How the Russian aircraft "Elephant" will look like: the Italian press about the PAK VTA

73

M-60VT


The Russian Defense Ministry has determined the tactical and technical requirements for the future aviation system PAK VTA (advanced aviation complex of military transport aviation) "Elephant" for military transport purposes. But what will this product look like?



Two concepts


The Italian edition Analisi Difesa tried to figure it out. According to him, PJSC "Ilyushin" is responsible for the implementation of a promising project. According to the information that has appeared, the preliminary design of the BTA PAK should be ready by the end of this year: with the expectation that R&D will start in 2021.

Ilyushin has already spent about 250 million rubles. to determine the parameters of a new product and create a draft design. However, when implementing the terms of reference issued by the military department, it is necessary to take into account the previous R&D carried out by the transport aviation design bureau; take into account the results of development work related to the creation of the M-60 transport aircraft and the Il-78M-90A tanker, as well as the developments obtained during the modernization of the An-124-100M.

According to the publication, the M-60 is of particular interest - the concept of a family of passenger and cargo aircraft, developed in the late 1980s by the Myasishchev Design Bureau. Shown as mock-ups at MAKS-2017, as well as at the aerospace exhibition in Le Bourget in the same year, the M-60 has an octagonal oval-shaped load-bearing fuselage with a flat, large elongation; V-shaped empennage and engines located at the rear.

The modification, known as the M-60VT, has a more traditional design, with a double vertical tail and a power unit under the wings (four NK-93 engines with a thrust of 18000 kgf or PS-90 of 16000 kgf each).


M-60 2017


Italian "roots"


These projects seem to have been inspired by research conducted in the 1940s by the Italian engineer Roberto Bartini, who was naturalized in the USSR. He worked on a transport aircraft known as the T-117, which was fitted with the same fuselage.
- Assumes Analisi Difesa.

Almost a similar study was conducted in the early 1990s by Airbus for an aircraft with approximately 600 seats, designated UHCA (Ultra High Capacity Aircraft). This project provided for a horizontal octagonal fuselage design, which allowed the installation of 5-6 rows of seats.

In general, work on the Elephant aircraft can be carried out in this direction, the newspaper believes. At the same time, a number of experts believe that this approach is risky. This is also indicated by the experience of TsAGI, which focuses on the traditional layout.
  • PJSC "Ilyushin"
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73 comments
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  1. +15
    2 November 2020 11: 42
    I am sure that we will definitely not have such a "freak" as in the first photo ...
    1. +7
      2 November 2020 11: 54
      Quote: svp67
      I am sure that we will definitely not have such a "freak" as in the first photo ...

      Well, the taste and color of all markers are different. But the second image is somehow prettier and more modern. Let's see what happens in reality
      1. +6
        2 November 2020 12: 36
        Quote: svp67
        we will definitely not have such a "freak" as in the first photo ...

        And what is its ugliness? request
        A circuit proven over decades.

        The army needs a reliable car.
        1. +8
          2 November 2020 12: 53
          Quote: Temples
          And what is its ugliness?

          Yes, how the rudders have already posted a lot of questions ... not with washers like on "Antei" or "Mriya", but like this ..., further, where the "hump" under the wings, they install them due to the internal volume ... Yes much more
          1. 0
            2 November 2020 18: 04
            Quote: svp67
            where is the hump under the wings

            How would the designers who tirelessly create our "future" mega-weapons know this?
      2. 0
        7 November 2020 23: 39
        Quote: Scary_L.
        But the second image is somehow prettier and more modern.


        What is modern there? The commercial medium-haul Tu-154 made its last flight the other day. Airplanes with rear-mounted engines outright lost to the technique of the classical aerodynamic scheme, which they lost in the West, which, with some delay in Russia. And now, again, "twenty-five"?
        There will be no exotic schemes, believe me! If a replacement for the Ruslan is built, then it will be as similar to the Ruslan as possible, or it will resemble the unrealized Il-106 project.
    2. +2
      2 November 2020 12: 01
      Remembering what futuristic bench models appeared over the hill, as "the appearance of the future Russian tank / aircraft" - it will definitely not be!
    3. 0
      2 November 2020 12: 32
      Quote: svp67
      I am sure that we will definitely not have such a "freak" as in the first photo ...

      I am sure that we will definitely have such a "freak" as in the first photo. request And the genius of Myasishchev will be forgotten along with the Italian roots of the 1940s. Yes, we had, not people, but titans of thought ....... almost 100 years have passed, and their development, here they are. And the engines of the M-60 are more protected.
    4. +1
      2 November 2020 12: 47
      Taught to fly "Crocodile" and, we will teach "Elephant"! ... laughing
    5. +1
      2 November 2020 16: 55
      So there is an approximate photo that TsAGI worked in vain ... - The first cycle of aerodynamic tests of a model of a promising heavy transport aircraft "Elephant", developed as a replacement for the An-124 "Ruslan", was carried out by TsAGI specialists.
      https://topwar.ru/169510-v-cagi-produli-model-perspektivnogo-transportnogo-samoleta-slon.html
      1. 0
        3 November 2020 03: 39
        Or maybe they will just return to the assembly of the proven Ruslan, if the design bureau is. Kuznetsova will supply the NK-23 engine with 23-25 ​​tons of thrust. At the same time, the existing Ruslans are being remotorized. And you can call the new "Ruslan" even "Elephant", even "Goliath", even "Svyatogor".
        And even add the index "Il" or "M".
        1. +2
          4 November 2020 00: 26
          Quote: bayard
          even "Svyatogorom"

          No, Svyatogor is definitely not needed. Bad name for an airplane.
          belay
          1. +1
            4 November 2020 03: 07
            Why is the Russian hero bad for you?
            He met Ilya when he was old, and when he was young - UH what he was ... He carried his wife in his pocket.
            But the name of the plane is the third thing, the main thing is that the plane appears. And not just any new, but proven - "Ruslan". And there, even call him "Lyudmila".
            1. +2
              4 November 2020 06: 38
              Quote: bayard
              Why is the Russian hero bad for you?

              Yes, the hero is not bad, the bad thing is that, according to legend, the land did not hold him and he had to walk on stones ...
              1. +3
                4 November 2020 11: 43
                Anyway, I ended up badly ... request
                1. +1
                  4 November 2020 15: 00
                  When we all end up like this - there are no immortals.
              2. +1
                4 November 2020 15: 09
                And Antheus was strangled (Hercules), torn off the ground ... lol ... but the plane was flying?
                He flew well.
                And one still works to this day.
    6. -1
      2 November 2020 21: 57
      Quote: svp67
      I am sure that we will definitely not have such a "freak" as in the first photo ...

      But I'm sure that under the current government of "effective managers", the Russian Air Force will not have either "freaks" or "handsome", soon there will be nothing at all ... For the record: only 4 An- 124 "Ruslan" capable of taking off. Last year, the Russian aviation industry built 2 Il-76MD-90 aircraft for the VTA of the Russian Air Force, this year also 2 pieces, but maybe there will be 3 pieces. This is such a harsh reality, and you mean the appearance of that plane, which we will certainly never wait for ...
      1. +1
        7 November 2020 23: 47
        Quote: Greg Miller
        But I'm sure that under the current government of "effective managers", the Russian Air Force will not have either "freaks" or "handsome", soon there will be nothing at all ...


        Oh, our urya-patriots don't like to listen to the truth, oh they don't like ...
    7. 0
      3 November 2020 18: 26
      But we have enough other freaks!
  2. +3
    2 November 2020 11: 44
    PS90 is rather weak. For such an aircraft, nk90 stillborn, it remains to wait for the options for PD .... or NK 32 ...... 4x 25tn are needed there. Or 2 pieces of PD35 version with increased thrust.
    1. +3
      2 November 2020 11: 58
      Quote: Zaurbek
      PS90 is rather weak. For such an aircraft, nk90 is stillborn, it remains to wait for the options for PD .... or NK 32...... there you need 4x 25tn. Or 2 pcs of PD35 version with increased thrust.

      You're right. Until the PD-35 appears, there is no sense to design an aircraft, it is not possible to make a calculation without the initial data.
      1. +2
        2 November 2020 12: 43
        Or 2x50tn or 4x25tn.
        More progressive than 2x50 tons. But I don’t know if PD35 is scalable to 40-50 tons ...
    2. +1
      3 November 2020 03: 55
      Quote: Zaurbek
      .there need 4x 25tn. Or 2 pieces of PD35 version with increased thrust.

      Forget about the last ten years in advance, but 25 tons ... KB them. Kuznetsova is just working on such an engine. And it is needed not only for remotorization of the Ruslans and equipping the new VTA aircraft, but also for the PAK DA. This is NK-23 - based on the NK-32M2 gas generator, they promise a thrust of 23 - 25 tons. Just what you need.
      And they promise to show this engine in the near future.

      And the PD-35 ... is it for a joint Russian-Chinese project?
      So the Chinese have already stated that they are ready to get out of it, because they have already received from Russia everything they need (the airframe project and technology transfer), but they absolutely do not want to divide production in half with us. Russia was supposed to supply Chinese assembly lines with composite wings, empennage and possibly engines.
      Demand only within China for such aircraft is expected to be at least 2000 units + possible export ... China is not going to share such a jackpot.
      And for us it is unlikely to be useful for some new Il-96X with two PD-35s - there simply will not be a wide-body one of its own due to extremely low demand. And for export ... there are a lot of competitors - they will not be allowed.
      So if the idea with the Chinese burns out (high probability), no PD-35 will appear.
      And if a monster about four PD-35s appears, it will be a beast the size of "Mriya".
      ... Do we really need it?
      Better to rename "Ruslan".
      And build.
      1. 0
        3 November 2020 09: 01
        PD35 to China was not planned. As in the case of PD14, there will be 90% of them at the western turbojet engines. And not 4pcs, but I meant 2x50tn. This is not a monster, these are the trends. For example, the B747 transports are also being replaced by the twin-engine 777 and 767.
        1. +1
          3 November 2020 10: 08
          Quote: Zaurbek
          I mean 2x50tn.

          Do you have any idea what kind of engine it should be? There are no such people in the world yet, the Americans are bringing their forty-ton capacity with a creak ...
          And where are you going to put this 50-ton monster?
          Heavy transports?
          And how many of these do you need?
          And is a twin-engine circuit safe for a super-heavy transport? If Ruslan fails with one engine, he hobbles about three or three, but if one 3-ton engine fails, with thrust skewed for one wing ... yes, with a load on board ... Trouble.
          But the most important thing is that such an engine is not possible in our reality, even in principle. Even the PD-35 will most likely fail. There is no one.
          Yes, it looks like there will be no need.
          And NK-23 is already being done, they promise to show it soon. It will be just in the parameters of the D-18 and will go not only to transport aircraft, but also to the latest bombers, and if it works out with acceptable fuel efficiency, then it is possible to pile a civil liner in the dimensions of the Il-62 or a little more (the Antonov Design Bureau did a project of such an airbus on two D-18s under 280 - 300 passengers and a range of up to 11 km.). And besides, it will be unified in terms of gas generator with NK-000M \ M32.
          You should not invent difficult paths if there is already a paved one.
          These NK-23s will also be used to re-engine the entire Ruslan aircraft fleet. wink
          Engine building has always been the weak point of our aircraft industry, and even now it is even worse. Therefore, you need to rely only on what is. And we almost have NK-23.
          NK-32M is already there.
          1. 0
            3 November 2020 12: 29
            https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62_yJp7S1wo
            1. +2
              3 November 2020 19: 39
              Well, okay, I missed it, they already have one. But this is with them, where there was no gap between generations of aircraft designers and engineers, where they have always been ahead of us (the USSR) in engine building, where there is a huge demand and excess funding ... This case is not for modern Russia.
              Our PD-14 has not yet been certified. And when it was designed, they messed up initially - conceptually, designing a fan on the shaft of a low-pressure compressor - in a straight line.
              Without a reduction gear. As a result, the revolutions on the fan are excessive and therefore it was not possible to make the bypass degree the same as that of the British and Americans ... it is not yet known how the PD-14 will show itself in operation.
              I hope that it will still work reliably enough, otherwise ... either reduce the bypass (fan diameter) even more, or redo the entire project with a normal reduction gear.
              And after all, in our country there were no problems with the design and creation of such gearboxes ...
              Therefore, when it comes to PD-35, I always ask, will it have a reduction gear, and therefore a three-shaft circuit?
              Look at the pace of our work in this area, look at the series of failures in aircraft building programs in recent years ... I can't talk about this without sarcasm with my friends. And this is not so much in the problem of personnel, the gap between generations (the old designers left without passing on their experience to the younger generation, and before that the younger generation had already matured, but nothing can already ...), but also in the very approach to organizing the business, in the "management" ... usually extremely ineffective ... but there are all their own ...
              The point is not at all in the reel, the "geniuses" sit in the cockpit (management). And nothing adequate is expected from them ... and if anything happens, it will be a MIRACLE (!!!) ...
              Whatever the rake teaches ... but the heart believes in miracles ...

              In such conditions, when both the quality and the number of personnel are such, and the management is even more entertaining, it is impossible to scatter forces, funds and personnel on many different, unrelated projects, but to concentrate efforts on several.
              And get things done.
              With acceptable quality and within a reasonable time frame.

              ... And stop dishonoring the State ... by the leadership.
          2. 0
            4 November 2020 12: 33
            Well, PD-35 is already on the stands, and the creation of an engine is a long process, an American engine for a dreamliner has been sawing for 15 years. And countries with their own motors on the fingers of one hand fit. In China, this process only lasts for how long, but still nothing.
  3. +6
    2 November 2020 11: 58
    There will be a very close but revised copy of the An-124. To save as much as possible. After all, this is an aircraft for the military, which means that it will not be subject to commercial restrictions on licensing fees. Plus four PD-35 engines. The project implementation period is until the production of serial cars, not earlier than 2030. PD-35 also will not appear in the serial version before 2030.
    1. +2
      2 November 2020 12: 19
      Quote: engenius
      There will be a very close but revised copy of the An-124. To save as much as possible.

      Maybe the Me-323? And saved on the keel.
      1. 0
        2 November 2020 13: 51
        Quote: iouris
        Maybe the Me-323?
        - laughing laughing good
    2. +3
      2 November 2020 12: 21
      Quote: engenius
      Plus four PD-35 engines

      On the An-124, the D-18 engine with a thrust of 23 tons, and the PD-35, respectively, 35 tons, is too much.
      1. 0
        2 November 2020 12: 53
        The last D -18 of 25 tons
    3. +1
      2 November 2020 13: 20
      Quote: engenius
      There will be a very close but revised copy of the An-124. To save as much as possible. After all, this is an aircraft for the military, which means that it will not be subject to commercial restrictions on licensing fees.

      The plane is needed for both civil and international transportation - therefore it will be absolutely its own / clean project.
      1. 0
        3 November 2020 11: 25
        Civilians can get 24 pieces. An-124 from the RF Air Force. Unless there are critical resource problems. On the international market, the An-124 is filling a highly specialized niche for transportation, therefore, given the cost of the "new Elephant", this will be an unaffordable amount for them.

        In addition, without unification with the An-124, the cost of production of the Elephant will increase significantly, so I believe that almost all the equipment and stocks from the An-124 line will be retained. It is clear that some of the nodes and the wing will be redesigned in order to increase the carrying capacity if PD-35 engines are used.
        1. 0
          3 November 2020 11: 50
          Quote: engenius
          Civilians can get 24 pieces. An-124 from the RF Air Force.

          This is if the "Elephant" will fly in a year. Then there will be nothing to transfer.
          Quote: engenius
          On the international market, the An-124 is filling a highly specialized niche for transportation, therefore, given the cost of the "new Elephant", this will be an unaffordable amount for them.

          There is a market for specific shipments that have "specific" prices. So the "unloading" will be paid ...
          Quote: engenius
          without unification with the An-124, the production cost of the "Elephant" will increase significantly, so I believe that almost all the equipment and stocks from the An-124 line will be retained.

          How do you imagine unifying the new aircraft with the one that was designed several decades ago? Everything is completely different.
          And of course, the cost will be proportional to the complexity of the design (functionality is developing, reliability / safety, efficiency, services, modes, ...) - and it is constantly growing.
    4. +3
      2 November 2020 13: 44
      Quote: engenius
      After all, this is a plane for the military

      No one will make a transport exclusively for the Ministry of Defense. And therefore, the operation in civil transport will certainly be kept in mind. Antonov lived on such transportations all the time when he stopped producing aircraft. Such machines should pay off during operation. Perhaps the creation of the airframe is hampered by the lack of an engine. Aviation analysts of all stripes have long been saying that until the PD-35 is ready, it makes no sense to design an airplane. In terms of timing, the airframe is designed much faster than the engine.
      1. 0
        3 November 2020 11: 30
        I will not persuade you, but in Russia the Slon will be designed and built with a high probability according to the requirements and money of the Ministry of Defense. Civilian airlines will not be able to buy them due to the prohibitive cost. This An-124 after the collapse of the USSR they got almost for nothing.
        1. -1
          3 November 2020 16: 22
          Quote: engenius
          Civilian airlines will not be able to buy them due to the prohibitive cost.

          They will lease Aeroflot and the entire business. I will not persuade you, but I do not share the widespread opinion that the entire government of the Russian Federation is a bunch of half-educated people who are not able to make a profit for the state from state projects.
      2. 0
        3 November 2020 11: 53
        Quote: Hagen
        Aviation analysts of all stripes have long been saying that until the PD-35 is ready, it makes no sense to design an airplane. In terms of timing, the airframe is designed much faster than the engine.

        The PD-35 already has a temporary head start, so the plane can be started ...
        1. 0
          3 November 2020 16: 23
          Quote: Genry
          The PD-35 already has a temporary head start, so the plane can be started ...

          Well, thank God ... I hope they hear you ...
      3. +1
        4 November 2020 02: 01
        Quote: Hagen
        And therefore, the operation in civil transport will certainly be kept in mind

        In order for an airplane to have a sane price tag, it must be built at least a hundred pieces, or even more. I'm afraid there is no market in the world for this amount.
  4. +9
    2 November 2020 11: 59
    And what is this "" in the photo. How the Italian WWII tanks look. They didn’t see the Ruslans. I ask Ukrainians not to worry, Ruslan and Mriya are the Soviet school of aircraft construction.
    1. +5
      2 November 2020 12: 09
      Quote: tralflot1832
      Ukrainians, please do not worry, Ruslan and Mriya are the Soviet school of aircraft construction.

      Almost all that we have today is the Soviet school of aircraft construction. Regardless of whether you like it or not.
      1. +1
        2 November 2020 23: 10
        and he said something else?
  5. 0
    2 November 2020 11: 59
    The name elephant is not comme il faut, as it were for an airplane. Will it be overweight again?
    1. +2
      2 November 2020 12: 28
      Elefantus.
      1. +1
        2 November 2020 12: 45
        The mammoth will be more patriotic.
      2. 0
        2 November 2020 13: 22
        Quote: Pereira
        Elefantus.

        elephanthus what is it?
        bishop + ace
        elephant + plunger
        elephant + mustache whale laughing
    2. +1
      2 November 2020 12: 36
      Looking back at the "successes" of the current aircraft designers - they will immediately design 4 tons of "extra weight" ..)) And yes .. - this article ..)) "Italian roots" since 1940 .. developments in 1980 .. great new car it will turn out .. Have you already drawn the replacement An-12 in the sketch?
    3. 0
      2 November 2020 12: 42
      Quote: dgonni
      The name elephant is not comme il faut, as it were for an airplane. Will it be overweight again?

      Who told you that the 747 is overweight?
  6. +6
    2 November 2020 12: 01
    I would like the articles to be written based on the analysis of the work of the domestic design bureaus on the aircraft project ... and so the impressions like "one grandmother" (albeit Italian) said ...
  7. +2
    2 November 2020 12: 08
    PROJECTS RUN INTO ENGINES
    1. 0
      2 November 2020 23: 12
      Do you consider the design and testing of the glider a matter of five minutes?
  8. +1
    2 November 2020 12: 27
    Quote: svp67
    I am sure that we will definitely not have such a "freak" as in the first photo ...

    yes, and given that the military board will probably be used on an unprepared runway, the low location of the power unit under the wings suggests raking debris from the runway.
    1. +1
      4 November 2020 02: 05
      Quote: Gunter
      on an unprepared runway

      What, to the devil, is an unprepared runway for a two-hundred-ton aircraft ???
      1. +2
        4 November 2020 02: 38
        Quote: rzzz
        Quote: Gunter
        on an unprepared runway

        What, to the devil, is an unprepared runway for a two-hundred-ton aircraft ???

  9. +21
    2 November 2020 12: 39
    In general, nobody knows anything. Sense then to argue?
  10. 0
    2 November 2020 12: 42
    octagonal oval-shaped load-bearing fuselage

    horizontal octagonal fuselage structure

    What kind of moss smokes an afftyr, if he calls the "horizontal eight" such verbal freaks?
  11. +6
    2 November 2020 13: 36
    M-60 has an octagonal oval-shaped load-bearing fuselage
    Once again, I am convinced, as soon as it comes to technical issues, the site newsmakers are utter nonsense. Can anyone imagine an oval octahedron?
    An oval is a flat, closed, strictly convex, smooth curve. A priori, there can be no corners on it.
    At the same time, a polygon that makes up a polyhedron is a geometric figure, usually defined as a part of a plane bounded by a closed polyline.
    That is, the oval-shaped octagonal fuselage is an oxymoron that exists only in the imagination of site authors.
    Those interested in the issue can look at a normal article without "oval polygons" at the link http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-833.html.
  12. +1
    2 November 2020 15: 19
    It makes sense to sculpt the glider just under the engine. If there is no engine, then everything else is futurism in its purest form.
    If you dig deeper, then after the Roman Empire there are a lot of Italian roots. wink
  13. -1
    2 November 2020 20: 31
    It seems to me that in this BTA complex there is only a two-fin tail unit from the Italian, which it needs "as a" fifth leg of a dog. "
  14. 0
    3 November 2020 05: 02
    Fiery ugliness ... they pulled the Gazprom pipe over the globe and got THIS at the exit. As if the school of heavy aviation designers was ruined. With this approach ... not long to suffer and make people laugh.
  15. 0
    3 November 2020 05: 55
    For 10 years I have been offering the technology of aviation flight on super super-powerful high-revving high-voltage electric motors from 20000 kW (kVA) hybrid and more; over a perfectly straight high-voltage power line (0,4-10-110-220-330-500-750-1150 kV) a liner flies (3-4 routes in Russia) at an altitude of 100 to 20 thousand meters and above, along a laser beam with a supersonic speed from 800 to 1200-3200 km / h and more. The military man flies up to 30 thousand km / h with a jump into Space at 2-3 space speed (super accelerator drone) with the launch of rockets, with the launch of spacecraft such as "Buran", as well as create after takeoff from civilians "CARAVAN" (to save money, dock like the ISS - an international space station) or create an airplane from a link (or regiment) of military TTS (heavy transport aircraft) - an aircraft carrier, the last one from a nuclear power plant; with NES or STNES, which will accept all types of aviation; serve, refuel, hang weapons and send them into battle. On the left of the power line line (on the side), a helicopter, ground-screen aircraft, SVP flies from 300 km / h, on the right of the power line line (on the side) flies from 300 to 600 km / h and more, a cargo robot-plant-train of paired 20 -40 airships with a carrying capacity of up to hundreds of thousand tons of cargo, which itself builds (or dismantles power lines) a mega route through the swamps of Siberia and the North or a street gas-oil-turbo wire (or dismantles) or builds the Silk Road Indonesia -Hanoi-Beijing-Moscow-Paris or is building an "Intercontinental Highway - 5" South America-North America-Alaska-Novosibirsk-Cairo-South Africa-Cape Town and others.
    1. 0
      5 November 2020 19: 44
      when the saboteurs undermine the line, how will you fly?
  16. 0
    3 November 2020 07: 38
    I am not an aircraft designer, but the plane in the first picture resembles a German WWII Arado. Multi-wheel landing gear and fenders
  17. +2
    4 November 2020 02: 09
    The artist drew a picture with two keels clearly looking at the Su-57 and smoking something forbidden.
  18. 0
    5 November 2020 19: 43
    for some reason I am sure that the ELEPHANT will be naturalized modified AN 124
  19. 0
    7 November 2020 16: 52
    I think everyone needs to calm down. except for cutting budget funds for this "project" there will be nothing, only pictures and conversations.
  20. +1
    8 November 2020 21: 29
    If you do not pour money into the toilet for various nonsense and make a deep modernization of the An-124 under the Russian nameplate, new aircraft and engines to replace the D-18T. A good heavy-strategic (even) transporter with 85% of the range of transported goods of the RF Armed Forces. These are real aircraft, not OCD shit.
  21. 0
    8 November 2020 22: 52
    What will be this and will be the main thing so that not empty money was spent and flew-coped with the tasks assigned to him
  22. 0
    15 November 2020 21: 00
    And when will he be? And will it be? We have something with the design and development of documentation for the production of the wrong one. The opinion is evident that this is the result of our education. and more specifically the exam.

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