habit to focus on a fragment.

Colleagues, forgive me sincerely that I never greet you. Habit. I'm going straight to humor. Probably, this is some kind of bad manners ... I'm serious!

[Korsar4]

Just a little more and they will re-educate me.

Or learn all the youth slang.

[Pane Kohanku]

Or learn all the youth slang.

No, well, him. It is better to sharpen the ornate speech - it is more useful for the outlook.
In everyday life, Putilin was an interesting person, and when he began to remember the good old days, they listened with bated breath, and the speech of Ivan Dmitrievich was figurative, witty. Probably, for this reason, the famous actor, storyteller and writer Ivan Gorbunov became his closest friend, behind a glass of vodka - to the bursts of fish in Volkhov - they were refined in presenting such life storylines that a normal person would not even dream of in a dream ...
(VS Pikul. "The good old time"). By the way, Putilin's memoirs are also very interesting.

[Korsar4]

Topic for a philologist: "Changing vocabulary under the influence of the forum."

[Pane Kohanku]

Topic for a philologist: "Changing vocabulary under the influence of the forum."

By the way, yes. You can also hone different communication. At least, conflict-free and exciting, we have already honed like three years.

[Korsar4]

I'm trying to figure out what to start dividing? Falkland Islands? The moon? Mars?

[Pane Kohanku]

I'm trying to figure out what to start dividing? Falkland Islands? The moon? Mars?

Cote d'Ivoire. 80% for cats. With soft spots and food.

[Korsar4]

And the football team - Phil?

[Pane Kohanku]

And the football team - Phil?

I thought Phil prefers hockey, but I doubt very much that Côte d'Ivoire has a hockey team. Therefore, yes - the football team - to him!

[Phil77]

Quote: Pane Kohanku

Phil prefers hockey

If you only knew, friends! In what melancholy and * depression * I am now! After the shameful, mediocre performance of our * youth team * at the MFM !!! And this is the team of * Professor *?!?!

[Hunter 2]

Quote from Korsar4

The best time is in the forest. Or at least among the trees.

And on the Water is also a great time to spend.
Greetings Sergey!

[Korsar4]

Greetings!

Can not argue. Elements.

[Thunderbolt]

Quote: Kote pane Kohanka

! Yesterday this is your hunting ground, tomorrow it is not your ranch !!!

Yesterday it was your land, Kuchumka ... But a dashing and daring guest stepped behind the Stone into the ground with a forged Siberian boot. His name is Ermak and why there are no such cities? Mother Russia should grow up with their names ... and Ermak Timofeyuch will be pleased. Honor By honor, Siberia is ours!

[Olgovich]

Quote: Kote pane Kohanka

then the movement of "whites" to the west was constantly faced with provocations, deceptions of the indigenous population

It is in front of the indigenous population that whites must kneel down and ask for forgiveness for its mercilessly distorted and destroyed future.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote: Olgovich

It is in front of the indigenous population that whites must kneel down and ask for forgiveness for its mercilessly distorted and destroyed future.

Blacks will not understand the joke !!!

[3x3zsave]

They generally do not understand Russian well.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote: 3x3zsave

They generally do not understand Russian well.

Anton, my friend, to whom are you telling stories. Today I rode an elevator with a bearded black man. To the question "to which floor", he answered "to the third" in the language of Pushkin and Tolstov.
Fortunately, at first I reflexively asked, otherwise I would definitely begin to express myself on my fingers!

[3x3zsave]

"Come to Yekaterinburg! Feel like a Parisian!"

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Eyes bulging, definitely !!! A man, he noticed my bewilderment, but he didn't show it with Nordic stamina !!!
By the way, it was below minus 20 in the morning! So it is necessary to write new Russian proverbs "Bearded negro to frost", well, or vice versa, but it does not sound !!!

[3x3zsave]

Ural folk song

A small island in the Caribbean.
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
It was English, and now it’s a draw.
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
The authorities are stealing, the people are starving.
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
But he is not discouraged, the people are humming:
a-chic-mamazuzu-e

Mom Zuzu, grannies e,
Mom Zuzu, Jaga Jaga,
Ur la la, ur la la
A-train-train-train,
jaga-jaga-jaga.

The evening has come - the lights are lit.
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
Cicadas sing, mosquitoes bite.
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
Beats the drum, invites to dance.
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
Black boys girlfriends choose.
a-chic-mamazuzu-e

Mom Zuzu, grannies e,
Mom Zuzu, Jaga Jaga,
Ur la la, ur la la
A-train-train-train,
jaga-jaga-jaga.

Girl, you must be a mulatto ...
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
Black boobs, white heels ...
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
I love you without looking back ...
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
And the unrest prevailing here -
a-chic-mamazuzu-e

Mom Zuzu, grannies e,
Mom Zuzu, Jaga Jaga,
Ur la la, ur la la
A-train-train-train,
jaga-jaga-jaga.

Three flavors of your kiss ...
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
Thaya, papaya and passion fruit ...
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
More than reggae I want you ...
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
I’m going to finish smoking now and I’ll come ...
a-chic-mamazuzu-e

Mom Zuzu, grannies e,
Mom Zuzu, Jaga Jaga,
Ur la la, ur la la
A-train-train-train,
jaga-jaga-jaga.

A small island in the Caribbean.
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
It was English, and now it’s a draw.
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
Not the one who has the paper rules here ...
a-chic-mamazuzu-granny-e
and the one who has longer jag-jag ...

Mom Zuzu, grannies e,
Mom Zuzu, Jaga Jaga,
Ur la la, ur la la
A-train-train-train,
jaga-jaga-jaga.(C)

[Thunderbolt]

Quote: Kote pane Kohanka

By the way, it was below minus 20 in the morning! So it is necessary to write new Russian proverbs "Bearded negro to frost", well, or vice versa, but it does not sound !!!

You can do your dialogues in a personal. Otherwise I came to read about Indians and Federates, but I had to re-list your Santa Barbara.

[Thunderbolt]

Quote: Kote pane Kohanka

in our morning it was below minus 20! So you have to write

If you have such temprice in the morning, then this is not a reason to clog the commentary feed with your own blizzard. I come to read how the Indians fought, and not how vladin's cat was shitting this morning.
tie up you already with this spam, zadolbali.a little good article

[vladcub]

Quote: 3x3zsave

"Come to Yekaterinburg! Feel like a Parisian!"

"no. You'd better come to us" (c)

[vladcub]

"It is the language of Pushkin Sweatshirt" it was not a true black.
Remember the movie Three Fat Men? when Gaspar from Tibulus, nenra did?

[Olgovich]

Quote: Kote pane Kohanka

Negros will not understand the joke!

Is there anything you can understand there?
This :

detective novel by the English writer Agatha Christie "Ten little indians " (Eng. Ten Little Niggers), written in 1939, due to a lack of political correctness has been renamed the "Ten Little Indians"(Eng. Ten Little Indians), then, when this name has already ceased to satisfy, - in" Ten soldiers"(Eng. Ten Little Soldiers). Now the book is being printed under the title "And nobody was"(English And Then There Were None) (c)

,eg?

It's beyond reason ...

[Paragraph Epitafievich Y.]

Quote: Olgovich

It's beyond reason ...

and I'm still waiting for these idiots to ban and deprive all regalia of "Forrest Gump". Considering that GG was named after General Forrest ...

[BAI]

The monument to Lincoln, who abolished slavery, has already been demolished.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote: BAI

The monument to Lincoln, who abolished slavery, has already been demolished.

Sheer stupidity to kick your story!

[hjvtp1966]

Yes, we too ... No getting used to ...

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote: hjvtp1966

Yes, we too ... No getting used to ...

What to add, alas, we, unfortunately, also hit on this "rake"!
Regards, Kote!

[Trilobite Master]

Quote: Olgovich

It is in front of the indigenous population that whites should kneel

Well, before whom everyone chooses to kneel, this is the right of a free person.

[Korsar4]

“If he is a prince, or a king at last,
Why are they sweeping the ground before him with their beard?
We honored the princes, but not that way! " (from).

[vladcub]

"Give the official's paw" alas, this is the case everywhere

[kalibr]

Thank you for your kind wishes! And this is an addition to congratulations from me to all who congratulated, albeit a virtual, but tasty souvenir, which, by the way, can be repeated at home. Well, traditionally for everyone: success and happiness in the New Year!

[Korsar4]

Kozyulya in Penza?

Happy New Year!

[kalibr]

I don’t know if my wife and granddaughter did. But delicious ... And Happy New Years too!

[wkat]

Cute Gingerbread)

[Han Tengri]

Quote: Hunter 2

Tomahawk Blackfoot - very impressed, not a standard device, from "taporic" in the traditional sense - almost nothing remained.

A strange "device". Almost a slapstick.

I wonder why the Blackfeet needed such penetrating power, in the absence of armored opponents?

[Pane Kohanku]

I wonder why the Blackfeet needed such penetrating power, in the absence of armored opponents?

The Tlingit wore wooden armor. Although they lived in Alaska, and, it seems, their habitats did not intersect with the Blackfeet. By the way, such armor brought some trouble to our industrialists with Baranov at the head.

from the Kunstkamera website:
The complete set of traditional vestments of the Tlingit warriors included a wooden heavy helmet weighing 2-3 kg, a shirt made of thick elk skin, on top of which a lamellar shell of many bone or wooden planks wrapped with sinew threads and connected to each other was worn. Magic drawings were applied to the shell, according to legends, guarding the warrior during the battle. Among the American Indians, the Tlingits were the only ones who protected the body with a shell..
https://www.kunstkamera.ru/exposition/countries_people_culture/amerika/voennoe_delo/panciri_tlinkitov_eskimosov_i_aleutov/

[Catfish]

Hi, Nikolay!
And what was the story with Baranov? Did these pieces of wood hold a bullet?

[Pane Kohanku]

And what was the story with Baranov? Did these pieces of wood hold a bullet?

The first collision occurred in 1792.
Studying Prince William Bay and getting to know its inhabitants - the Chugach Eskimos, Baranov reached the vicinity of Fr. Hinchinbrook. Here he met the “St. Simeon "under the command of GG Izmailov, who in the spring and summer of 1792, on his instructions, explored the Pacific Ocean south of Kodiak, seeking to find here unknown land. For several years, Baranov did not lose hope of discovering the mythical "fur Eldorado" in this area, sending his ships here year after year.
Baranov's camp on the island. On the night of June 20-21, Hinchinbrook was unexpectedly attacked by the Tlingit Indians who lived south along the coast of the Gulf of Alaska. The ruler himself was almost killed at the beginning of the battle. He was saved only by the iron chain mail, which he always wore under his clothes. The battle continued until dawn: the Indians launched several attacks, but in the end they were forced to flee. Baranov withdrew from the camp and hurried to Kodiak. Establishment of a new settlement in Prince William Bay had to be abandoned this year
http://annales.info/amerika/rus_amer/baranov.htm

Then there was a whole war in 1802-1805.
https://rushrono.ru/bitva_za_sitku.html
With varied success. The Tlingits, in the main, attacked, not disdaining and dastardly methods, our sometimes "paid return visits."

 On August 20, 1805, the Eyaki warriors of the Tlahaik-Tekuedi (Tluhedi) clan, led by Tanukh and Lushvak, and their allies from the Tlingit clan of the Kuashkkuan burned Yakutat and killed the Russians who remained there. The attack was carefully planned and organized by Tanukh, who, using his confidence, entered the fortress and killed the chief of the fortress, after which, according to Indian legends, at his signal, “every warrior killed his Russian”. Of the entire population of the Russian colony in Yakutat, in 1805, according to official data, 14 Russians died "and there are still many islanders with them," that is, the allied Aleuts. The main part of the party, together with Demyanenkov, after making sure that Yakutat was burned, went to a distant sea passage and was sunk into the sea by a storm. Then about 250 people died. Only about 30 people were saved, who, due to extreme exhaustion, refused to sail in the sea, decided to surrender to the Tlingits and moved along the coast. The fall of Yakutat and the death of Demyanenkov's party were another heavy blow for the Russian colonies. An important economic and strategic base on the American coast was lost.
  An easy victory inspired and united the Tlingits, about 200 soldiers in 8 canoes decided according to the same plan, using the good reputation of Tanukh among the Russians, to attack the Constantine fortress in the village of Nuchek in the Chugatsky Bay. 70 warriors led by the leader arrived at the fortress in two canoes, ostensibly for trade and dancing with the Chugachs. The rest remained to wait for the signal at the mouth of the Copper River. The head of the fortress, Ivan Repin, welcomed the Tanukh and allowed dancing, which even the Chugachi enemies of the Tlingits were happy about. However, one Chugach slave fled from the Indians at the mouth of the Copper River and, having reached the fortress, reported their plans to Repin. The commandant took action, the Indians were invited to a holiday in a neighboring village, and at night the Chugach, mustering their strength, massacred them. The leader taken into custody in the fortress stabbed to death. The few survivors reported the failure to the main force. The frightened Tlingits, fearing an attack and in spite of the stormy weather, rushed to swim over the breakers of a bank that stood far out at the mouth of the river. The canoes were smashed by breakers, most of the Indians drowned, and the Chugachs who swam to the shore were completely killed. After this failure, feuds began between the Tlingit themselves, and the Tanukh clan, weakened by losses, was exterminated.
https://rushrono.ru/bitva_za_sitku.html

But it's interesting about Baranov:
Alexander Andreevich was also respected by American captains, many of whom were his friends. One of them, John D'Wolfe, recalled: "He has a sharp mind, easy demeanor and self-control ... He enjoys the greatest respect of the Indians (Kodiaks), who look at him with a mixed sense of love and fear"). In order to convince the Indians of his supernatural power, Baranov, having chain mail under his dress, specially gave the captive Tlingit bows and arrows and ordered them to shoot straight into his heart. The arrows always bounced off the unharmed Baranov, causing the Indians' respectful horror.
http://annales.info/amerika/rus_amer/baranov.htm

[Catfish]

Kolya, thank you, I didn't know anything about it.

[Pane Kohanku]

Kolya, thank you, I didn't know anything about it.

By the way, before that, in the 18th century, there was a bloody war between the Russians and the Chukchi - with varying success. They were also the most brutal warriors with their original form of leather armor.

Uncle Kostya, do you remember the phrase from the movie "Head of Chukotka"? The old pacifist says, they say, "You can shoot a deer, you can shoot a seal, you can't a man .." - for which he was immediately killed by the White Guards. So, this is all nonsense and lies. In that theater of military operations (among the neighboring peoples, of course) the Chukchi were the best warriors!

[Catfish]

Of course I remember a great movie! How did he churn out orders for all occasions, something needs to be changed, sat down at the typewriter - and then the order for No. ...... Not zhist, but raspberries, nowadays, too, "the chief of the Chukotka" for himself as he needs the basic law and remakes, and the Chukchi they are that - "Chukchi like children."

- Lord, give reason to the servant of God Alexei, for he does not know what he is doing! Oh Lord?

[astra wild2]

Nikolay, I know practically nothing about Baranov, except that he was the manager of a Russian-American company.
And about this company

[Ross xnumx]

Quote: HanTengri

I wonder why the Blackfeet needed such penetrating power, in the absence of armored opponents?

I will express my own conclusion:
The Blackfeet lived here:

 Show / Hide text

Here's what is written about them:

In the south of its territory, the Blackfoot Confederation fought against the Crow, Cheyenne, Arikara, Sioux, Hidatsa, Mandan, Eastern Shoshone, in the West - with Flatheads, Pandas, Ne-Persians, Bannocks, Stoney, Northern Shoshone, Kutenai. But the fiercest battles were fought in the north and east with the Iron Confederation, which included the Assiniboins, the Cree Plains and the Ojibwe Plains.
Almost all combat-ready male population took part in wars. Sometimes peace was made with hostile tribes, but usually it did not last long. There were also cases when one tribe of the confederation made peace with the enemy, while others refused to do so and continued to wage war with him.

In fact, this confederation was aggressive and warlike. In addition, the presence of wild animals contributed to the fact that weapons (dual-purpose: economic (hunting) and a murder weapon) began to make them more destructive. For every fireman ...

[Lech from Android.]

Pawnee scouts.

This time was shown very well in the American film Survivor ... indeed, people were put on the brink of survival in these places.
Thank you Vyacheslav, as always, for another interesting article ... the storehouse of your knowledge is inexhaustible, you paint every topic in a very interesting way as you read saliva.

[kalibr]

Quote: Lech from Android.

the storehouse of your knowledge is inexhaustible, you paint each topic very interestingly

And here, Alexey, there is nothing surprising. I've been living in the world for a long time, and my memory is good. He began reading "about the Indians" ... from 1964 and read voraciously. Then, already in the 90s, he began to read special literature. Moreover, many books "from there" and in English. Then he wrote the book "Indians" an encyclopedia for schoolchildren. Well, now ... all the Indian museums in the United States are at my service. I sometimes travel at night looking at them ... But I haven't watched our TV at all for a year!
Good luck in the New Year!

[3x3zsave]

But I haven't watched our TV at all for a year!
I don't have a TV, and I'm incredibly happy about it!

[kalibr]

Quote: 3x3zsave

But I haven't watched our TV at all for a year!
I don't have a TV, and I'm incredibly happy about it!

No, I watch movies through it (big screen, bright colors!). Recently we watched "Sound of a Distant Trumpet", "Annie Oakley", "Fort Apache", a very cute film "Little Rebel", "Crazy Weddings", "Vabank 3" (this is our "duty film" after visiting Krakow! ). So the TV is useful ...

[Korsar4]

Probably one of the big advantages of your cycles, Vyacheslav Olegovich, is the feedback from those who read.

What has driven research and discussion before. But much faster.
"Around the World" in a modern version.

[Catfish]

Hello, Sergey!
Right to the point, it is. You know how to find the right words at the right time.

[Korsar4]

Yeah. A hybrid of Banderlog and Kaa.

Hi Constantine!

[Catfish]

But what about the charming Tabaki: "And we will go north."

[Korsar4]

All roles at once from Ilyinsky and Mironov turned out. Ilyinsky is better.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Watching the 1893 race was the last "combat" task of the old US Frontier Army. By the way, now nobody drove the Indians from their lands. They sold them themselves, because, as it turned out, they significantly exceeded the statutory ownership. The government paid the Indians, and then ... land for a symbolic 10 dollars was received by the participants in the "land races."

Our land was mainly bought by a private trader. Moreover, the operations were not small, so N.N. Demidov, for 12 chervontsy (120 rubles), bought land from the Bashkirs, on which he later installed 2 factories and one pier. Half a century later, his grandchildren sold the Serginskiye factories to M. Gubin for 600 rubles. Today on this territory there are two cities Nizhnie Sergi and Mikhailovsk, two workers' settlements Verkhnie Sergi and Atig, as well as three settlements Novaya Yelnya, Polovinka and Bazhukovo. Modest, but tasteful, and most importantly no less than any department in France.

[Van 16]

For a long time. There was no "about the Indians". About apache-comanche-tomahawk-moccasins. Thank you!
An article about the war, but the mood after reading for some reason became the opposite, peaceful and calm

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Due to the fact that everything that was written up happened a long time ago and is far from us!
Regards, Voad

[3x3zsave]

the Indians, it turns out, also had slaves,
It became interesting how this provision was legally regulated?
Thank you, Vyacheslav Olegovich!

[kalibr]

Quote: 3x3zsave

It became interesting how this provision was legally regulated?

I will definitely find out!

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Quote: 3x3zsave

the Indians, it turns out, also had slaves,
It became interesting how this provision was legally regulated?
Thank you, Vyacheslav Olegovich!

Before the arrival of the former, it was commonplace - prisoners of war. In some cases, they could go through socialization and become a member of the tribe. A slave in a tribal society is more of a burden than a benefit. So the North Americans preferred to assimilate the POWs through family relationships. A prisoner bound by family relations became a motivated member of society. This is reflected in literature from Mine Reed to Jack London. Including at the Institute of Twinning.
Later, the reds picked up the whites. So everything could be a commodity. Including slaves. Although also with a "red-skinned flavor."

[3x3zsave]

Vlad, you did not grasp the essence of the question!

[BAI]

It has developed historically.
"Slavery among the Indians of North America", Averkieva Yulia Pavlovna. Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow-Leningrad, 1941... Responsible editor Acad. V. V. Struve.
https://www.indiansworld.org/rabstvo-u-indeycev-severnoy-ameriki.html#.X-wfg5gue70

[3x3zsave]

Thank you for the link, colleague!

[kalibr]

Quote: BAI

It has developed historically.
"Slavery among the Indians of North America", Averkieva Yulia Pavlovna. Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow-Leningrad, 1941. Managing editor Acad. V. V. Struve.
https://www.indiansworld.org/rabstvo-u-indeycev-severnoy-ameriki.html#.X-wfg5gue70

Thank you!

[Krasnodar]

Quote: 3x3zsave

the Indians, it turns out, also had slaves,
It became interesting how this provision was legally regulated?
Thank you, Vyacheslav Olegovich!

Hello Anton!
In the south, I think there were no legislative problems with this, and after the defeat of the slave owners in the Civil War, most likely, the Indians did not regulate this in any way, since the whites did not particularly bother.

[3x3zsave]

Albert!
So I am interested in what legislative acts the whites recorded slavery among the Indians. Otherwise, the thesis that the Indians, who fought on the side of the Confederates, were opponents of the abolition of slavery, is somewhat doubtful.

[Krasnodar]

Yes, none, I think

[Crowe]

I am pleased to join the previous speakers who have already greeted you, the Author, and expressed gratitude to you for your work on such an interesting topic for me (as it is not difficult to guess from the "nickname")! I look forward to continuing! All health in the coming year!

[kalibr]

Great Chieftain of the Prairie! I wish you a Happy New Year and wish that the four birds of the four cardinal points bring prosperity to your wigwam. May Wakan Tanka protect you. May it be as I said! How! (PS about crowe is planned for a separate material, they have an interesting fate!)

[Catfish]

How to you, Great White Hunter!
Since the time when Fire Water appeared in our wigwams, life has become easier, life has become more fun, for which our immense gratitude to all your white tribe.

Hi, Vyacheslav, thanks for the story, everything was interesting, but here I got one "catch", and everything about weapons, which is natural.
I’m talking about the possibility of the Indians servicing such a complex system as the Evans rifle, as far as I remember, because of the "overcomplication" it was not accepted into service, but maybe it was just a status thing for the leader?
Here is a technical drawing of Evans' store, here even a white one will not understand too much, but what to take from an Indian?

.

Thanks again, and Happy New Year!
.

[Alexey RA]

Quote: Sea Cat

I’m talking about the possibility of the Indians servicing such a complex system as the Evans rifle, as far as I remember, because of the "overcomplication" it was not accepted into service, but maybe it was just a status thing for the leader?

An analogue of a ceremonial sword or a hetman's mace (but in the era of firearms)?

[kalibr]

Quote: Sea Cat

Thanks again, and Happy New Year!

About Evans will be detailed! In the new year!

[hjvtp1966]

Yes, most likely, she did not shoot at the leader. The scepter doesn't fire either. But, come on!

[Stirbjorn]

The article is interesting, thanks to the author! Photos from the museum pleased, the exhibits are very high quality

[Undecim]

It all started with a narrow strip along the coast.

Bright red - thirteen British colonies in 1775, at the start of the War of Independence. Pink - "Indian Territories" according to the Royal Proclamation of 1763. This was the beginning of the future USA.
And then they bought Louisiana. To understand the scale of the purchase, see the map below.

Pink is the territory of the newly formed state of the United States, brown is the "Louisiana Purchase".

[Pane Kohanku]

And then they bought Louisiana. To understand the scale of the purchase, see the map below.

Did the Spanish territory on the top map manage to change its owner before? I mean, Louisiana, like, bought from Bonaparte?

[Undecim]

There are continuous secret agreements. First, France and Spain in 1762 signed a secret treaty at Fontainebleau, according to which France ceded the territory of French Louisiana to Spain. It was announced already in 1764.
And in 1800, Napoleon bent the Spaniards to sign again the secret Treaty in San Idelfonso, according to which Spain returned to France the lands received earlier from her in Louisiana.
But two years later, a powerful uprising broke out on the French islands in the Caribbean, and in addition to it - an epidemic of yellow fever, which together wiped out most of the French troops stationed there. Napoleon had no combat-ready units in the Western Hemisphere, and a war with Great Britain was still on the way, for which there was absolutely no money.
And then, in April 1803, the Americans arrived. True, they wanted to buy only New Orleans for $ 8 million, but Napoleon offered Louisiana for $ 22 million. Bargained for 15 million.
Moreover, both parties to the negotiations acted illegally. US legislation did not allow the acquisition of territory from foreign powers, and Paris previously gave official guarantees to Spain that Louisiana, bordering it, would never come under the rule of any third state. However, if there was a mutual interest, the parties decided to "make an exception."

[Pane Kohanku]

But two years later, a powerful uprising broke out on the French islands in the Caribbean, and in addition to it - an epidemic of yellow fever, which together wiped out most of the French troops stationed there.

EMNIP, the Toussaint Louverture uprising? Afrohaitians, it seems, committed genocide to the whites there. And even the French commander Leclerc died of a fever - Bonaparte sent him to pacify the rebels.

There are continuous secret agreements. First, France and Spain in 1762 signed a secret treaty at Fontainebleau, according to which France ceded the territory of French Louisiana to Spain. It was announced already in 1764.
And in 1800, Napoleon bent the Spaniards to sign again the secret Treaty in San Idelfonso, according to which Spain returned to France the lands received earlier from her in Louisiana.

I didn't know about it, thanks!

[Undecim]

I expressed myself somewhat incorrectly. The actual uprising in Haiti began in 1791. And in 1801, Napoleon sent Leclerc's expeditionary force in 86 ships with 21900 soldiers to "restore order", since the last two years Haiti was practically an independent state. Leclerc Toussaint-Louverture was arrested, but that did not solve anything. Leclerc died in Tortuga, Haiti became independent in 1804.

[Pane Kohanku]

I expressed myself somewhat incorrectly.

The Lord is with you! We have known each other for five years, so we already understand without words, grasping the main meaning, and not looking for flaws in the constructions of phrases.

Leclerc died in Tortuga, Haiti became independent in 1804.

Now I have glimpsed Vika. As far as I understand, the Negroes and the mulattoes who joined them managed to quarrel among themselves after gaining independence, and for some time there were two states in Haiti.
"Handsome" Jean-Jacques Dessalines even managed to visit the first and only emperor of Haiti. Here he is pictured during a .. hmm .. interesting activity!

[Trilobite Master]

Vyacheslav Olegovich, as always, thanks for the material, it is interesting and clear.
And why in our articles about Indians there are almost exclusively Prairie Indians? Are you planning materials about Canadian Indians, about Alaska Indians?
Of course, these races, bison, mustangs, tygdyms-tygdyms, bang-bang, again tygdyms-tygdyms, Indians cowboys,

I spend a whole month on my ranch without a drop of whiskey, and you shove me water ?! ok unfortunate! Coyote and Coyote's Son!

- all this is extremely interesting, but it's only Karl May and Mine Reed, and where are Fenimore Cooper and Jack London?
Are the fellow countrymen of Nathaniel Bumpo, the Potomac and the Great Lakes, Biryuk Mackenzie and Tling Tinneh waiting for us? Will the icy streams of the Rocky Mountains, teeming with gold and salmon, sweep their waters past us, and we will not hear the barking of dog sleds, the roar of grizzlies and the splash of the oars of Indian pies over the creak of the wheels of resettlement wagons?

[Undecim]

Then it is necessary, so that none of the indigenous peoples offend, articles about the Indians of Oklahoma, the southeastern forests, the Great Lakes and the northeastern forests, the Iroquois, the plains Indians, the Indians of the Northwest plateau.

[kalibr]

Quote: Trilobite Master

Are you planning materials about Canadian Indians, about Alaska Indians?

Will be, I promise.

[Revolver]

26-round (!) Evans carbine model 1871, which was never in service with the American army and was incredibly expensive

Yes, not so expensive. $ 12 wasn't that much money.

[Undecim]

Twelve pairs of Levi Strauss pants cost $ 1874 in 13,50.

[Revolver]

Quote: Undecim

Twelve pairs of Levi Strauss pants cost $ 1874 in 13,50.

Today, a pair of Levy's 550 can be purchased for $ 35 on Amazon, shipping for free.
https://www.amazon.com/Levis-Mens-Relaxed-fit-Black-31X34/dp/B0018OHKYG/ref=asc_df_B0018OHKYG/?tag=hyprod-20&linkCode=df0&hvadid=312709251281&hvpos=&hvnetw=g&hvrand=13807954585873616739&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9003572&hvtargid=pla-571472202695&psc=1
12 pairs, respectively, $ 420.

AR-15 new can be bought for $ 700
https://www.classicfirearms.com/james-river-armory-ar-15-jrm15-556-rifle-w-30-rd-mag/
You can probably find a used one cheaper (I didn't look for it).
I cite the figures for comparison, to show that today rifles are more expensive in relation to jeans.

[Ugochaves]

You are not comparing correctly. Then the jeans were sewn in the states, then take the model that is sewn there now, and it costs not $ 35, but about $ 150

[Revolver]

I was already in America when Levy Strauss began to actively transfer production to third world countries. I dare to assure you that the price in stores has not changed (well, that is, it grew slowly, but there was no jump, especially downward). I remember the news reported that they had closed the last plant in America. And the quality has dropped. The belt loops were originally 7, now 5, and the fabric seemed to wipe faster.
By the way, the Romanian AK-47 is even more expensive than the cheap model AR-15 I found, and Romania, you know, is not America either.

[peter1v]

The article is great, thanks. And here are the captions under the pictures ... The title of the book is about the Apaches, and the signature of the Comanche. In the photo is the leader, and the signature is a scout. Although why should they distinguish between them ...

[kalibr]

Quote: peter1v

The article is great, thanks. And here are the captions under the pictures ... The title of the book is about the Apaches, and the signature of the Comanche. In the photo is the leader, and the signature is a scout. Although why should they distinguish between them ...

Probably did not notice when he exhibited. There are small drawings.

[Mikhail3]

What is it all about? I didn't understand. The Indians had a desire to live in peace. Their civilization existed on the lands of the Americas without the need for any industry and improvement of weapons of destruction. The dream of modern ecologers.
The settlers came and began to take the land from the Indians, since they needed the land. The Indians could not resist the weapons and equipment of the pale-faced. The Indians were not destroyed immediately, because they could not immediately grab all the available land. Therefore, they were driven away from those lands that they could capture.
The Indians gradually armed themselves with weapons purchased from the whites and captured from them, but they could not seriously resist the expansion, their civilization was, in principle, not capable of this. What is the "role of the army" here? The US Army consisted of cavalry units, mobile and effective against savages.
Building fortified forts that the Indians could not take if the garrisons themselves did not substitute, the cavalry units flew out of their fortifications in order to kill or drive away another small tribe. Cavalry from Beyond the Hills, remember? Arriving to support another farmer who has captured another piece of Indian land.
Also, the army systematically squeezed the Indians further and further, as the government tried to ensure the safety of all new settlements. To solve this problem, cavalry units systematically destroyed Indian settlements, taking advantage of numerical superiority and superiority in weapons.
This was roughly the role of the US Army. There is nothing of the kind in the article. Heap of facts and pictures of Indian slippers. It is gratifying that Mr. Shpakovsky knows how to insert a photo into an article, but why was all this done? I didn't understand anything ...

[kalibr]

Quote: Mikhail3

I didn't understand anything ...

It is sad. But there are always exceptions to the rule. Someone understood everything, but one did not ...

[Mikhail3]

It's funny that your fan pool doesn't say anything. Produces nothing but a saliva of delight. Apparently orgasm does not allow them to either think or continue. That's what we need, right?)

[kalibr]

Quote: Mikhail3

It's funny that your fan pool doesn't say anything. Produces nothing but a saliva of delight. Apparently orgasm does not allow them to either think or continue. That's what we need, right?)

What should they say? You, too, do not say anything, but only proceed with bile ... Moreover, such are needed even more, because it is very easy to dissolve them to prove that I am right, and that I am wrong, and, by the way, I was still a member of the CPSU from career considerations and a lecturer of the RK ... remember this, and do not forget the "grandfather of the Polish general." And it is quite possible that such articles are paid for by the US State Department! Will you find the phone number of the Penza FSB yourself in order to stop this malicious propaganda, or should I give it to you?

[3x3zsave]

What should they say?
Sorry, Vyacheslav Olegovich, but here you are wrong.

[kalibr]

Quote: 3x3zsave

What should they say?
Sorry, Vyacheslav Olegovich, but here you are wrong.

Where am I wrong? I asked the person, what does he expect to be said, what does he want to hear? This is a completely normal question for all the norms of the Russian language. And to him there could well be a normal answer: well, so that they say that the perpendicular, or the genesis of the problem, is whether God is differentiated as irrational. But he didn't answer.

[3x3zsave]

You are wrong about your pool.

[kalibr]

Quote: 3x3zsave

You are wrong about your pool.

And where did I evaluate it?

[Mikhail3]

I am not interested in trolling, whatever you think to yourself there) I am interested in MIND. Is your article useful? Does it kindle thinking, does it help to draw conclusions, does it give light for the further path? And then I see this:

Quote: kalibr

What should they say?

Nothing, damn it, shouldn't, yeah ...

Seeing that your article, once again, is absolutely empty, and filled with nothing but raw facts, selected without any sane selection, I carried out its primary processing, filling it with at least some meaning. Before my post, there is nothing in your heap at all. And it's really depressing.

[kalibr]

Quote: Mikhail3

What should they say?
Nothing, damn it, shouldn't, yeah ...

And I thought, pancakes and pancakes, what are you going to tell me? I asked a question ...

[kalibr]

Quote: Mikhail3

I am interested in MIND.

How I do not like such banal lofty phrases. It is just that their lovers do not smell of reason. Well, I want to show myself as a kind of understanding Pechorin in the "Charldgarold cloak", but only enough for the stupid Grushnitsky. And simply, well, what would have come, I will answer like this: people like (many) means everything is OK. And what not more people like it means more OK. Available? And to ignite thinking, brains means, this is sadism, you know. Alcohol or something to pour over and set on fire? And before that, remove the skull from the head?

[Mikhail3]

I know that you are a poet. Only there is no poetic gift. Your articles are a collection of facts, without a trace of unifying thoughts. Of course, there is nothing to discuss in them. The person who read them has really nothing to say about the article, because there is nothing about it. You do not assert anything, since you do not understand anything about what you have typed, so what should you answer?
Here I have an opinion about the American army and Indian territories. In my opinion, you can hang your facts like on a trunk, and then the article would make sense. But nothing of the kind can be done on it, because without being able to process the collected facts, at least initially, you cannot separate important facts from unimportant ones, the necessary data from secondary ones. All this is generally the first page of Yandex on the basis of "American army and Indian territories", which you linked with introductory sentences.
What kind of "scientific" title was given to you for your "work"? I sympathize...

[Mikhail3]

It was a wonderful time when the "guiding and guiding" promoted the "only correct teaching" with an iron hand, wasn't it? As for the main idea, there was no need to bathe. The collected facts could be strung on the "Marxist-Leninist theory". Know write to yourself what the ancestors understood and what they did not understand, in the light of that teaching, cleverly inserting quotations. The beauty!
Unfortunately, the distribution of buns to those who never even tried to think, getting off with quotations, was an important component of the collapse of the USSR, and the shameful backwardness of the "only true doctrine", which could not develop in the conditions of the total victory of such "scientists". The world went ahead, and the USSR, instead of development, sat in quotations until the seat crumbled.
There were other reasons as well. Many reasons. But this one is the main one. When you do not understand what exactly and how to do, because the main idea of ​​what is happening escapes you, you ALWAYS come to collapse and total breakdown. Very sorry...

[3x3zsave]

I grieve for your limitations.

[kalibr]

Quote: 3x3zsave

I grieve for your limitations.

Alas, apparently you just did not understand what I wanted to know with the previous question.

[3x3zsave]

Vyacheslav Olegovich, you probably confused the branches of the comments. The comment you quoted was addressed to the user "Michael3".

[kalibr]

Quote: 3x3zsave

Vyacheslav Olegovich, you probably confused the branches of the comments. The comment you quoted was addressed to the user "Michael3".

Anton, what is there to find out? Well, he's a very clever commentator with us, and we all, me, and you ... without a king in my head, so dummy. And I asked what people who think differently should say. But I did not receive an answer from him, and I received a reproach from you. Once again I reread my question ... In what his crime is not understood. I’m stupid, apparently, to old age ...

[3x3zsave]

The Lord is with you, Vyacheslav Olegovich! For ten years now I have vowed to reproach anyone for something!

[kalibr]

Quote: 3x3zsave

The Lord is with you, Vyacheslav Olegovich! For ten years now I have vowed to reproach anyone for something!

Well, you can have me ...

[hjvtp1966]

They did not have a civilization! Just tribes of savages. The rest is a consequence.

[Catfish]

It's funny. As the saying goes, "find ten differences."

What is this, summer and winter uniforms?

[Krasnodar]

Collections of different years

[3x3zsave]

It's simple. In the photo on the right, the Indian was captured before visiting the saloon, in the photo on the left - after. That is, a brief history of the creation of the National Indian Museum in Washington.

[BAI]

Indian captured

An interesting question. The author (in the nominative case - Yuri Tsybulka, I do not know how to persuade) of a photoshop drawing (on the right), this drawing is located in a female portrait gallery.

[Undecim]

It seems to me that Vyacheslav Olegovich became a victim of Photoshop, or rather, someone's exercise in this mighty brainchild of Adobe Systems. The original is, without a doubt, on the left. And on the right is the work of an "unknown master".

[Catfish]

Hi, hi.
So this "master" stuck a completely different head. Those. these are two different people, and why this was done is completely incomprehensible.

[Undecim]

Perhaps somewhere you will find information about what kind of "masterpiece" it is and who sculpted it.

[Ross xnumx]

Question:

Quote: Sea Cat

What is this, summer and winter uniforms?

Answer:

Quote: Undecim

The original is, no doubt, on the left. And on the right is the work of an "unknown master".

Author:

Apache Indian. For a long time we have represented Indians fighting with bows and arrows against rifles. But look at this fellow. He is armed with a revolver and a 26-round (!) Evans carbine, model 1871, which was never in service with the American army and was incredibly expensive. And the question is: where could he get it?

Judging by the expensive weapons, the brick wall in the background of the photograph, the similarity of the faces of the "Indians" and the history of the appearance of the photograph, both pictures are staged, where the alleged Indian dressed himself in suitable clothes and received an expensive "caramultuk" for "temporary use" ...

[Catfish]

... the Indian dressed himself in suitable clothes ...

Rather, the Indians. The faces are different, take a closer look.

[Ross xnumx]

Quote: Sea Cat

Rather, the Indians. The faces are different, take a closer look.

And me, as it is written?

Quote: ROSS 42

Judging by the expensive weapons, the brick wall in the background of the photo, the similarity of the faces of the "Indians"

One Indian is seen in the photo, therefore:

Quote: ROSS 42

where the alleged Indian wore in suitable clothes

But I like that the site has users who view posts not only from the top ten ...

[ratveg]

They already had expensive caramults. Here is a unique photo of 1886 - it shows Apaches still fighting with the armies of the United States and Mexico.

Before the conclusion of a peace agreement.

[pytar]

From the beginning of the Great Geographical Discoveries and the demographic boom in Europe, colonial expansion began in all directions, which continued for 5 centuries!

And the story followed similar scenarios! The difference in expansion to the West, as opposed to that to the East, was due to geographic location. Western colonialists went by sea, and eastern ones by land. The United States also went to the West by land.
There is another significant difference! It is related to microbiology! North and South America were microbiologically isolated from Europe! When the Spanish landed there, they suffered smallpox, and some others to which the Indians were not immune! As a result of the pandemic, 90% of the indigenous people of the continent died. The Spaniards returned to the truth with a "present" ... syphilis! He has acquired the scale of an epidemic in Europe! Ego was called "Spanish disease"!
The Russian colonial expansion to the East developed into the conditions of a common microbiological space. Moreover, the Russians brought the same syphilis among the indigenous population! To Siberia and the Far East, it was called "Russian disease"!

And so the colonists went to the East and to the West, drinking alcohol by the local population.
Disease and alcohol turned out to be weapons of mass destruction!

[pytar]

The discovery of America to Europeans initially affected the local Indian population in the South (+ Mesoamerica) and North, in the opposite way!
To South and Central America there were urban civilizations. They were densely populated. The Aztec empire had about 0,5 million people, and the Indian empire had almost 20 million! Diseases transferred to Europeans, mowed down most of this population. The result is a monstrous demographic decline!

North America was sparsely populated. And the Indians led a nomadic lifestyle, they did not have a city. Therefore, the epidemics affected them much less. For them, the arrival of Europeans was initially beneficial!
Until 1500, the Indians were engaged in walking, there is a very difficult and unsuccessful hunt for bison. And there were relatively few of them. The Europeans have brought a horse! And by 1700 the Indians had mastered the art of horseback riding, received metal utensils from the whites! Already in 1800, it was a completely different world, where people had meat in abundance and ... their explosive reproduction began.

Now the Great Plains have become the habitat of many tribes, which it was the white man's horse that helped to master them.

And here it is interesting to look at the development of the situation to the present day! South and Central Americans, mixed with the Spaniards and Portuguese, and became the backbone of numerous Latin American nations!
In North America, Indians have not been particularly successful in integrating into society. Their number is now insignificant in relation to the attitude of the white population. There are descendants of the local North American Indians, very few! At the same time, in the United States, Latin American / descendants of the Meso-Indians / the second largest ethnic group! Their birth rate is high!

[kalibr]

Quote: pytar

And by 1700 the Indians had mastered the art of horseback riding, received metal dishes from the whites! Already in 1800 it was a completely different world, where people had meat in abundance and ... their explosive reproduction began.

I know where this phrase comes from. I wanted to use it in a new article - now I have to replace-ha-ha, with another. And so everything is correct!

[pytar]

I know where this phrase comes from. I wanted to use it in a new article - now I have to replace-ha-ha, with another. And so everything is correct!

I read with interest all your articles, dear Vyacheslav Shpaklovsky! Let as many readers reach as possible!
https://topwar.ru/166876-vashaki-vozhd-sumevshij-prinjat-neizbezhnoe.html

[kalibr]

Glad you like them. I already wrote that Bulgaria - Golden Sands and Sunny Beach were my first foreign countries back in 1968. I liked it very much then!

[pytar]

Vyacheslav, now it has become much more beautiful in Golden Sands and Sunny Beach! But in my youth, of course, everything was better! Judging by myself! I wish you health and good mood!

[kalibr]

Thank you for your good wishes!

[3x3zsave]

J. Diamond "Guns, Germs and Steel"?

[Krasnodar]

For the first time, Herbert Wales wrote about the microbiological factors of conquest in The War of the Worlds. Martian invaders died of terrestrial microorganisms

[pytar]

For the first time, Herbert Wales wrote about the microbiological factors of conquest in The War of the Worlds. Martian invaders died of terrestrial microorganisms

... and my favorite movie!


A similar process is happening now! Thanks to Covid-19, China is knocked out as a world leader in an accelerated manner!

[Krasnodar]

Let's hit the PRC with gonorrhea!

[Pane Kohanku]

Let's hit the PRC with gonorrhea!

"And you are gambling, Paramosha!" (film "Running"). Will we announce the recruitment of sent volunteers right now? Or do you propose to start with the indoctrination of tourists from the Middle Kingdom? I would have expected such an offer (maybe!) from the Sea Cat, but from you ...

[3x3zsave]

What if Albert has a secret passion for Asians?

[Krasnodar]

Quote: 3x3zsave

What if Albert has a secret passion for Asians?

Why secret?

[Phil77]

Quote: Krasnodar

Why secret

Alberto, my friend, Happy New Year to you, happiness, love, prosperity in business, health to you and your family! The very, very best !!!!!!

[Krasnodar]

Quote: Phil77

Quote: Krasnodar

Why secret

Alberto, my friend, Happy New Year to you, happiness, love, prosperity in business, health to you and your family! The very, very best !!!!!!

So that in 2021, all the most beautiful girls in Moscow will sign up in line for a date with you in a month!

[Krasnodar]

Quote: Pan Kohanku

"And you are gambling, Paramosha!" (film "Running"). Will we announce the recruitment of sent volunteers right now? :

Not now. After the pandemic

[pytar]

Let's hit the PRC with gonorrhea!

Do not! America has already (allegedly) hit China with covid! We see, and what is the result? The opposite happened! Moreover, the Chinese have filled the whole world with masks! And they already produce preziki unmeasured!

[BAI]

Moreover, the Chinese have filled the whole world with masks!

Before filling up, they bought these masks in Russia at 1 - 1,5 million pieces per one private individual buyer.

[pytar]

Extremely enterprising people! Did they buy these masks before the outbreak or after?

[Paragraph Epitafievich Y.]

I had jeans at school Keith Carson... The epic label on the pants aroused children's empirical interest - "what is this dude on a horse with a lasso?" Of course, the Hollywood Western of the 40th year of the same name was not played in Soviet films, so I had to use the resource of my grandfather's library. The Historical Encyclopedia (the same one, 16 volumes, I share the nostalgic smile of Comrade Shpakovsky))) said that "the dude with the lasso" is a quite iconic personality in American history and legendary. Terrorized the Navajo with scorched earth tactics and eventually drove them out of the Four Catch (the famous 300-mile Navajo Long March in Bosco Redondo). And then there were raids against the Comanches and the Arapaho.
A funny incentive to expand your horizons - a label from American pants)

[Operator]

The entire 19th century - in its pure form, the genocide of the US state against the indigenous peoples of North America, the Indians have the right to demand from the United States recognition of the fact of genocide and payment of compensation.

The question is different - where is the federal law of the Russian Federation on the recognition of the US genocide against the indigenous population and the introduction of sanctions against US officials?

[Paragraph Epitafievich Y.]

Quote: Operator

The question is different - where is the federal law of the Russian Federation on the recognition of the US genocide against the indigenous population and the introduction of sanctions against US officials?

And what, the sanctions against Deripaska or Vekselberg were introduced because of the deportations of Tatars or Chechens?

[Operator]

And you, therefore, are subject to Russian sanctions for the genocide of the indigenous population of North America?

All Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars and others were returned to their former places of residence long ago.

[pytar]

Andrey, Shas Indians live in the USA, very well! Civil servants working as "Indians" in ethno-museums, called reserves! In addition, the tribes receive dividends from land and other assets! In short - businessmen with feather hats!

The richest tribe Shakopi Mdeyakanton owns casinos Mutis Lake Sagino Nottel and Little Sich. Both have over $ 1 billion in annual revenues. Thus, for each of the 500 tribe members, about $ 1,08 million comes in annually. Add to that the fact that they don't pay taxes (according to US law)! In addition to the two casinos, this tribe also owns a golf course where the nat. championship, as well as a concert hall and a hotel with 600 rooms. Taĸ Shakopee Tribe is the largest employer in the Cĸot community in Minesota. Many of the tribe members have a second home outside the reserve. True, not all Indian tribes are so rich, so the Shakopee have made donations to other Indian tribes in the amount of $ 1996 million since 243!

[BAI]

In 2007, the Cherokee Council stripped the descendants of black Cherokee slaves of tribal membership - they were deprived of the "privileged" health insurance and federal subsidies that are now given to all "unfairly oppressed tribes."
PS: Slaves in the 19th century were considered members of the tribe.

[Fat]

Quote: Operator

The entire 19th century - in its pure form, the genocide of the US state against the indigenous peoples of North America, the Indians have the right to demand from the United States recognition of the fact of genocide and payment of compensation.
The question is different - where is the federal law of the Russian Federation on the recognition of the US genocide against the indigenous population and the introduction of sanctions against US officials?

Sorry. In the course, this is unnecessary, the Indians are cunning people, give a couple of years - they themselves will figure it out well when the former slaves get tired.
If you are so interested in lawmaking, please contact your deputy! For some reason, it seemed to me that you had successfully smelled the elections out of protest considerations. Not?
"And gilding flies around from an unexpected dream come true.
And the joy of my flight is overshadowed by thoughts. "(C)

[Shahno]

Quote: Krasnodar

Let's hit the PRC with gonorrhea!

Gonovid-20rus ..

[Shahno]

Quote: Krasnodar

Quote: Pan Kohanku

"And you are gambling, Paramosha!" (film "Running"). Will we announce the recruitment of sent volunteers right now? :

Not now. After the pandemic

For Japanese and Chinese women, the very thing is when one of the parents of the Europian race ... It often turns out very attractive specimens.

[Krasnodar]

I saw the halves: Koreans with Russians, for example. And the mestizo of Russian and Japanese is Khakamada)).

[Phil77]

Quote: Krasnodar

Russian and Japanese

Damn! From * narrow-band * myself, I'm just getting lost !!!!

[Krasnodar]

They say that they have a narrow film not only in the section of the eyes.

[vladcub]

"We had to bet on the winner, who was not guessed right." Probably the leaders did not have a crystal ball.
I would venture to suggest that the Indians were guided by the following
1) _They knew the local southerners well, probably they also had friends among the Confederates. According to Kamer and Karl May, the Indians treasured their friendship.
Q. Oh, if you were then in the place of leaders, would you help your friends?
2) old "graters" between tribes: as Dalevar and Hurons. Apaches and Comanches

[Fat]

Svyatoslav
Point 2. Give on to read please. Appreciated in advance.
With respect.

[vladcub]

Better than Fenemore Cooper or Karl May it's hard to say.
Fenemora Cooper did not graduate from any literary institute, his books are read.
Tatishchev, Lomonosov, Karamzin were not professional historians, but how much they did. Today's authors will never do

[kalibr]

Quote: vladcub

Q. Oh, if you were then in the place of the leaders, would you help your friends?

Of course! I would have been brought up in this way. And even now: "All friends, enemies of the law!"

[astra wild2]

Good evening everyone.
I am very pleased with the material Vyacheslav Olegovich. As always, it is easy to read and well illustrated.
I said the other day: Vyacheslav Olegovich is a hardworking person. How long did it take to prepare the material and select illustrations. As far as I know, Vyacheslav Olegovich, he does not scribble illustrations on the Internet, but with the consent of the museum or other owners.

[astra wild2]

"Scout Shane" won 2 wins.
Colleagues, I recommend Vyacheslav Olegovich's book: "people with weapons * there is a lot about the life of the Indians.

[kalibr]

Thank you, dear Astra! Happy new year to you! So that everything is good with you!

Quote: Astra wild2

Colleagues, I recommend Vyacheslav Olegovich's book: "people with weapons * there is a lot about the life of the Indians.

But ... the book is called PEOPLE AND WEAPONS. This "girl's memory" is failing you!

[astra wild2]

Vyacheslav Olegovich, I confused you with Stadnyuk. He has a story with that title.
,

[kalibr]

Someone gave you a minus ... it's not me!

[astra wild2]

I have no doubt about that.
Someone on the site did not ignore me

[eklmn]

For the curious:
“These Indians fought with the Russians until 2004. They forced Russia to sell Alaska "
https://lenta.ru/articles/2018/02/16/ne_nasha/
"We remember and grieve about the sale of Alaska to the Americans to this day. But few people know that one of the reasons for the loss of Russian America was a bloody and fierce war between Russian colonists and desperate Indians of the Tlingit tribe. What role did Russia's trade with China play in this confrontation? Who stood behind the backs of the Indians fighting the Russians? What is the attitude of the Soviet rock-opera Juno and Avos to those events? Why did the conflict between Russia and the Tlingits formally end only under Putin? "

[kalibr]

I'll have to read about it, think about it, and then write!

[Fat]

I want to reproach a little, Oleg Vyacheslavovich. You have covered too long a period of 90 years - almost an eternity. Other countries And one "regime" could not stand it. Come on with your "slaps in the face!" Although, if it is a block in tsile = fine. Thank you! I look forward to continuing! I melt and look forward to continuing. Specifically about the "Iroquois" and the long house separately. With respect
If I missed something, I'm sorry. Give "to read", if not lazy ...
Note, you shouldn't refer to your early projects ... I read, comprehend.
Summary. Good but not enough. Period too long ...:

[kalibr]

Andrey Borisovich! It will be like this: a cycle about all Indians !!! And separate articles supplementing it - such as "the Flutterman massacre", "the battle of the vans." Articles will be for all regions of St. America and for individual tribes. The material has been collected, you just need to write and upload. There will be one material every week!
And Happy New Year to you!

[Fat]

je vous prie .... And you a happy good holiday

[Pane Kohanku]

je vous prie ....

With these words, I have an association only with domestic cinema.
- Good man...
- He stole the salt shaker ... (film "Formula of Love")

[vladcub]

Bravo, bravisimo

[vladcub]

I agree. Little did it

[hjvtp1966]

Quote: Kote Pan Kokhanka

Due to the fact that everything that was written up happened a long time ago and is far from us!
Regards, Voad

Toka, there are Indian wars in the Caucasus. For two hundred years. And not everything is so romantic.

[samosad]

In general, it is interesting that in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Middle Asia, they conquered new territories. And as you can clearly see how this happened: after the seizure of territories, they tried to fondle the local population after the seizure of territories, and these were not just lands inhabited by savages, but quite decent formations, albeit lagging behind in development, to fondle the local population, to make efforts so that those who convinced, came back and worked. The states, on the contrary, simply evicted everyone, the rest were driven into reservations, those who were against were destroyed.

[India]

Who wrote this crazy text? "Some of the miners took part in the infamous Sand Creek massacre in 1864," what kind of miners? This massacre was staged by the US Army led by Colonel Chivington. Moreover, they cut out peaceful Indians who did not even think to resist, the US flag hung over the tipi of the leader of the Black Cauldrons - a sign of loyalty to the authorities, and still attacked the sleeping village, where there were mainly women, children and old people. Investigation of the US Congress: "I saw the bodies of Indians, dismembered into many pieces; mutilated in such a way that it is impossible to imagine; women cut into small pieces ... with knives; scalped, with cut skulls; two-month-old children ... there were people of all ages , from babies to warriors ... And who mutilated them? US Army ...
— John S. Smith, Testimony of the Congressional Commission, 1865[15] »
“Fingers and ears were cut off from the bodies, along with jewelry. The body of Chief White Antelope, which lay separately at the bottom of the canyon, received special attention. In addition to scalping, the soldiers cut off his nose, ears and scrotum to make a pouch out of it...
- Stan Hoig [16]
Like the miners, this is a state program for the destruction of the indigenous population of the United States. And "Indian Territory" is the modern state of Oklahoma, not the whole prairie to the Rocky Mountains. Colonel Chivington and Lieutenant Colonel Custer are US Army war criminals.