Unwanted revolutions
They didn't know who to obey. The board was terminated everywhere. The landlords took refuge in the forests. Bands of robbers were atrocities everywhere. The chiefs of individual detachments sent in pursuit of Pugachev, who was then already running to Astrakhan, arbitrarily punished the guilty and the innocent ... The state of the entire region, where the fire was raging, was terrible.
AS Pushkin
Tired of revolutions
In the late 90s, the thought was often repeated that, they say, Russia was tired of revolutions. In such a mannered voice. The country is tired of revolutions. The time was quite difficult, there were no political decisions on the horizon, and therefore this very “super-destructive” phrase. Say, no need, why ...
Today it is issued in the form of "undesirable revolutions". And also in such a mannered tone. The tone of a snickering major who is fed up with all the beauties of the world. By the way, to some extent one cannot but agree with this. The Russian revolutions of the 17th year plunged the empire into chaos and led to the death and flight of millions of its citizens abroad. What's so good about that?
The economy was smashed to smithereens during the "revolutionary festivities". We have been recovering for a very long time (if you look at the level of food consumption, it is infinitely long). But the level of political freedoms of the late Nicholas Empire within the USSR was not achieved at all. That is, it seems like a revolution is bad!
However, the monarchy in Russia collapsed almost instantly. Nobody really fought for her. The Bolsheviks also came to power quite easily. Civil war - that was later.
So, who would argue about the "undesirability of revolutions"! The Russian revolution, initially seemingly almost bloodless, later led to monstrous consequences. The Red Terror, the White Terror, the riot of various small and large gangs. Hunger, poverty ...
And such a beautiful legend was accepted that in that Russia (which we had lost!) Everything was just wonderful, just wonderful and simply magnificent. But then the provocateur Ulyanov came to VV Putin's small homeland in a "sealed carriage" and, using German (British?) Money, raised a mutiny. The Bolsheviks had a no less beautiful tale about "the thousand-year empire of slavery and Lenin, the prophet-redeemer."
That is, both there and there the role of Ulyanov-Lenin and his militant party is emphasized and emphasized. Even Pelevin has a mystical story on this topic (the theme of "Lenin in October"). That is, the logic is simple: everything was ruined by an agent of the State Department, ugh, the British / German special services Ulyanov-Lenin. Handsomely. One person - and a thousand-year empire, smacks of Hollywood. Divergent ... or insurgent?
And, it means, millions with longing in their voices ask: where were the famous gendarmes and where was the secret police? How did they slap Ulyanov-Lenin? How? How did they allow him to destroy the millennial monarchy? By the way, good questions. Very good.
Everything is just like in that joke about Lenin, the master of conspiracy in Paris: a seemingly inconspicuous, inconspicuous person, but kill him and there will be no Great October Socialist Revolution, the Parisians said to each other. With the same success one can argue that kill Hitler ... and there would be no World War II. Very historical.
Somehow, too much attention is paid to these very Bolsheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries in exile. And other different emigrants. One gets the impression that the Russian revolution was made exclusively in London and Switzerland. Wrong impression.
For some strange reason, the socio-political situation in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century itself remains behind the scenes. Fits as a background. Say, Lenin wrote there something about the proletariat and Tsar Nicholas. Yeah, I wrote. How not to write. This most openly explosive situation took place in the presence of Ulyanov-Lenin, and even in his complete absence. She did not depend on him and could not depend on him. The plight of the Russian proletariat and peasantry at the beginning of the 20th century is an objective fact, and not an abstract texture from the theoretical works of the Simbirsk revolutionary.
That is, if he had not written his "genius works", the Russian people would still madly love the Romanov monarchy? Are you sure? That is, after all, the young Russian proletariat in the capitals is primary, Ulyanov is secondary. Whatever one may say.
Good example
As you know, a revolutionary situation also developed in belligerent France, and in 1917 everything was “on the brink” there, but the situation was managed. In Britain, too, everything was very sad, but there were no demonstrations of the proletariat in Trafalgar Square. The revolution in Germany did happen, but the extremists did not come to power there (in the 20s). But in "victorious" Italy, Mussolini suddenly came to power ... But in uncontested Spain, there was a civil war ... in the 30s! And then Franco's dictatorship right up to his death. Handsomely.
But just in Britain, a country that is Russia's traditional enemy, the last "revolution" took place a long time ago. And, as a matter of fact, it was never a popular uprising. This refers to the English bourgeois revolution of the XNUMXth century. The British Empire developed very rapidly. Industry, shipbuilding, trade, stock exchanges and navigation. Sciences and fine arts. The modern global world is very seriously indebted to the British Empire of the XNUMXth century. That is, Britain was not a kind of analogue of the great Chinese empire, isolated from the outside world, it was its antipode. The British did not build walls, they built merchant ships.
And over the three centuries of rapid transformation of British society (XVII, XVIII, XIX) no revolutions happened there. Strange, isn't it? Even at the turn of the XNUMXth and XNUMXth centuries, a certain Pobedonostsev actively advised the sovereign to "freeze Russia". That is, when relatively small (against the background of, for example, Germany) changes in the economy, technology and social relations began in the Russian empire, then for the political system this became a "challenge" for which the system was not ready.
The result - three revolutions, which in the end brought the empire to the grave. But in the British Empire of that era no no revolutions happened. It is painful, bitter and insulting to realize this: there was no popular uprising in the mercantile and spiritually cynical Britain. But in the spiritual, God-saved and truly Orthodox Russia, a catastrophe has occurred. And the serial one. You know, I just want to sit down ... and rewrite all the textbooks stories, because it couldn't be.
Everything should have been exactly the opposite. As some Marxist idealists roughly expected a popular revolution in the United States in the 20th century. And the collapse of monopoly capital. Didn't wait. Rather, they waited, but a completely different development of events. Damn "stupid" (quote from Zadornov) Americans. However, from the point of view of state building and the stability of the state system, everything comes out humanly for them. Paradox!
The cynical system, built on profit and cash, for some reason beats its competitors over and over again. Do you remember when was the last American Revolution? And how did it end? But the American state for two and a half centuries of its history has developed even more dynamically than the British Empire, the enemy of all Russian TV presenters.
One simple question never occurs to you: why they can ensure the stability of their political system, but in Russia this is not possible? Britain has had zero revolutions since the start of the industrial revolution, and even today during the revolutionary political changes in the light of the exit from the European Union, no one is talking about any revolution. Even theoretically. Why is that?
And why is the revolution “always near” in Russia? What's wrong with our system?
Political circuitry
China is mentioned here for a reason. The oldest and greatest empire of the planet Earth, moreover, original. The Chinese themselves invented the first nail, the first brick, and the first cart. And the political problems are the same as those of Russia: the uprising of the "red eyebrows", the uprising of the "yellow bands". Which took place long before historical materialism and long before the rise of Kievan Rus. But practically during the heyday of the Roman Empire. And who simply "killed" the state system. It was something, it was something with something.
In general, popular uprisings happened in China with frightening regularity (as well as the disintegration of the country into parts). The last time this happened with might and main was in the era of Lenin and Trotsky. Something like this. And even much later: Mao and his Red Guards ... Life at the reactor, otherwise you cannot say. But in Britain for the past few centuries, everything is somehow mysteriously stable.
From the author's point of view, there are two reasons for this "paradox": the British legal system and British parliamentarism. The last dictator there was the revolutionary Cromwell, after him no "kings" - neither "good" nor "bad" - were observed. And the country was growing. And elections were regularly held in the country, and political crises happened, but there were no revolutions.
And when today the Russian "elitists" are trying to attach their children to Foggy Albion, there is a very sober calculation: what will happen in Russia tomorrow is not clear, but in Britain the lawns will still turn green, as they did a hundred years ago. There are good lawns there, very good, and the political system is not bad either.
And it did not arise yesterday: The Great Charter of Arms (Latin Magna Carta, also Magna Charta Libertatum) is a political and legal document drawn up in June 1215 on the basis of the requirements of the English nobility to the king.
“But now sit and listen, he didn’t wish her any harm ...” That is, for a long time, these issues began to be discussed and recorded in the British kingdom. A long time ago. It remains only to turn your head in amazement. We tried to give such "conditions" to the next empress, and on January 25, 1730 from the year of Christ, Anna Ioanovna even signed them ... And Russia was a "constitutional monarchy" ... for exactly one month.
One hundred years of palace coups and half-reform in half with terror
Then the conditions were thrown aside as unnecessary junk, and a new great era of autocracy began ... or "the era of palace coups," as historians would later call it. And by the way, how many such "coups" took place in Britain in the XVIII century? And the reasons here are very simple: if all the power in the country is embodied in the figure of the monarch, then ... it is very interesting to either influence the monarch, or put your own "king". Something like that. And the "elections" took place, they were simply carried out with their bayonets by the capital's guard. Often in the interests of certain "foreign powers". Such is "prosperity", such is the "imperial paradise".
The purpose of such coups was often the use of the Russian army in the interests of certain "European coalitions". British and French ambassadors there were still "tore and toss." Glorious epoch, really glorious ... Why did the "heroic Suvorov" put his soldiers in the Swiss Alps there? For whose interests? Well, or participation in the Seven Years War, a coup ... and a complete change of side of the conflict. Or the murder of Paul in order to prevent ...
You see, it didn't make much sense to kill the British monarch at that time. He was not alone in driving British politics, and even the assassination of the British Prime Minister made little difference. The political system because. Not tied to one single personality.
We well remember the last (unsuccessful!) Attempt of such a coup - the Decembrists. But they represent the end point of a great historical tradition of the previous (bygone) XVIII century. By themselves, they look quite wild (and this is how they are presented!). Suddenly, well-born officers rushed to fight for the constitution and the happiness of the people - what a miracle! But if we consider them as a continuation of the line of the capital coups that raged almost the entire previous century ... then the picture becomes clearer.
But what stability! What spirituality! Father Nicholas I was killed (literally) by conspirators from the highest Russian nobility, they tried to send Nicholas himself to the next world, and they tried to capture his family ... But Russia does not need a parliamentary system of mercantile Britain! We will surpass them morally, so our "theoreticians" reasoned in the glorious XNUMXth century ... Once again: Pavel and Nicholas tried to kill representatives of the same highest Russian nobility - the throne's support and the nation's hope in one person. "The best people of our city" ... True, the habits of the "Golitsyn lieutenants" were somewhat reminiscent of those of Urkagan.
And yes, Emperor Nicholas really wanted to free the peasantry, but he was afraid ... he was afraid of the very Russian nobility, which consisted of prominent slave owners. And he didn't even twitch. The era of Nikolai Palkin is an era when, in contrast to the "courtly" previous century, the nobles also shrugged their tails, for which the representatives of the noble class hated him. An era of relative stability that ended in defeat in the Crimea.
After Nikolai, reforms began ... and gradually political chaos began to unfold again. The place of the guard as a source of unrest was taken by various bombers and Narodnaya Volya. Somehow it is customary to forget that they constantly tried to kill Alexander II the Liberator. Attempts went one after another ... But he seemingly carried out large-scale reforms. But it was under him that the revolutionary movement gained momentum.
The intensification of repression by the police, especially in relation to "going to the people" (the trial of one hundred and ninety-three populists), aroused public outrage and initiated terrorist activities, which subsequently took on a massive character.
The public applauded the terrorists, the number of terrorist organizations themselves grew - for example, “Narodnaya Volya”, which sentenced the tsar to death, had hundreds of active members.
(Wiki.)
They know poorly the history of their own country, very poorly. A deep political crisis arose in the country long before the appearance of Ulyanov-Lenin on the political scene. A very long time. All those "damn questions" took place long before he was born. By the end of the reign of the "tsar-liberator", complete political chaos reigned in the country. And the conservative patriotic monarchists logically indicated that this was all because of the damned reforms.
That is, the logic of prosperity until 1917 is flawed at its core. The country was in permanent chaos. Political. 1904-1905 is only a moment of exacerbation. The political system was clearly inadequate to the needs of society, which led to a permanent crisis. And the question should be asked not “why did the secret police miss Lenin in the 17th?”, But “how did this archaic system stay afloat for so long?”
You can take off your hat to the administrators and gendarmes of the Romanov empire: they did the virtually impossible: they “pulled” this completely inadequate system as long as it was possible, and continued to pull, even when it became completely impossible. It was pulled by almost three years of World War ... and then everything collapsed. But it collapsed not because of the "sudden Lenin" or even because of the "sudden Kerensky", but because of the "complete exhaustion of the resource" of the political system.
Conclusions
For some strange reason, it is customary in our country to this day to regard the Russian revolutions and the collapse of the Russian Empire as something almost accidental. That, they say, this could have been avoided and “foreign agents in sealed cars” are to blame for everything. Say, Lenin arrived at the Finland Station, climbed onto an armored car and made a revolution. And if he slipped then, rolled onto the paving stones from an uncomfortable pedestal, hit his head against it - and everything would have been different ...
The industrial XX century was already underway, and autocracy reigned in our country ... And everything did not reach the point of resolving the "peasant-land issue". And the peasant with us until the very 17th year was "half-person", as he was ironically called in the press of that time. Corporal punishment was abolished for peasants as early as 1904-1905 (apparently, in parallel with the introduction of "Stolypin neckties"). Also a test subject - Stolypin the reformer ...
If anything, the habeas corpus rule has been in constant use since the XNUMXth century. At first, it was used as a means to restore freedom, violated by private individuals, mainly feudal lords and their subordinates, but already from the time of Henry VII it began to be used in cases of personal persecution by the Crown.
But this is in the damned "Englishwoman" who, of course, crap ... British history and the British authorities were not much softer than Russian ones, suffice it to recall the "fences" and "workhouses", as well as "hanging vagrants" and their "deportation in shackles in the colony" as convicts, if that. There was no smell of humanism there. But there were no revolutions and gulags. Because human and individual rights were defined there hundreds of years before the start of the industrial revolution. That is, law in itself does not mean humanism - they are different things.
British law, British parliament ... They have become models for many countries around the world, starting with the USA and Canada. That is, the "political system" was established. Including justice (separate from the executive). As a result, at the beginning of the XNUMXst century, Russian oligarchs prefer to sue in Britain, but not at home. That is, such a court (not tightly embedded in the state system) is not stupidity or weakness. It is strength, wisdom and an element of stability.
And for centuries, political crises in the British Isles have raged mainly ... in the Parliament Hall, but not in the blood-stained streets and squares of the capital. That is, the party system, inter-party battles and clashes in parliament are a kind of fuse for the system. It is customary in our country to laugh arrogantly at this - there are no parliamentary crises in Russia. Well, yes, we usually have bloody riots / revolutions. Some of our politicians made fun of the "stupid" foreign parliaments - they say, they need to have a place where you can fight with chairs. It is, of course, so, but it is much better than "when the lava passes through the lava, on the quarry going horses ..."
Many have heard about British law and parliament, but the people have not heard about the "British revolt, meaningful and humane". The last thing that comes to mind is a certain Wat Tyler. The British farmer did not need to start a riot, because he could vote, he could go to court, he could file a petition ... And his life (if anything) was not at all like sugar, but there was not much point in rebelling. Although the political system was no more humane than the continental one. But like ... there were "rules of the game"! How! A kind of "fair play".
For the government, all these signals were a kind of "red lights", that is, no one was going to "lick" each specific signatory, but too many of these alarming signals meant the need for course correction or even reforms (which, in principle, could consist in the expulsion of poor vagrants to Australia). And the system shifted to a new stable position. And so on almost endlessly.
In Russia, everything was strictly the opposite, any discontent was viewed as a riot with all the consequences, reforms were "postponed" for decades, if not generations, and therefore society was permanently in a politically unstable state. That is, the "red lights" do not light up not because everything is fine, but because they are turned off (for the purpose of patriotic illumination, only green lights are on, but connected only to power supply). And the "pilots" are permanently in a state of quiet panic, since they have no real information about the state of the aircraft. Then - a "sudden" catastrophe.
The “stable” state system in Russia is structured as follows: screw all the safety valves off the steam boiler, remove the real arrows from the pressure gauges and leave the ones drawn in the right position ... we build up the pressure, but we go around and repeat over and over that the boiler explosion is undesirable ...
- Oleg Egorov
- bravo-voronezh.ru
- The tale of how the Bolsheviks overthrew Tsar Nicholas
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