The Prague Massacre of 1794

General Suvorov in surrendered Warsaw. 1794 year

In the previous article (The Warsaw Matins of 1794) it was told about the beginning of the rebellion in Poland and the tragic events that took place in Warsaw, where on April 6 (17), 1794, 2265 Russian soldiers and officers were killed (the number of victims later increased). Now we continue this story, ending it with a report on the third and final section of the Commonwealth.

The triumphant return of Suvorov to Poland

According to eyewitnesses, Catherine II, learning about the massacre of unarmed soldiers organized by the Poles, including in Warsaw churches, fell into a state of hysteria: she screamed into her voice, banging her fists on the table. She ordered revenge for the treacherous murder of Russian soldiers and officers and restore order in Poland to Field Marshal P. A. Rumyantsev. For health reasons, he shied away from this duty, instead sending himself General-General A.V.Suvorov, who at that time was in Ochakovo.

Henri Grevedon. Portrait of Suvorov

Upon learning of this appointment, Suvorov said:

“Let's go and show how the Poles are beaten!”

Suvorov could say so with good reason: he knew how to beat the Poles, which he demonstrated during the campaign in Poland from 1769-1772. It was here, by the way, that he received the first general rank: starting the war with the rank of foreman, he ended it with a major general.

More than twenty years have passed since then, but the Poles of Suvorov did not forget and were very afraid - so much so that the leaders of the rebellion decided to deceive their supporters. They began to spread rumors among the rebels that Count Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov, known to him for his military talents, was either killed near Ishmael, or located on the border with the Ottoman Empire, which was about to attack Russia. According to their assurances, the namesake of this commander should have come to Warsaw. But the real Suvorov went to Warsaw, who on August 22, 1794 ordered his troops:

“I strongly recommend that all the gentlemen of the regimental and battalion commanders inspire and interpret the lower ranks and rank and file, so that when crossing towns, villages and taverns, not the slightest ruin is done. "Those who are quietly spared and not offended at all, so as not to harden the hearts of the people and, moreover, not to deserve the vicious name of robbers."

Meanwhile, the Russians fought well without Suvorov, and on August 12 the city of Vilno surrendered to Russian troops. On August 14, its residents signed an act of loyalty to Russia. And on October 10 (September 29), in a battle with a detachment of the Russian general I. Ferzen, near Matzewice, Kostyushko was wounded and captured by the “dictator of the uprising and generalissimo”.

A. Zhdanov. Portrait of Ivan Evstafievich Ferzen, 1795

Jan Bogumil Plersch. Wound and capture of Tadeusz Kosciuszko near Macejevice October 10, 1794

Prussian and Austrian troops also took part in this war.

The Austrians, commanded by Field Marshal Lassi, took the city of Helm on June 8. Prussian detachments led by King Frederick William II himself, in alliance with the corps of Lieutenant-General I.E. Ferzen, occupied Krakow on June 15 and approached Warsaw on July 30, but were unable to take it and went to Poznan, where the anti-Prussian uprising began.

Suvorov, having only about 8 thousand soldiers with him, moving towards Warsaw, in August-September 1794 defeated the Poles at the village of Divin, at Kobrin, at Kruchitsa, near Brest and near Kobylka. After Suvorov’s victory at Brest, where the Poles lost 28 guns and two banners, Kosciuszko, a few days before his capture, ordered the use of barrage detachments in a new clash with the Russians:

“So that during the battle, part of the infantry with artillery always stands behind the line with guns loaded with buckshot, from which they will shoot at the fleeing. Let everyone know that, going forward, he receives victory and glory, and, giving the rear, meets shame and inevitable death. "

And Suvorov, teaming up with other Russian units operating in Poland, and bringing the size of his army to 25 thousand people, on October 22 (November 3) approached the Polish capital.

Prague assault

The very next day, the Russian commander threw his troops to storm Prague - the well-fortified right-bank suburb of Warsaw. For the rebels, who most recently survived the more than two-month siege of the allied Prussian and Russian troops, this came as a complete surprise: they were set up for a many-month (if not many-year) war. Indeed, according to all the canons of martial art, storming Prague was crazy. The Russians had about 25 thousand soldiers and officers and 86 guns, among which there was not a single siege. Prague, well fortified during the months after the start of the uprising, was defended by 30 thousand Poles, who had 106 artillery pieces.

Storming of Prague October 24, 1794

But Suvorov believed in Russian soldiers, and they passionately wanted to take revenge on the treacherous Poles for the murders of unarmed colleagues. The Russian commander knew about the mood of his subordinates, and the order given to them on the eve of the assault read:

“Do not run into houses; the enemy, asking for mercy, to spare; unarmed not to kill; do not fight with women; do not touch youngsters. Which of us will be killed is the kingdom of heaven; alive - glory! glory! glory!"

He also guaranteed protection to all Poles that would come to the Russian camp.

But the Russians, remembering the fate of their comrades, were not inclined to spare the rebels, and the Poles, who suspected that there would be no forgiveness for treachery, defended themselves desperately, in fact hiding behind the peaceful population of Prague. And this fierce resistance only embittered the assault troops.

A. Orlovsky. The assault on Prague in 1794. Ink drawing on paper, 1797

The battle for Prague lasted only one day, but the participants in this operation compared it with the assault of Ishmael. The bitterness of the parties struck even seasoned eyewitnesses. Suvorovsky General Ivan Ivanovich von Klugen recalled:

“One Polish monk, drenched in blood, grabbed the captain of my battalion in his armful and pulled out part of his cheek with his teeth. I managed to knock down the monk at the time, thrusting a sword into his side on the hilt. About twenty hunters rushed at us with axes, and while they were lifted up with bayonets, they chopped down a lot of ours. It is not enough to say that they fought with bitterness, no - they fought with frenzy and without any mercy. "In my life I was twice in hell - on the assault of Ishmael and on the assault of Prague ... It is terrible to remember!

He then told:

“They shot at us from the windows of houses and from the roofs, and our soldiers, breaking into the houses, killed everyone who they came across ... The bitterness and thirst for revenge reached the highest degree ... the officers were no longer able to stop the bloodshed ... The massacre again at the bridge . Our soldiers shot at the crowds, not understanding anyone - and the piercing cry of women, the cries of children terrified the soul. It is rightly said that spilled human blood excites a kind of intoxication. Our fierce soldiers in every living creature saw our destroyer during the Warsaw uprising. “No one is sorry!” Our soldiers shouted and put to death all, not distinguishing between years and sex. ”

But as Suvorov himself recalled that terrible day:

“This thing is like Ishmael ... Every step in the streets was covered with beaten; "all the squares were covered with bodies, and the last and most terrible extermination was on the banks of the Vistula, in view of the Warsaw people."

The Polish composer M. Oginsky left such a description of this assault:

“Bloody scenes followed one after another. Russians and Poles mixed up in a general battle. Streams of blood poured from all sides ... The battle cost many victims to both Poles and Russians ... 12 thousand residents of both sexes were killed in the suburbs, neither the elderly nor the children were spared. The suburb was set on fire from four sides. "

The result of this battle was the death of 10 to 13 thousand Polish rebels, about the same number were captured, the Russians lost about 500 people killed, and up to a thousand were wounded.

Suvorov, whom the Poles and Europeans sympathizing with later accused of terrible cruelty, actually saved Warsaw by ordering the bridges over the Vistula to be destroyed - so as not to allow troops captured by the excitement of battle to enter the Polish capital. The same goal was pursued by barriers set by Suvorov on the way to Warsaw.

Capitulation of Warsaw

The Russian commander gave the Warsaw an opportunity to capitulate on honorable terms, and they, shocked by the storming of Prague unfolding before their eyes, hastened to take advantage of this proposal. On the night of October 25, a delegation of the Warsaw Magistrate arrived at the Russian camp, dictating the terms of surrender. 1376 Russian soldiers and officers, 80 Austrian and more than 500 Prussian, were released. Moreover, only Russian troops were handed over without shackles - the rest remained tied until the last minute: in such a simple way the Warsaw tried to show their humility and apologize to their winners.

It is curious that the bridges across the Vistula that were burnt by the order of Suvorov were restored by the Poles themselves: it was through them that the Russian army entered Warsaw. The residents of the city passed the capital according to all the rules: on October 29 (November 9), Suvorov was met by magistrate members who handed him a symbolic key to the city and a diamond snuffbox with the inscription “Warszawa zbawcu swemu” - “The deliverer of Warsaw” (!). According to Russian tradition, Suvorov was also presented with bread and salt.

Suvorov's entry into surrendered Warsaw

The surrendered Warsaw and its citizens escaped revenge for the killing of Russian soldiers and officers. Moreover, Suvorov turned out to be so generous and so confident in his strength and in the fear of the Poles that he almost immediately freed 6000 enemy soldiers who had recently fought against him, 300 officers and 200 non-commissioned officers of the royal guard. Outraged by his gentleness, the State Secretary of Catherine II D.P. Troshchinsky wrote to the Empress:

“Count Suvorov the great rendered services by the capture of Warsaw, but he was unbearably annoying with inconsistent orders there. All general Poles, not excluding the main rebels, are released freely into their homes. ”

But the main “defenders of Prague” Suvorov could not be forgiven: the Polish generals Zayonchek and Wavzhetsky, having abandoned their troops, fled before the assault ended.

Opinion of Europe

All this did not save Suvorov from the "enlightened opinion of Europe", which declared him no less than "half-demon." And even Napoleon Bonaparte was not shy in expressions when he wrote about Suvorov to the Directory in the autumn of 1799: "The barbarian, drenched in blood of the Poles, brazenly threatened the French people." Poles, unlike the Russians, did not show their European political correctness even during the Warsaw Pact and the CMEA, referring to the events of that day as the “Prague Massacre”.

An iron cross erected in Warsaw in memory of the victims of November 4, 1794

I must say that the Polish and European versions of those events (about the complete and merciless beating of the civilian population of Prague) were traditionally accepted by many representatives of the liberal Russian intelligentsia. Even A. S. Pushkin, in the poem “Count Olizar” wrote:

And we are on the stones of fallen walls
Prague babies were beaten
When trampled into bloody ashes
The beauty of Kostyushkin’s banners.

The poet reports this with some pride, but the fact of “beating the Prague babies” does not deny.

By the way, much later A. A. Suvorov (the son of a child who was never recognized by the great commander) refused to sign a welcome address in honor of the name day of the Vilnius Governor-General M.N. Muravyov, who participated in the suppression of the next Polish uprising, and was awarded sadly ironic lines poems by F. M. Tyutchev:

The humane grandson of a warlike grandfather
Forgive us, our handsome prince,
That we honor the Russian cannibal,
We Russians are not asking Europe ...
...
How to excuse this courage before you?
How to justify empathy
Who defended and saved Russia whole,
Sacrificing everyone to his calling ...
So be shameful evidence to us
A letter to him from us, his friends -
But it seems to us, prince, your great grandfather
He would have sealed it with his signature.

(The poem is dated November 12, 1863, first published in the journal "Bell" by A. Herzen on January 1, 1864).

Actually, it is thanks to the quoted lines of Tyutchev that this dubious grandson of Suvorov today is sometimes remembered.

Another point of view on the events of 1794 was presented by Denis Davydov:

“It is easy to condemn this in the office, outside the circle of fierce battle, but the Christian faith, conscience and the philanthropic voice of the bosses are not able to stop the fierce and intoxicated with victory soldiers. During the assault on Prague, the frenzy of our troops, burning with revenge for the traitorous beating of the comrades by the Poles, reached extreme limits. "

Suvorov knew what they said and wrote about him in European capitals, and then said:

“I was considered a barbarian - during the assault on Prague, seven thousand people were killed. Europe says that I am a monster, but ... the peace-loving field marshals (Prussian and Austrian) spent the whole time in the preparation of stores at the beginning of the Polish campaign. Their plan was to fight the rebellious people for three years ... I came and won. With one blow, I gained peace and put an end to the bloodshed. ”

The actions of Suvorov in Poland in 1794 are really worthy of surprise. G. Derzhavin wrote about Suvorov’s blow to Prague:

He took a step and conquered the kingdom!

It was precisely for this campaign in Poland that Suvorov received the rank of field marshal, and Catherine II informed him that it was not she, but he "had made himself his victories as field marshals, violating seniority."

Other awards were the estate with serfs numbering 6922 male "souls", two Prussian orders - the Black and Red Eagle, and a portrait with diamonds, sent by the Austrian emperor.

What is good for the Russian ...

F. Bulgarin, referring to the story of von Klugen, already familiar to us, argued that it was in captured Prague that the famous saying “What is great for a Russian, death is a German” appeared and the author was Suvorov himself. The commander spoke so about the death of a German regimental doctor (according to other sources, he was a konoval), who, along with the Russian soldiers, drank the alcohol found in one of the pharmacies. However, nothing is said about the state of health of the Russian soldiers who drank this denatured substance: it is quite possible that they were also, to put it mildly, not too good.

The bitter fruits of the Polish adventure

The fall of Prague and the surrender of Warsaw led to the complete defeat of the demoralized Poles. All rebel squads piled up weapon in a week. Their last detachments retreated to the Sandomierz Voivodeship, where they surrendered to General Denisov near the city of Opochno and General Ferzen near the village of Radochina (General Wawrzycki, who became the Polish commander in chief, was also captured here).

In total, by December 1, 25 Polish soldiers were captured along with 500 cannons. But already on November 80, Suvorov informed Prince Repnin (in whose submission he was formally):

“The campaign is over, Poland is disarmed. There are no insurgents ... For some they dispersed, but they laid down their gun with excellent quality and surrendered with their generals, without bloodshed. ”

The results of this adventure for Poland were scary and sad.

On October 24, 1795, representatives of Austria, Prussia and Russia, gathered at a conference in St. Petersburg, announced the liquidation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and even prohibit the use of the very concept of “Polish kingdom”.

November 25, 1795, the birthday of Catherine II, King Stanislav Poniatowski abdicated.

What is the attitude of the Poles to "their" participants in those events? The last legitimate monarch of the country, Stanislav Augustus Poniatowski, they have always despised and still do not like, calling them the "straw king". In 1928, an urn with ashes that did not have any special merits to Poland, King Stanislav Leshchinsky, was solemnly buried in the Wawel Cathedral of Krakow. And the remains of Stanislav Ponyatovsky, transferred to Poland by the Soviet authorities in 1938 (in this way the leaders of the USSR hoped to improve relations with their neighbors), were buried in the modest church of his hometown Volchina and only in 1995 were transferred to the Warsaw Cathedral of St. John.

But it was precisely Poniatowski who had every chance to keep at least part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth independent, if not for the active opposition of people who are considered heroes in Poland. It was these “patriots”, on the emblems of which one can rightly write the motto “Dementia and courage”, were the culprits of the terrible geopolitical catastrophe of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Kociuszko and his associates provoked the Third (and last) partition of Poland with their actions. They did not die together with Poland and did not live in poverty after the defeat. Let's talk about some of them.

The fate of the rebels

General Jozef Zayonchek fought with Russia back in 1792. In 1794, he fought against the Russian troops in three battles (near Raclawice, Helm and Golkow), was a member of the Military Court and head of the defense of Warsaw. After the defeat, he fled to Galicia, from where a year later he moved to France, where he entered the service of Napoleon Bonaparte. He participated in the Egyptian campaign, was the commander of the Northern Legion, which consisted mainly of Poles, and rose to the rank of division general. In 1812 he again fought against Russia and lost his leg when crossing the Berezina, because of which he was captured in Vilna. Alexander I took him to the Russian service, appropriated the rank of general from infantry, and in 1815 he even appointed him his viceroy in the kingdom of Poland. Zayonchek received three Russian orders: St. Andrew the First-Called, St. Alexander Nevsky and St. Anna of the I degree. He died in Warsaw in 1826.

Another Polish general who fought against the Russian troops in 1794, Tomasz Wawrzecki, took an oath of allegiance to Russia in 1796, was a member of the Provisional Council that governed the Duchy of Warsaw, Senator and Minister of Justice of the Kingdom of Poland.

Jan Kilinsky, one of the ideologists and leaders of the Warsaw Matins (we recall that he personally killed two Russian officers and a Cossack), was released by Paul I, took the oath of allegiance to the Russian Empire, and continued to engage in subversive activities already in Vilna. He was arrested again - and again released. Having settled in Warsaw, until his death in 1819 he received a pension from the Russian government.

After the arrest, Tadeusz Kosciuszko lived quite comfortably in the house of the commandant of the Peter and Paul Fortress, until he was pardoned by Paul I, who entered the Russian throne, and presented him with 12 thousand rubles. Ko Костciuszko later returned this money, which raises very interesting questions about what kind of people (and which states) kept the Polish hero and patriot all this time: after all, he did not have his own sources of income. He lived in the USA and Europe, died in Switzerland in 1817. Currently, this leader of the uprising that buried the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, contrary to everything, is considered one of the main national heroes of Poland.

Comments

[Revolver]

But can you put a monument to Suvorov opposite the entrance to the Polish embassy? In full growth, with all the regalia, equestrian, with the key to Warsaw in his hand.

[Finches]

This is a good offer - I support! Just so that Alexander Vasilievich would look into the ambassador’s window - as soon as the thought came to the Polish head to make the Russian muck, and once you bump into Suvorov’s face and immediately let go ...

[Revolver]

If his office is facing the street, then it’s real. Only you have to choose the right point, and play with the height of the pedestal. Well, the sculptor will have to try so that Suvorov’s look is heavy.

[Finches]

Tsereteli can be asked - he understands in size and severity!

[Revolver]

Tsereteli? No, he has too much of an original vision. And then you need someone with experience in a realistic manner.

[Finches]

That is yes! But an additional effect is also possible from Tsereteli's sculpture - as a result of a cultural shock, the ambassador may begin to walk by himself ...

[Alexey RA]

Quote: Nagan

Tsereteli? No, he has too much of an original vision.

Original vision - this is with Shemyakin. And Tsereteli is simply gigantomania.
Give him free rein - he sculpts the monument "The capture of Prague by Suvorov" with sculptures of all the soldiers and officers of the Russian army.

[Han Tengri]

Quote: Alexey RA

Give him free rein - he sculpts the monument "The capture of Prague by Suvorov" with sculptures of all the soldiers and officers of the Russian army.

Standing on a huge mound of dead Poles.

[Pereira]

But to entrust the Poles to sculpt Tsereteli.

[Peter Uralsky]

Not "dead" but "dead"

[beeper]

Personally, I was stunned and pierced by a look at the monument to Alexander Suvorov (still pre-revolutionary, made almost life-size of this thin, wiry man ), standing on a low pedestal in Ochakovo, when I first came across it in the evening, with my family relaxing upstairs from the city beach!
It was exactly 15 years ago, but I still remember my first "piercing" impressions - at the first moment it seemed to me that I met a live field marshal in the very heat of the battle, drilling me with a formidable, unblinking gaze and just about ready to rush forward from the pedestal!
This unexpected meeting was so lively that he almost shouted to the statue of Suvorov: "Don't kill yours!" ...
As if in reality, with my whole body, then I felt the whole indomitable harsh character of the Great Russian Commander - this way, undoubtedly - very talented, the author of this sculpture managed to convey with cast metal the inner essence of his Prototype!
I think that the Polish "partners" will involuntarily have the same feelings!
As far as I know, that Ochakov sculpture is still intact, for how long ?!
Tseretelli is, by and large, an artisan, and not a sculptor, he does not own the living power of art, therefore he tries to compensate for this perceived helplessness and creative impotence with hyper-gigantism of his ugly monsters in order to somehow amaze the audience, "to crush "?! IMHO

[Basil50]

A very good idea. Opposite the Turkish embassy, ​​as well as monuments to the great admirals.
But it always amazes me that RUSSIAN PEOPLE can be killed, you can lie for them and after that do not beg. Not! Demand * generosity * and * forgiveness of all sins *. And somehow they are offended that someone dared NOT to forgive and DO NOT forget.
This applies not only to the Poles, but to all Europe, including Czech-Slovaks, Serbs, Bulgarians and others, others, others ....

[Finches]

But in the courtyard of the Russian Embassy in Washington, I would put Joseph Vissarionovich talking to Kurchatov, who would pinch rolls with blueprints and Korolev, with a model of a rocket under his arm ... At the same time, the leader, as if by chance, pointed his hand towards the White House !

[Kwas]

Quote: Vasily50

But it always amazes me that RUSSIAN PEOPLE can be killed, you can lie for them and after that do not beg. Not! Demand * generosity * and * forgiveness of all sins *.

Well, this is understandable, they fed such information from childhood. Here I am another disgusted - the everlasting assent of our rulers and the elite to Western propaganda. Because with rare exceptions, they think by these very standards of Western propaganda.

[Kwas]

And now, aiding Western propaganda begins with the adoption of its language of terms, where everything is upside down. The oligarchy is called democracy, partisans - terrorists, terrorists - partisans, and they will not give me the name of the blue as they should, even on this site!

[AK1972]

Quote: Kwas

blue as it should, they won’t even give me on this site!

Ha ha ha You will not even be allowed to write the numerical value of the mathematical constant, which characterizes the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
Do not consider it a flood, but a joke in the subject of the comment:
Jung of a pirate ship asks the captain:
- Sir, what is a black mark?
“That means they will be killed soon.”
“But they handed me a rainbow, Sir.”
“Nothing good either, son.”

[Han Tengri]

Quote: AK1972

You will not even be allowed to write the numerical value of the mathematical constant, which characterizes the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

You just need to specify more than two characters, after the decimal point: 3,1415926535 ...)))

[AK1972]

I already did it, but the fact itself! VO turned into the site of the Institute of Noble Maidens.

[Basil50]

ak1972
Life anecdote
On English ships, women always led to stabbing and figuring out who this woman should serve.
Because they bought Jung to serve needs ..

[Ilya-spb]

You are ... villains))) Poland will not get enough ambassadors))) Kondraty will grab diplomats at the sight of Count Rymniksky and Prince of Italy Alexander Vasilyevich!

[georgigennadievitch]

We must take an example from Suvorov: he spoke little, but in essence, but he did what was entrusted to him brilliantly.

[db1967]

Or just restore the monument to the "seven generals"?

[Olgovich]

Their plan was to fight the rebellious people for three years ... I came and won. With one blow, I gained peace and put an end bloodshed. "

Good girl!
This is the whole point: a short powerful disarming strike and ALL escaped the enormous future victims of a long war.

Suvorov, a truly Russian man, a great commander and diplomat, showed mercy and spared, saved Warsaw, despite the massacre that she had organized, than the feat for surrender of all other Poles.

Brilliant and military and political victory!

[Varyag_0711]

Olgovich (Andrey)
Suvorov, a truly Russian man, a great commander and diplomat, showed mercy and spared, saved Warsaw, despite the massacre that she had organized, than the feat for surrender of all other Poles.

Yes, not the mercy of Suvorov prompted the surrender of the remaining Poles, but his victory! Poles, like other gay men, understand only the power of a kick in the ass, until you kick and move. Sneaky people, with skakuasov one to one, but at the same time they hate each other.

[Olgovich]

Quote: Varyag_0711

Yes, not the mercy of Suvorov prompted the surrender of the remaining Poles, but his victory!

Victory and mercy are all together.
So the Russians always acted.

And it is very effective.

[VLR]

The same Tyutchev, 1870:
“Unity,” declared the oracle of our day, “
It may be soldered with iron and blood only ... "
But we will try to solder it with love, -
And then we'll see what is stronger. "
The oracle is Bismarck:
“The great questions of the era are not decided by speeches and not by decrees of the majority, but by iron and blood” (1862).
Alas, very often in the history of mankind, and in the history of Russia, it turned out that love is too weak a force. Individuals and people and nations love and value the whip much more than not the carrot:
"The harder the punishment, the gracier the gentlemen."

[Olgovich]

Quote: VlR

Both individuals and people, and peoples whip love and appreciate much more than not gingerbread:

1. Some kind of nonsense: what is "not a carrot"?

2. "Individual people" - Do you count yourself among them?

I do not know either people or nations "loving".... whip , and even more ... gingerbread.

3. Namely victory + mercy -This is the formula for the victories of Russia always and everywhere, it was so in OB 1812, in the Second World War, etc.

[Undecim]

Individuals and people and nations love and value the whip much more than not the carrot:
Naturally, do you define yourself as a distributor for "right" and "wrong" peoples?

[VLR]

It's just that "love" doesn't always work, and not with everyone. Often, both love and a good attitude are mistaken for weakness, and they begin to become impudent and sit on their necks. I think everyone has this kind of personal experience. This has happened more than once in the history of states and statesmen.
You can consider, for example, the relations between Russia and the Baltic States: in the Ostsee provinces (Estonia, Courland, Livonia) serfdom was abolished in 1816-1819. And in Russia itself, when - remember? Is there someone who is very grateful to the Russians for this? And there was also the "Treaty on the transfer of the city of Vilna and the Vilna region to the Republic of Lithuania and on mutual assistance between the Soviet Union and Lithuania" dated October 1939. Nobody in Lithuania wants to return Vilna to Poland? No volunteers. To say thanks to the Soviet Union and its government - too.
Or, the relationship of Timur and Tokhtamysh: Tamerlan treated him like his own son, set on the throne, then helped out of all, then did not want to fight with him, tried to negotiate - it is useless. Timur had to defeat the Golden Horde, which after his campaigns ceased to be a great state.

[Undecim]

It's just that "love" doesn't always work, and not with everyone.
Perhaps in these cases there were factors that we do not know about, and not the "meanness" of some peoples in relation to their "noble" neighbors? It is understandable, any local hamster is very pleased with the automatic enrollment in the "noble" peoples. And if it is also in the Old Russians, it’s generally great. And the fact that literally immediately, as soon as the Russian Empire was shaken, all the outskirts rushed to disown it, the easiest way is to explain that the vile people, who do not remember and do not understand love and do not remember, lived and lives today on those outskirts.
But maybe it makes sense to try to rise slightly above this convenient and enjoyable theory?

[truck driver]

Sneaky people, with one-on-one skakuas, but at the same time they hate each other

Did you check this from personal experience? For example, I worked with the Poles, good people and not greedy, a fairly high level of culture and life in Poland, I did not meet bulls.

[Varyag_0711]

Almost on a personal ... My grandfather, after the end of the war, taught Polish officers artillery for two more years. He knew perfectly German and Polish. So he hated the Poles more than the Germans. The attitude towards our military experts there was contemptuous, to the extent that they won’t give you a drink until you ask in Polish, although they understood Russian well there.

My grandfather’s son, my uncle, served in Poland. One day I went AWOL, ran into a patrol, one Pole hid it at home, and then handed over to the same patrol with giblets.

So, of course, there are different Poles, there are normal ones, but most of them are complete Russophobes.

[Aviator_]

Father during the war passed both Poland and Germany (2 Belorussian Front, 4 VA). There was no one even the Poles, even he respected those civil Germans.

[nils-071]

If we manage to speak negatively about the entire people, then this is the beginning of the road to fascism. Different people everywhere. Both good and not so good. Today, wars are led by oligarchs, politicians and criminals, while ordinary people suffer. Sometimes entire nations support the ideas of cannibalism.

[Red Dragon]

Good girl!
This is the whole point: a short powerful disarming strike and ALL escaped the enormous future victims of a long war.

Aloysych is a truly Aryan man, a great commander and diplomat, showed mercy and spared, saved Paris, despite the war declared by him in Germany, than a feat for surrender and all the other Frenchmen.

Brilliant and military and political victory! Most likely, German newspapers wrote in 1940! Hooray

[Korsar4]

When blood spills, it’s not up to correctness.

And for whatever count Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov undertook, he carried out everything with the utmost care.

[Andy]

author, thanks for the series of articles. never interested in this topic, considering minor strife and division. was wrong

[3x3zsave]

in fact, he saved Warsaw by ordering the destruction of bridges across the Vistula - so as not to allow the troops seized with excitement of battle to enter the Polish capital.
Mdaaa, the "Magdeburg wedding" could happen ...
Thank you, Valery!

[Pane Kohanku]

Thank you, Valery!

I join the "thank you"!

Ko Костciuszko later returned this money, which raises very interesting questions about what kind of people (and which states) kept the Polish hero and patriot all this time: after all, he did not have his own sources of income.

I wonder if he took part in the formation of the first Polish units for the French ... He did not like Napoleon. Honorable Polish lancers on Russia led Ponyatovsky. Among them was the last Nesvizh Radziwill - Dominic. Nephew Panet Kohanku ... Both ended badly!

F. Bulgarin,

Figlyarin himself (as Pushkin called him) during the Patriotic War served in the Polish Lancers in the Udino Corps (to which Wittgenstein and Kulnev were handed out under Klyastitsy). He claimed that he was awarded the Legion of Honor! he was still ... an inventor.
But another man lived and worked in Russia who proudly wore this order - the architect Montferrand! The author of the Alexander Column and St. Isaac's Cathedral.

[Undecim]

But another man lived and worked in Russia who proudly wore this order - the architect Montferrand!
Who received this order, bravely fighting in the army of Napoleon Bonaparte. True, he did not participate in military operations directly on the territory of Russia or against Russian troops.

[Pane Kohanku]

Who received this order, bravely fighting in the army of Napoleon Bonaparte. True, he did not participate in military operations directly on the territory of Russia or against Russian troops.

I wonder how fate plays a man, Viktor Nikolaevich! Having received the Napoleonic Order, Montferrand then put the same symbol of victory over Napoleon!
Or take Bulgarin-Figlyarin. Such an unpleasant Figaro was still worth looking for ...
Yeah!

[gsev]

Quote: Pane Kohanku

whether he took part in the formation of the first Polish units for the French.

Kosciuszko was a man of ideas and a Polish patriot. It is believed that he considered it impossible for himself to participate in the adventures of Napoleon. The death of Polish soldiers for the personal interests of Napoleon did not meet, in his opinion, Polish national interests. And for the freedom of the Motherland, both Russians and Vietnamese also fought brutally. Zina Portnova, for example, poisoned the Germans with arsenic. She belonged to the most famous heroines of the Great Patriotic War.

[Ros 56]

Another proof of the scum of the Poles and the nobility of the Russians.

[tihonmarine]

And even Napoleon Bonaparte was not shy in expressions when he wrote about Suvorov to the Directory in the autumn of 1799: "The barbarian, drenched in blood of the Poles, brazenly threatened the French people."

And the Russians are always to blame everywhere, although the same Napoleon and his army were more cruel than Suvorov. Now the same song about the capture of Berlin by the Soviet troops, when all the media and politicians with tears in their eyes recall the Germans and Berliners who defended Berlin, while forgetting to even mention Leningrad, Stalingrad and Kharkov.

And what beautiful words, like oil for an Orthodox person, written by Suvorov

... I came and won. With one blow, I gained peace and put an end to the bloodshed. ”

[Kwas]

I thought for a long time about the mysterious Polish character, it was too much seemingly incompatible mixed in it. Courage, meanness, naivety, self-confidence, sentimentality, arrogance, painful pride ... It's very easy to stick a label, but - Copernicus, Chopin, Dzerzhinsky, Rokossovsky, Stanislav Lem, Anna German ... and our neighbors, after all, with whom it is always better to be friends than to be at enmity. But the beaten nobles, with the wind in their heads, really do not want this, setting up their entire people. I read their history textbook, and the impression is that the gentry fell asleep this way in the XNUMXth century, and could not wake up, dreaming in a dream about the "Polish Empire from sea to sea", which they profited precisely because of their arrogant arrogance towards other peoples ...

[Aviator_]

Stanislav Lem has changed a lot over the years. It’s one thing - Lem of the 50-60s, by the mid-70s, it had deteriorated somewhat, and since the 80s it has completely gone dead. During the Soviet era, its Russophobic things of the 80s were not translated, but in the 90s everything was translated into Russian. And then it became clear who he was. Well, almost like our Strugatsky for the same time.

[Reptiloid]

Quote: Aviator_

Stanislav Lem has changed a lot over the years. It’s one thing - Lem of the 50-60s, by the mid-70s, it had deteriorated somewhat, and since the 80s it has completely gone dead. During the Soviet era, its Russophobic things of the 80s were not translated, but in the 90s everything was translated into Russian. And then it became clear who he was. Well, almost like our Strugatsky for the same time.

Yes, Sergey, I noticed this, but not everything was clear ..... I wanted to see you in a personal account ----- it didn’t work for some reason ....

[Aviator_]

Yes, nowadays the person is kind of strange. About Lem. He had purely communist things, such as "Magellanic Cloud", and "Astronauts" can also be called that (there was a good film based on this work - "Silent Star", very impressed in childhood). A good series about the pilot Pirks, the incomparable diaries of Yon Tikhy, Tales of Robots. Solaris, Invincible, Runny nose - these are already philosophical things. The style is somewhat boring - if in the course of the action at Pirks something breaks in the rocket, then he will definitely write what exactly broke. Late Yon Tikhiy of the mid-70s began to give off anti-Sovietism (it was translated only in the 90s). Well, the last interviews are generally no different from the later Strugatskys. Like an offended child - socialism and communism did not work out under Bierut and Gomulka, as he imagined it - well, that means he is generally unattainable.

[Han Tengri]

Quote: Kwas

I thought for a long time about the mysterious Polish character, it seemed to be too much mixed with what seemed to be incompatible. Courage, meanness, naivety, self-confidence, sentimentality, swagger, painful vanity ...

You know Kostya, as a mental exercise, I would conditionally divide these qualities into those existing before the partition of Rzeczpospolita (courage, arrogance, self-confidence, swagger) and arising after (meanness, naivety, sentimentality and painful vanity). And then it turns out that, among the Poles, the second qualities appeared as a result of the excessive abuse of the first.)))
For example, a well-squeezed pride, it is like a callus - it will certainly hurt. And the insane courage of a small dog, the Chi Hua system, Chi nor Hua is expressed, as a rule, in vile attempts to bite Big Uncle on the heel.

[AK1972]

Quote: Kwas

Copernicus, Chopin, Dzerzhinsky, Rokossovsky, Stanislav Lem, Anna Herman

In the commentary to the previous article by Valery Ryzhov, I wrote, but I repeat. Anna Herman is not Polish. She just left for Poland for permanent residence, thanks to her stepfather - the Pole. She is from a family of Dutch Germans.

[BAI]

Kosciuszko, a few days before his capture, ordered the use of barrage detachments in a new clash with the Russians

And - a hero. And all dogs were sent to Stalin. Although, apparently, it was a common military practice.
And all the while reading the article, some kind of cognitive dissonance: Prague - Poland and Prague - Czechoslovakia.

[truck driver]

Yeah, when I was reading 4 tankmen and a dog in school, Prague in Warsaw caused me cognitive dissonance!)

[Whispering in the night]

I must say that the Polish and European versions of those events (about the complete and merciless beating of the civilian population of Prague) were traditionally accepted by many representatives of the liberal Russian intelligentsia. Even A.S. Pushkin ....

Two hundred years have passed, and nothing in the essence of the Russian so-called liberal intelligentsia is changing. All the same stinking Russophobian fauna.

[Alexey RA]

Other awards were the estate with serfs numbering 6922 thousand male "souls",

Shikoka Shikoka? 6,9 million male souls?
The estate, the campaign, was called "Russian Empire".

[VLR]

Here it is, I decided to clarify: there were 7 thousand, entered the exact number, but did not delete the word "thousand". Let's try to fix it.

[VLR]

Corrected this typo

[silverwolf88]

Suvorov is undoubtedly a GENIUS SILVER and a BIG SHOWER ... Poland - the Hyena of Europe ... there’s nothing to add ... they act disgusting ... they hit me in the back ... the best people of the Polish war who showed heroism always fought in the Russian / Soviet army. ..

[Esoteric]

And how do you think, does humanity have a right to exist on this beautiful planet, the pearl of the cosmos, and still claim the right to call itself reasonable? The whole story of homo sapiens, and who called him that, is war, the killing of his own kind, cruel torture. Are we reasonable? Now, if you imagine, hypothetically, the developed civilizations of the Galaxy. Who are we in their eyes? Contact with us? Here with these, such us? Which cut each other? And because of what? So who are we?

[3x3zsave]

Some rhetorical questions.

[Han Tengri]

Quote: Ezoterik

And how do you think, does humanity have a right to exist on this beautiful planet, the pearl of the cosmos, and still claim the right to call itself reasonable?

1. We exist! So we have.
2. Well, yes, well, yes ... "Pearl", revolving around a supernumerary yellow dwarf, "somewhere far, far, on the edge of the Galaxy ..." (c). An ordinary, unremarkable, spiral galaxy, included in an equally unremarkable cluster of galaxies, which, in turn, is included in a completely ordinary supercluster in structure ... And so, ad infinitum.
3. Based on the foregoing, who in the Universe should care about the correctness, or incorrectness of our rationality? Who, and on the basis of what, should determine the degree of ghastiness of our, one of x * 10 ^ ???, possible options for intelligent life?

Quote: Ezoterik

The whole story of homo sapiens, and who called him that, is war, the killing of his own kind, cruel torture.

This is called natural selection. The weakest dies. Sorry for the cynicism, but our survival strategy turned out to be so successful that the species Homo sapiens sapiens on the planet Earth has practically no competitors among other species. so it is necessary, in the struggle for resources, to cut each other. Do not hesitate, if aliens use our resources, we will also try to cut them out. The same will happen if we, someday, "suddenly" find little green men possessing the goodies we need.

Quote: Ezoterik

Are we reasonable?

Of course! we are not a standard of humanism and tolerance, but we are reasonable in spite of this.

[3x3zsave]

Bravo, Igor !!! I was waiting for the opponent's answer to "put everything on the shelves", but you did it earlier. Like Cristobal Junta.

[Han Tengri]

Quote: 3x3zsave

but you did it earlier. Like Cristobal Junta.

What are you, I don't have a stuffed real Standartenfuehrer! It turns out I did not have time ... to be born.

[3x3zsave]

It's never too late to start! "Standantenfuehrer" and on this resource, more than!

[Esoteric]

Cutting each other, forgive me, is not a sign of intelligence. Excuse me, this is a sign of demonic origin. Yes, yes, the one who does not seem to exist, and who has convinced today's humanity of this.
Push the falling one - the philosophy of villains. But it is she who prevails now. Man to man is a wolf - from the same opera. And some who walked the Earth 2 years ago bequeathed something completely different. But who listened to Him. It's so hard to be reasonable. And the fruits will be reaped. If a person thinks that he is the navel of the Universe, and behaves like cattle, then you need to ask for forgiveness from animals, they are not like that, then my IMHO, of course, is esoteric, he is deeply mistaken. And social Darwinism, that is, natural selection, is deeply disgusting to me. Stephen Hawking, a disabled person, made such a contribution for humanity that a whole "herd" of completely healthy gopniks cannot make, completely physically.
No offense to you. For discussion.

[3x3zsave]

Cutting each other, forgive me, is not a sign of intelligence.
Cutting each other is the dominant feature of biological life on this planet. He has not the slightest relation to questions of religion of a separate species of animals that consider themselves intelligent.

[Esoteric]

And someone who walked the land of Gaulilee 2 years ago wanted to change this. But it turned out what happened.

[nnz226]

I recommend submitting this "thought" to the politicians of small Britain, they have been doing this for 300 years in their colonies, from Ireland to India and Africa ...

[Esoteric]

They are the first. But this is life, in an imperfect world. Empires are not created otherwise. Unfortunately. Every nation that has realized itself as such has always wanted to be much better, smarter and "the most - the most". That's life.

[Han Tengri]

Quote: Ezoterik

But this is life, in an imperfect world.

"Sorry, but we have no other world for you." (c) (almost)

[Han Tengri]

Quote: Ezoterik

And some who walked the Earth 2 years ago bequeathed something completely different. But who listened to Him.

And 4 years before the birth of this Jewish boy, in the hot African half-savannah,
for the first time, the monkey took a stick in his hands ... and hit another monkey with it, which also wanted to become a man!
And without this simple act, which gave rise to the Homo species, our Jewish boy could neither speak, nor think, nor, even more so, create a philosophy of universal love and forgiveness. And he would sit peacefully on a palm tree and eat a banana with pleasure.

[Esoteric]

In my opinion, the monkey just descended from man, this is his dead-end branch. Not the other way around. Humanity is a product of intelligent activity, it was created on this planet. Who! This is the question.

[Han Tengri]

Quote: Ezoterik

In my opinion, the monkey just descended from man, this is his dead-end branch. Not the other way around.

Proconsul, I would not agree with you.

[Marine engineer]

"Jan Kilinsky, one of the ideologists and leaders of the" Warsaw Zatreni "(recall that then he personally killed two Russian officers and a Cossack), was released by Pavel ..... until his death in 1819 he received a pension from the Russian government."

And he probably isn't alone. The tax-paying estates of Ingushetia paid taxes so that the treasury could provide pensions for such "specialists" in the murder of Russian people.

[nnz226]

For the "Warsaw Matins" ALL the inhabitants of Warsaw + surrendered and captured insurgents had to move on foot "nah osten!", Beyond Lake Baikal. There they would have been re-educated, in 20 years they would have become ordinary Russian Siberians! And then they played in "humanizm"! The Pugachevites (their own Russians!) Were executed in every possible way and sent to hard labor, and then the foreigners who attacked the unarmed Russian soldiers were forgiven! The Psheks would even now sit quieter than water, below the grass, if every third of the population would have stomped to Siberia for anti-Russian performances every time without the right to return to 4 knees!

[Marine engineer]

Starting with Peter 1, we have taught Europeans that there will be no real punishment on the part of the Russian authorities for killing unarmed people. Such a policy of "leaders" causes only contempt.
After 18 years, in the autumn of 1812, dead captive Russian soldiers with crushed heads (killed brutally, without rushing) will lie on the Smolensk road, here is the reckoning for Suvorov's mercy.

[hjvtp1966]

Doctor, no one loves me, neither neighbors nor relatives. And at work it's the same ... Hey, old donkey, maybe you know why?

[Herman 4223]

The article is interesting, it was interesting to read.

[bast552]

Regarding the monuments, I recalled the removed and not returned Konev I.S. Although not Poland, the trend with a short memory is similar. The difference is four years, but the Germans had enough for the Czechs to "see the light" In the photo, by the way, Konev))

[stankow]

Quote: Vasily50

A very good idea. Opposite the Turkish embassy, ​​as well as monuments to the great admirals.
But it always amazes me that RUSSIAN PEOPLE can be killed, you can lie for them and after that do not beg. Not! Demand * generosity * and * forgiveness of all sins *. And somehow they are offended that someone dared NOT to forgive and DO NOT forget.
This applies not only to the Poles, but to all Europe, including Czech-Slovaks, Serbs, Bulgarians and others, others, others ....

And when did the Bulgarians "kill the Russian people"? Treacherous, unarmed, civilian?

[Viktor Sergeev]

In vain regretted. It was necessary to arrange such a massacre that at the very thought of thinking about a run over Russia, the Pole would start diarrhea from horror. Pity and received the troops of Poland in Napoleon's units.

[Ether]

Good article. The consequences of the war read disgusting ..

[Jünger]

The poet reports this with some pride, but the fact of “beating the Prague babies” does not deny.

People then were calmer about such things. The war was a daily routine, and it never occurred to anyone to seek excuses for the partition of Poland, the attack on Sweden, the Caucasian wars, etc.
It was after WWI that society softened, became obsessed, and it already needs phony "excuses" for such cases.

[Bat039]

The Poles got what they deserved. The Russians had the right to take revenge and took revenge.

[vindigo]

It would be better if the Russian troops slaughtered those who resisted. Compare the Krasnodar Territory, where the Circassians were destroyed and now it is a paradise, and the different North Caucasian republics, where Gaiguymahachkala is taking place. This compassion of Russians is very much to us, descendants, now reverberates. Americans knock down everyone and don’t bother with humanitarian aid, and they love all Americans. In Germany and Korea, cities were knocked out and now they pray for the Yankees

[norkin]

not our style

[Jünger]

There are no questions about the North Caucasus republics, but the Poles feel sorry for the native blood of the Russians. It was better to assimilate them more actively, so that with a massive relocation and the prohibition of language.

[Ivan Volk]

Speculations about Polish patriotism or meanness are certainly correct. But remember other facts.
At about the same time as Pan Kosciuszko, another national hero, the Marquis de Lafayette, was raising the people for a revolution in France. He also has an interesting and stormy life. By the way, they were both brigadier generals who fought for the independence of the Northern States. At one time Kosciuszko served at the headquarters of the French. Fort West Point at the site was being built. Another national hero emerged from this institution. Bolivar which.
I'm not hinting at anything, I'm not a historian. Just facts from wikipedia.

[owner]

No one remembered how Suvorov saved the Belarusian and Polish peasants who were left with empty receipts from the rebel government for the food, fodder, carts, horses taken from them? He issued a decree that everyone who comes to his headquarters with such receipts, the "conductors" of his army will calculate everything and in return give them Russian rubles. With them they were able to buy meat, flour, grain, butter in Warsaw and other large cities. even the dissatisfaction of Petersburg. A generation later, these peasants commemorated the Russian field marshal with good