Generals from the peasantry and the "proletariat": were there military leaders from the people in the tsarist army

64

Traditionally, officers for the Russian Empire were supplied by the nobility. Only by the beginning of the twentieth century. the situation began to change, even generals “from the people” appeared - from the peasantry and those who are usually called the “proletariat”. Although the generals of the Russian Imperial Army themselves did not at all like this word, and even more so the ideology that was brought under it.

According to the data from the Military Statistical Yearbook of the Russian Army for 1912, hereditary noblemen in the Russian imperial army accounted for 50,4% of chief officers, 71,5% of staff officers, and 87,5% of generals. This indicates that 12,5% ​​of the generals of the tsarist army were still of relatively simple origin. Not much, but there is no need to talk about the complete inaccessibility of "golden shoulder straps" for "cook's children".



True, among the generals of simple origin, not children, but the grandchildren of peasants prevailed. And the fathers of the future commanders of the imperial army of simple origin, as a rule, were officers in the middle ranks who had curried out from the soldiers. The children of these officers entered military educational institutions and then went to military service as regular officers. Having no paternal status, money, connections, their brilliant career, they owed exclusively to personal qualities - courage, intelligence, deep knowledge and discipline.

Usually Anton Ivanovich Denikin is called the most famous general of the peasants. However, this is not quite true. Indeed, the grandfather of the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia was a serf peasant, but his father, Ivan Denikin, managed to curry favor with the soldier-recruits into officers and retired as a major. Anton Denikin entered an infantry regiment as a volunteer after graduating from a real school, and after serving a little, he became a cadet of the Kiev infantry cadet school.

Infantry general Mikhail Vasilyevich Alekseev had a similar fate, who during the First World War was the chief of staff of the Supreme Commander - in fact, the second person in the Russian imperial army. Mikhail Alekseev was born in the family of a former soldier Vasily Alekseev, who was also able to curry favor as an officer and receive the rank of major.

General for assignments under the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Lieutenant-General Vyacheslav Evstafievich Borisov came from the peasants of the Yaroslavl province, but was able to graduate from the Konstantinovsky military school and make a good career, having risen to the level of quartermaster general of the Vilna district. In 1910, 49-year-old Borisov resigned, but with the outbreak of the war he was again called up for service and was at the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief.

Generals from the peasantry and the "proletariat": were there military leaders from the people in the tsarist army

General Fyodor Alekseevich Lukov

Interestingly, it was peasant children among the generals that were more common earlier, in the 1812th century. For example, Major General of the Russian Imperial Army Fyodor Alekseevich Lukov, a legendary participant in the Patriotic War of 18, who died near Dresden, was the son of a simple soldier, entered military service as a private in the Sevsk Infantry Regiment, and only after XNUMX years of service was promoted to lieutenant.

Major General Anton Efimovich Makhotin, the son of a serf peasant, entered the Kinburn Dragoon Regiment as a private in 1798, participated in many wars, lost his right arm, but managed to get back into line. True, Makhotin became Major General already in the police field, having received the rank of general before resigning from the post of Ryazan police chief.

However, it was only during the First World War that the production of people of simple origin became a really mass phenomenon. Then the cadre officer corps suffered huge losses, so junior officers were hastily replenished with hastily trained warrant officers, as a rule, of raznochinsky or even workers 'and peasants' origin.
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  1. +21
    4 August 2020 18: 39
    were there any military leaders from the people in the tsarist army

    Of course there were ... remember at least the Serene Highness Prince Menshikov Alexander Danilovich ... in his childhood he sold pies. smile
    1. +17
      4 August 2020 18: 54
      Quote: The same LYOKHA
      Of course there were ... remember at least the Serene Highness Prince Menshikov Alexander Danilovich ... in his childhood he sold pies.

      Great Russian poet, pomnitsa, traced the origins of some members of the then elite.
      My grandfather did not sell pancakes,
      Not waxed royal boots,
      I didn’t sing with the court clerks,
      I didn’t jump to the princes from the
      And he was not a fugitive soldier
      Austrian powdery squads;
      So should I be an aristocrat?
      I, thank God, petty bourgeois.
      1. +4
        4 August 2020 18: 57
        To each his own ... someone writes poetry, someone is at war. hi
      2. +6
        5 August 2020 10: 53
        "Descendant of blacks, ugly ..". - Alexander Sergeevich could not refuse self-irony (considering the ranks to which his father and grandfather rose to the rank)
    2. Cat
      +8
      4 August 2020 18: 55
      And that's not a fact.
      ... Menshikov descended from Belarusian nobles. He was looking for his family estate near Orsha. He was never a lackey and did not sell hearth pies. This is a boyar joke, taken by historians for the truth.

      Pushkin
      1. +2
        4 August 2020 18: 57
        ... Menshikov descended from Belarusian nobles. He was looking for his family estate near Orsha. He was never a lackey and did not sell hearth pies. This is a boyar joke, taken by historians for the truth.


        This is also not a fact ... smileWhy would the boyars joke like that?
        1. Cat
          +10
          4 August 2020 19: 06
          This is also not a fact

          hi
          Yes .. The whole world is an illusion lol Only genetic examination can establish relationship, and even then not with 100% probability. And in general:
          “Ah, queen,” Koroviev rattled playfully, “questions of blood are the most difficult questions in the world! And if I asked some great-grandmothers, and especially those who enjoyed the reputation of meek women, the most amazing secrets would be revealed, dear Margarita Nikolaevna.

          It is likely that you or I are the direct descendants of the pharaohs and even the Roman emperors, compared to us, are rootless mongrels. Not to mention some barbarian leaders of German origin laughing drinks
          So .. but you have to commute to work on the subway request
          1. +3
            4 August 2020 19: 11
            I'm more of a fan of Woland ...
            smile



            Berlioz - you are a historian!
            Woland: - I am a historian. Today, there will be an interesting story at the Patriarch's ...
            1. Cat
              +9
              4 August 2020 19: 15
              I'm more a fan of Woland

              And I am the cat Behemoth
              - Is that vodka? Margarita asked weakly.
              The cat bounced on a chair from resentment.
              “Have mercy, queen,” he croaked, “would I allow myself to pour a lady vodka?” This is pure alcohol!
          2. +10
            4 August 2020 21: 14
            Quote: Gato
            So .. but you have to commute to work on the subway

            If you loudly and in the square declare that you are a descendant of the Roman emperor Nero, then you will no longer take the subway to work. The subway will come for you.
            1. Cat
              +3
              4 August 2020 23: 46
              If you loudly and in the square declare that you are a descendant of the Roman emperor Nero, then you will no longer take the subway to work

              Haha three times. No matter how it is. The descendants of the ancient Sumerians will immediately surround me and begin to figure out where such a naive parvenu came from.
          3. 0
            4 August 2020 22: 02
            Why then? A helicopter is much faster and more comfortable.
          4. 0
            5 August 2020 15: 23
            Quote: Gato
            and even the Roman emperors compared to us
            Don't worry: the blood is pretty thin.
          5. 0
            5 August 2020 16: 24
            About ten million inhabitants of the planet are relatives of Genghis Khan. Japanese by nationality. He graduated from a university in the United States, stayed there, married a Jewish woman. Geneticist. He is often shown on scientific channels. He once said that a quarter of the population of Japan has the same genes as the Jews, although none of them and their relatives never lived in ancient Palestine and did not have a Jewish family. As he said, all people born on the planet have in their genes, only six mothers, who gave such a huge offspring. Of course he was in trouble in the US and Japan, but what can he do if it's true.
        2. +11
          4 August 2020 20: 04
          ... Menshikov descended from Belarusian nobles.
          Menshikov's "growing" of his family tree is an epic worthy of a separate article.
      2. BAI
        +12
        4 August 2020 20: 00
        Menshikov descended from Belarusian nobles.

        Any person who made his way to the top, if funds allow, immediately rewrites his pedigree and deduces the origin from the ancient noble family (whoever has enough impudence and money).
        1. Cat
          +7
          4 August 2020 20: 58
          who has enough arrogance and money

          Now this is called legitimation. Bandyuk becomes a hereditary businessman from the merchants of the 1st guild.
      3. +1
        4 August 2020 22: 38
        Quote: Gato
        Menshikov descended from nobles


        One question. How did he become Lukashenko?
        1. 0
          5 August 2020 15: 25
          Quote: sergo1914
          One question. How did he become Lukashenko?
          Rather Lukashenka from Menshikov
      4. +2
        5 August 2020 08: 35
        There is not a single document written personally by Menshikov. Even letters to his wife and mistresses were written for him by secretaries. I think this fact outweighs all the genealogical research of the Most Serene)).
      5. 0
        6 August 2020 13: 02
        From the nobility of the border, like Potemkin.
    3. +3
      4 August 2020 18: 56
      True, in the next lines the TSA painted his family right up to the time of Alexander Nevsky. smile

      He served St. Nevsky;
      His offspring is angry crowned,
      Ivan IV spared.
      Pushkins were with the kings;
      Of these, not one was glorious,
      When competing with the Poles
      Nizhny Novgorod tradesman.

      Having humbled sedition and deceit
      And the rage of the abusive bad weather,
      When the Romanovs to the kingdom
      I called my people in a letter,
      We put our hand to it,
      The son of the sufferer favored us.
      Sometimes we were held dear;
      It used to be ... but - I'm a philistine.

      The spirit of stubbornness has spoiled us all:
      Indomitable to his relatives,
      My ancestor did not get along with Peter
      And for that he was hanged.
      His example be science to us:
      The ruler does not like disputes.
      Happy is Prince Yakov Dolgorukoy,
      The submissive tradesman is clever.

      My grandfather when the mutiny rose
      Among the Peterhof courtyard,
      As Minich, remained faithful
      The fall of the third Peter.
      The Orlovs got in honor then,
      And my grandfather to the fortress, to quarantine,
      And our harsh clan calmed down,
      And I was born a tradesman.
      1. +3
        4 August 2020 19: 54
        And I, the rake, always idle,
        Ugly descendant of blacks,
        Raised in wild simplicity
        1. +2
          4 August 2020 19: 56
          Figlyarin decided, sitting at home,
          That black grandfather is my Hannibal
          Was bought for a bottle of rum
          And he fell into the hands of the skipper.

          This skipper was that glorious skipper,
          Who our earth moved
          Who gave powerfully run sovereign
          Steering a native ship.

          This skipper grandfather was available,
          And similarly bought arap
          Increased zeal, incorruptible,
          The king's breastplate, not a slave.

          And he was Hannibal's father,
          Before whom amid the Chesme abysses
          A multitude of ships burst into flames
          And for the first time Navarin fell.

          Figlyarin decided inspired:
          I am in the nobility of the tradesman.
          What is he in his venerable family?
          He? .. he is a bourgeois nobleman.
          1. +3
            4 August 2020 20: 23
            Explanation for those who are not in the know - on Meshchanskaya Street in the time of Pushkin there were establishments with "girls with weak social responsibility"
        2. +1
          4 August 2020 23: 08
          Quote: Ilshat
          And I, the rake, always idle,
          Ugly descendant of blacks,
          Raised in wild simplicity


          That's the devil. Did he make it all up? Well, with blacks now in America?
    4. +3
      5 August 2020 10: 55
      My paternal great-grandfather was a peasant who became a field officer in World War I.
  2. -1
    4 August 2020 19: 00
    After all, the author discovered America.
    1. +1
      4 August 2020 22: 06
      Well, for some, this might be news.
  3. +7
    4 August 2020 19: 04
    A certain caste character of the officer corps was characteristic not only of the Republic of Ingushetia, but also of other countries. These were the realities of that time, but the myth that the officers were all blue blood was no longer true.
  4. +3
    4 August 2020 19: 05
    Kornilov's father was a collegiate registrar of the Cossacks.
    If not ordinary people, then close.
  5. Cat
    +5
    4 August 2020 19: 21
    Still, there was a social lift in RI - weak, but still. But, mainly, along the military line. With the officer's rank, a person received personal nobility, and having reached the VIII rank on the report card (this is a major, later a lieutenant colonel or a military sergeant major from the Cossacks) he received hereditary nobility - that is, his wife and children automatically became nobles.
    1. BAI
      +1
      4 August 2020 20: 09
      Still, there was a social lift in RI - weak, but still.

      Asked how the fathers did?
      Would study, looking at elders:
      We, for example, or the dead uncle,
      Maxim Petrovich: he’s not in silver,
      He ate gold on gold; one hundred people to services;
      All in the orders; he always went by train;
      Century at the court, but at what court!
      Then not that now
      Under the empress he served Catherine.
      And in those days, everyone is important! forty poods ...
      Bow down - they won't nod dumb.
      A nobleman in case - even more so,
      Not like the other, and drank and ate differently.
      And uncle! what is your prince? what is the count?
      A curious look, an arrogant disposition.
      When you need to serve
      And he was bent in a bend:
      On kurtag he happened to get around;
      He fell, so much so that he almost knocked the back of his head;
      The old man gasped, his voice hoarse;
      He was granted the highest smile;
      They deigned to laugh; how is he?
      Got up, recovered, wanted to give a bow,
      Suddenly a row fell - on purpose, -
      And the laughter is even greater, it is the same in the third.
      AND? what do you think? in our opinion - smart.
      He fell painfully, got up great.
      But, it happened, who is more often invited to whist?
      Who hears a friendly word at court?
      Maxim Petrovich! Who knew the honor before everyone?
      Maxim Petrovich! Joke!
      Who brings the ranks and pensions?
      Maxim Petrovich! Yes! You, the current ones - well, tka!
      1. Cat
        +1
        4 August 2020 20: 36
        You, the current ones - well, tka!

        Exactly ... Is it different now?
  6. +4
    4 August 2020 19: 50
    All descended from a monkey, but some from an aristocratic monkey!)))
    1. Cat
      +6
      4 August 2020 20: 43
      but some are from the aristocratic monkey!

      It's hard to argue with that laughing Aristocracy - it will always manifest
      1. 0
        4 August 2020 22: 10
        In general, the English lord came from the gibbon, and the Russian Gavrila from the gorilla. As for the Armenians, they descended from the Orangutyans.
        1. +1
          5 August 2020 14: 43
          The Armenians, let it be known to you, descended from the Makikians, while the Georgians came from the Shimpadze. All is true about the Russians!
    2. +2
      4 August 2020 22: 08
      No monkeys. The Lord created Adam a Ukrainian.
      1. +4
        5 August 2020 00: 59
        I did not understand why I got the minus. They created Adam a Ukrainian, and he immediately began to dig the Black Sea. Well-known facts. Attention should be paid to the labor productivity achieved in this process. As V.I. Lenin, "socialism can beat capitalism only by the productivity of labor." So the productivity when digging the Black Sea was such that all the bourgeoisie would have to burst with envy. And for some reason they don't want to. And in general, even insulting. Alternative history is not allowed to study. Immediately - a minus on you. However, I repeat.
        But capitalism did not beat socialism in the USSR with labor productivity. And how's it going? Why? Nix ferstein.
  7. 0
    4 August 2020 20: 22
    Very interesting article. I read with interest
  8. +2
    4 August 2020 20: 57
    The table of ranks of Peter I .... thanks to him, there were military leaders in the tsarist army from the people ... Or his decree on the establishment of a navigation school, which accepted not only the children of nobles, but also clergy, townspeople and other persons, only children were not accepted serfs and working people. With the Table of Ranks, the author should have started his article ...
    1. +1
      4 August 2020 23: 14
      Quote: parusnik
      The table of ranks of Peter I .... thanks to him, there were military leaders in the tsarist army from the people ... Or his decree on the establishment of a navigation school, which accepted not only the children of nobles, but also clergy, townspeople and other persons, only children were not accepted serfs and working people. With the Table of Ranks, the author should have started his article ...


      But now all doors are open to the children of serfs. Millers, Rotenbergs, Deripaska, Abramovichs ... Khodorkovskys (well, there was a trouble at the exit) ... and ... BINGO !!! ... Medvedev (what did you think? The one from the tsarist, nullified family)
      1. +1
        5 August 2020 09: 01
        Medvedev looks like Nikolashka the Second, just two drops of water, you're right.
        1. +2
          7 August 2020 18: 35
          Quote: Campanella
          Medvedev looks like Nikolashka the Second, just two drops of water, you're right.

          Do you propose to shoot? belay
          1. +1
            7 August 2020 18: 40
            I offer personal responsibility for the results of work. But since we can hardly imagine what tasks Putin set for him, it is difficult to judge. Putin rated his work at 4. And the people give an grade of two, maybe we do not understand the purpose of our government?)))
            1. +1
              7 August 2020 18: 44
              Quote: Campanella
              I offer personal responsibility for the results of work. But since we can hardly imagine what tasks Putin set for him, it is difficult to judge. Putin rated his work at 4. And the people give an grade of two, maybe we do not understand the purpose of our government?)))

              And how much did the people appreciate Putin, I wonder? He, in my opinion, is already more than Leonid Ilyich in the galleys, isn't he?
              1. +1
                7 August 2020 18: 45
                It is necessary to ask the people. Again, how to ask in the Venedict way or in the Soloviev way?
  9. +3
    4 August 2020 20: 57
    With regard to the generals, it is still necessary to calculate and apply the "boyar amendment", since the boyars, as the senior aristocracy, have never been part of the nobility and the generals are so few in number that people from boyar families must strongly pull the blanket over themselves ...

    At the beginning of 1914, approximately 42–43 thousand officers served in the Russian army. However, the payroll was different from the regular one, because, on the one hand, there was a shortage of chief officers (in April 1914 - 3380 people), and on the other hand, many staff officers and generals served in positions not included in the regular the schedule of officer posts of the military department (including other departments). In addition, there were 1645 officers of the Separate Border Guard Corps (27 generals, 280 headquarters - and 1338 chief officers), 997 officers of the Separate gendarme corps (35 generals, 407 headquarters - and 555 chief officers) and about 200 officers serving on internal management of eleven Cossack troops. After mobilization, the number of officers increased to 80 thousand {110, but in the first months the army suffered heavy losses. In total, there were approximately 3380 + 1338 + 555 + 200 = 5473 chief officers. generals - 27 + 35 + 11 = 73, boyar families were 26 in 1691. There should be 73 × (1−0,875) = 9 non-nobility generals. If, let's say, at least 6 people. out of 26 boyars will become senior officers (and for boyars military service at all times was in the order of things), then there will be only 3 non-noble generals. or 3/73 or 4% among the generals.

    Sources:
    LJ article:
    vasiliy_eremin (vasiliy_eremin) wrote in historical_fact
    2019-01-04 14:00:00 262
    Categories:

    Army
    History

    Title of the article "The number and decline of officers in the Russian Imperial Army"
    as well as
    https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5
  10. +2
    4 August 2020 21: 35
    So in modern Russia it will soon be
  11. -6
    4 August 2020 22: 28
    Forgotten Chapaev, with three classes of the parish, he fucked academicians in the tail and in the mane. True, he had Furmanov.
    1. +8
      5 August 2020 02: 18
      Quote: Andrey.AN
      Forgotten Chapaev, with three classes of the parish, he fucked academicians in the tail and in the mane. True, he had Furmanov.

      And what has Chapaev got to do with it? An article about generals, and he is only a non-commissioned officer. Without any Furmanov in the service in the tsarist army, he received 3 Georgiev, and this is very solid.
      1. -1
        7 August 2020 13: 26
        Forgotten Chapaev, with three classes of the parish, he fucked academicians in the tail and in the mane. True, he had Furmanov.

        smile Do not make me laugh. The great fucker of academicians in the tail and in the mane of Furmanov was with Chapaev for less than one day. - he arrived to serve in the 25th division of Chapaev with his wife, a grandfather clock and a huge ficus in a tub. Than infuriated the divisional commander and was sent to the political department of the army. With this, Chapaev unwittingly saved his life. At night, the Cossacks raided the division headquarters.
  12. +6
    4 August 2020 23: 57
    recourse
    If I am not mistaken, the ancestors of General Skobelev and Admiral Makarov were not nobles, and they sipped cabbage soup with not silver spoons.
    It was even more difficult for a commoner to get into the RI naval officer corps.
    Since the times of Peter the Great, even a disdainful attitude towards navigators has developed, since under Peter 1 the priority was in relation to those capable of learning navigation (mathematics, astronomy, etc.), so many commoners received official ranks and titles of nobility for merit and length of service.
    1. Cat
      +2
      5 August 2020 16: 21
      disdain for navigators

      Disdainful attitude towards navigators is traditional. And this happened not only in the Russian fleet - in the English, for example, in the sailing era, the navigator was not an officer at all. Moreover, the frontline officers and even some of the captains in navigation were not in the teeth at all. It was believed that the officer should be able to command maneuvering and shooting, and where to sail - the navigator will show his finger. In general, the same story as with mechanics later.
    2. +2
      7 August 2020 13: 48
      Lynx2000: many commoners received official ranks and titles of nobility for merit and length of service

      In my opinion, your comment is the best on this topic.
      In fact, 99.99% of Russian generals were nobles. Let me explain why. In RI, it was impossible to become a general bypassing lower ranks - and some of them gave the right to nobility
      For many officers, the awarding of the order was not only honorable and prestigious: having received the order, they could count on acquiring the rights of the nobility, and even a hereditary nobleman. It was possible to get into this privileged class, either having reached a certain rank - captain, captain, podzaul, lieutenant captain for the personal nobility, for hereditary nobility - lieutenant colonel, military foreman, captain of the second rank (until 1855, lieutenant commander), or having earned an order. Moreover, throughout the XNUMXth century, the class of rank and the rank of the order required for this were constantly increasing.
      Since 1845, hereditary nobility began to be given only with the Order of Anna, 1st degree, then the awarding of the Orders of Stanislav 10rd and 3nd degrees was stopped for 2 years. When in 1855 their distribution was resumed, the hereditary nobility awarded by them no longer received. The same was the policy of the state in relation to officials.
      \ Therefore, in the second half of the 1875th century, hereditary nobles became more often due to the receipt of the order, especially civil officials. Thus, in 1884-40, 60% of those who entered their surnames in the noble genealogical books earned this privilege by rank and 1882% - by order, and in 1896-28, respectively, 72 and 1900%. And then in 3 a new rule was introduced: hereditary nobility began to be given only with the 4rd degree of the Order of Vladimir. However, the XNUMXth degree of the military order of George always gave hereditary nobility.
  13. +1
    5 August 2020 00: 16
    Everything is beautiful. But only in the blood of the nobles there was more blood of the same peasants. Well, or blacksmiths.
    1. +5
      5 August 2020 03: 21
      Quote: bandabas
      Everything is beautiful. But only in the blood of the nobles there was more blood of the same peasants. Well, or blacksmiths.

      Who are the nobles. Simply put, since the early Middle Ages, the close circle of the "leader of the armed detachment - the leader, prince, rex", i.e. friends (counts or boyars). Who were they before joining the "squad"? The sons of hunters, farmers, merchants, etc.
      There are many cases in history from Europe to the Far East, when a commoner became the ancestor of the ruling dynasty.
      I think that talking about "noble honor and nobility" is snobbery.
      Moral qualities (positive) make a person noble, not in the sense of a title, but in terms of a set of moral and volitional qualities.
      1. -1
        5 August 2020 16: 08
        Nice remark. The nobles were originally a former noble who served princes and influential boyars without princely status. The master goes to war - and the mongrel is with him, the master goes hunting - and the mongrel goes there too.
        1. Cat
          0
          5 August 2020 16: 30
          The master goes to war - and the mongrel is arms with him, the master goes hunting - and the mongrel goes there

          To be strict in terminology, the mongrel did not go to war (she could hunt - fry kebabs, chop salads laughing ). "Boyar children", vigilantes, and later military slaves, who did not seem to be related to the servants, went to the war.
          Yes, "to war" - it means the battle itself, not being in the train.
  14. +2
    6 August 2020 10: 01
    The hero of Port Arthur, Major General Roman Isidorovich Kondratenko, was the son of a Tiflis railway worker, became a military leader thanks to his work and outstanding talent.
    1. +1
      7 August 2020 13: 54
      Good article. It's a pity the respected author Ilya Polonsky forgot to cite Lavr Kornilov for a classic example
  15. 0
    14 August 2020 02: 47
    Conclusion from the article. There were no generals from peasants and workers in the tsarist army, grandfather does not count. So they lost battles in the Russian-Japanese, World War I and the Civil War. And in the Red Army there were generals from the peasants. What's the conclusion? There should be no estates and a social lift should work. So in Putin's Russia, ministers of the elite become ministers. What's the conclusion? (see battles Russo-Japanese, World War I and Civil War)
  16. 0
    17 August 2020 15: 20
    laughing The social lift under the "damned tsarist red-haired" coped well with the personnel issue, for my great-great-grandfather had risen to the rank of Leib, the guard head-captain, which corresponded to the VIII category of the Collegiate Assessor. laughing

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