Atomic torpedo and multipurpose submarines. 645 project

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At the first nuclear submarines produced in the USSR and the USA, steam generating plants with water-to-water reactors were used. However, in the 1957 year, the second US experimental submarine, the Civulf, was equipped with a liquid metal coolant reactor (liquid metal coolant). The use of reactors with liquid metal coolant made it possible to improve the efficiency of a power plant by obtaining a higher coolant temperature at the reactor exit, as well as an increase in the temperature of superheated steam.



In the Soviet Union, work began on a similar ship reactor in 1955. The government decree on the creation of an experimental torpedo nuclear submarine of Project 645, equipped with a two-reactor steam generating unit, having an LMW (lead and bismuth), was issued on 22.10.1955/1956/XNUMX. Initially, the head designer of the nuclear submarine was the chief designer V.N. Peregudov, in XNUMX he was succeeded by Nazarov. Watching from the Navy Fleet Donchenko and Gubkin were appointed.

The tactical-technical task was not issued to the new boat, and work began at the technical design stage: it was assumed that the nuclear submarine of the 645 project from the boat of the 627 project should differ only in the power plant, which would make it possible to objectively evaluate the merits of the main power plant WIT But to implement this plan completely failed. Changes were made to the project of the nuclear-powered vessel, which were determined by the experience of operating the first nuclear submarines and the test results of a prototype nuclear power plant with a liquid metal coolant on the test bench of the Physics and Energy Institute.

In the autumn of 1956, work was completed on the technical design of a nuclear submarine. It should be noted that at the same time there were no strict requirements for the noise level of the boat, as well as the effect of acoustic noise on the submarine on the onboard powertrain. In the framework of the design, only the calculations of the critical rotations of the propellers, as well as the airborne noise in the ship’s compartments, were performed.

Working drawings were released in November 1957 of the year, and the laying of the experimental nuclear-powered icebreaker was carried out in Severodvinsk on the 15 of June 1958. 1 On April 1962, the launch of the 645 submarine of the project, the 30.10.1963 of the nuclear-powered vessel, which received the tactical number K-27, was included in the Navy. The commander of this nuclear submarine was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for mastering new technology in 1966.

The new submarine, as well as the 627 project boats, was intended for the destruction of transport ships and surface ships of the enemy during operations in the distant sea and ocean zones.

In the manufacture of durable hull a new alloy of steel was used, the yield strength of which was 60 kgf / mm2. The use of intersect flat bulkheads is another difference from the 627 project. These bulkheads are able to withstand pressure in 12,5 kgf / cm2. This ensured an emergency ascent when flooding any compartment from a depth of less than 100 meters.

The light hull, logging barriers, ballast tanks, and the tip of the ship were first made of low-magnetic steel, the yield strength of which was 40 kgf / mm2. This solution made it possible, while maintaining the magnetic field of a nuclear submarine, to almost halve the mass of the demagnetization device, reduce the power consumed by 50%, and double the number of holes designed to pass the device cable in the submarine's robust hull.

The durable submarine hull was divided into 9 waterproof compartments. Their location is somewhat different from the 627 project:
1. Torpedo;
2. Battery; residential;
3. Central post;
4. Reactor;
5. Turbogenerator (also serves to accommodate refrigeration and auxiliary mechanisms);
6. Turbine;
7. Electromotive;
8. Residential (also serves to house refrigerators);
9. Residential (it houses the steering gear).

Moving large mass reactors closer to the bow of the ship improved the trimming, but this layout solution worsened the radiation safety conditions for the central compartment, and the radio and radar logging needed to be moved to the lower deck.

The main power unit capacity 35 thousand. L. with. It consisted of two-reactor steam-generating and twin-shaft steam-turbine installations, a rechargeable battery and 2-autonomous (on an 627 submarine of the project - mounted) turbo-generators.

The total power of the two BT-1 nuclear reactors that are part of the main power plant and that have a liquid-metal coolant (lead-bismuth) was 146 mW. At the outlet of the reactor, the coolant temperature was 440 ° С, the temperature of superheated steam was up to 355 ° С. The reactors had a number of operational advantages. For example, steam generators were not used for cooling down them, and the primary circuit pumps operated due to the natural circulation of the alloy, as well as the inclusion of cooling channels. The possibility of radioactivity propagation into the second circuit and into the energy compartments was excluded if the density of the steam generators was disturbed due to the large pressure difference in the second and first circuits.



The structure of the ATG (autonomous turbogenerator) included a single-case active turbine with a reducer, a capacitor and a direct-current generator. On the right-side turbo generator, a planetary gearbox was used. The power at the terminals at a rotational speed of 1,5 thous. Revolutions per minute at a voltage of 320 V was 1600 kW. Autonomous turbo generators made it possible to carry out wide maneuvering of the submarine under any operating conditions of the main power plant and for a long time under the rowing motors in case of failure of the main turbo-gear units (the submarine was equipped with two PG-116 sneaking engines, power of each 450 hp).

The use of an auxiliary diesel-electric installation, in contrast to the boats of the 627 project, was not foreseen (the nuclear-powered designers recklessly believed that the autonomous turbine generators would provide the necessary reliability of the power plant).

For the first time, a new inflation system was applied as well as pressure control in the compartments, which was controlled from the central post.

The central post of the nuclear submarine of the 645 project in comparison with the submarines of the 627 project has become more comfortable and spacious. The composition of the sonar, television, radar and navigational weapons, as well as communications, the ship was almost the same as the nuclear submarine of the 627 project (radar Nakat-M, GAS Arktika-M, navigation system Pluton-645). In addition, a second periscope was installed on the submarine, which increased the reliability of visual observation.

The torpedo armament of the 645 submarine of the project consisted of 4's nasal 533-mm torpedo tubes with 12 ammunition torpedoes SET-65 and 53-57. For the first time in world practice, a fast-loading device was used on submarines of the 645 project for torpedo tubes. For each torpedo tube it had individual torpedo feed mechanisms that allowed simultaneous loading.

A group of specialists for creating a new type of power plant for the nuclear submarine of the 645 project in the 64 year received the Lenin Prize.

Technical characteristics of the nuclear submarine project 645:
The greatest length - 109,8 m;
The greatest width - 8,3 m;
Average draft - 5,9 m;
Normal displacement - 3420 t;
Full displacement - 4380 t;
Reserve buoyancy - 28,0%;
Extreme depth of immersion - 300 m;
Immersion depth - 270 m;
Maximum submerged speed - 30,2 nodes;
Surface speed - 14,7 nodes;
Autonomy - 50 days;
Crew - 105 man.

A large number of cracks of various lengths appeared in the light hull of the ship during operation. As it became known, the main cause of cracking was the fact that low-magnetic steel has low corrosion-mechanical strength: when exposed to seawater, intergranular corrosion developed in steel, which led to the formation of cracks. In the future, they decided to abandon the use of low-magnetic steel on submarines. In addition, in the course of operation, the demagnetizer also failed. It turned out that it was unsatisfactorily designed, the stability of the magnetic field and its degree of compensation were insufficient.

Atomic torpedo and multipurpose submarines. 645 project


As the experience of operating the submarine of the 645 project showed, the same unfortunate decision was the refusal to use an additional diesel-power plant.

As it turned out, measures to reduce the acoustic field of a nuclear submarine of the 645 project were insufficient. The noise of the boat was not only higher than the noise of a nuclear submarine of the US Navy, but also many times exceeded the requirements established by the Navy of the USSR. Already during the operation of the boat, modifications were carried out, the main purpose of which was to increase the acoustic secrecy of the submarine.

However, the main difficulties during the operation of the submarine delivered power plant with reactors on the liquid metal coolant. During long-term parking and docking, boat operation became more complicated: it was necessary to maintain the temperature of the primary coolant above the melting point, which was 125 ° С. Repair work on the primary circuit was hampered by contamination of its equipment with highly active polonium-210, which was formed during neutron radiation of bismuth.

The equipment of the location of the nuclear submarine with the reactor on the liquid metal coolant became much more complicated (the system for preparing the alloy, the device and the vessel for receiving radioactive coolant from the submarine were needed).

Submarine K-27 after the entry into service made two fully autonomous campaign. During the campaigns, the nuclear submarine went at different speeds and depths (up to the workers). At the same time, the features of the main power plant did not impose any restrictions on the operation of the ship.

K-27 in May 1968 of the year went to sea. The main objectives of the campaign were to check the efficiency of the power plant, as well as testing the combat training tasks. May 24 while checking the parameters of the main power plant at full speed in the reactor happened a sharp drop in power. At the same time, there was a significant increase in pressure in the gas system of the primary circuit, an increase in the coolant level in the buffer tank and the appearance of water in the emergency condenser.

The most likely cause of the accident, as a result of which nine crew members of the submarine died, was a sharp deterioration in heat removal in the core due to the ingress of slag and oxides of lead-bismuth alloy.

In connection with the accident that took place, additional studies were needed on the effect on the state of the contour surfaces and on the circulation of the alloy coolant and oxides dissolved in it, the study of the conditions for the formation of powdered oxides and insoluble slags. The results were used in the development of the main power plant for boats project 705.

After the accident, the restoration of the nuclear submarine K-27 was considered inexpedient. For years 13 the boat was in reserve, after which it was flooded in the Kara Sea.
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    1. NickitaDembelnulsa
      +1
      23 July 2012 09: 28
      If I am not mistaken, one of these will soon become a Museum?
    2. Tirpitz
      +1
      23 July 2012 10: 45
      Cognitively +.
    3. borisst64
      +1
      23 July 2012 11: 03
      The number of grammatical errors is prohibitive !!
      1. Misantrop
        0
        24 December 2012 15: 38
        Quote: borisst64
        The number of grammatical errors is prohibitive !!

        Seriously? Grammar errors with professional terms are not confused? IMHO just quite competently (including professionally) stated that does not often happen
    4. 755962
      +1
      23 July 2012 16: 38
      Experience in construction and operation .... Perhaps the most important advantage of these boats.
    5. 0
      23 July 2012 20: 03
      To whom the premium, to whom radiation sickness ....
      http://avtonomka.org/vospominaniya/glavniy-starshina-mazurenko-vyacheslav-nikola
      evich / 496-prishla-beda-na-vsech-odna.html
    6. iegudeil
      0
      1 August 2012 20: 16
      All LMT boats were dangerous to operate.

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