Royal Armory in Madrid. Weapons and Armor Collection of the Spanish Kings

Just a gorgeous exposition of knights on horseback! No glass. From all sides you can take pictures And most importantly, these knights are many ...

Coins, key, malleable lock,
notes in the diary - at least the deadlines have passed,
so that you can read these lines again
cane, cards, chess, dry flower,
hidden in the pages of an old book
as a memory of some dear,
but a forgotten moment
and a mirror where with dead fire
dawn trembles in a sunset scarlet circle.
Nail, wineglass, door - the dictate of fate
you have been given obedient slaves
blind and meek servants.
If you leave, they will not save your mark.
They don’t care if you are alive or not.
Jorge Luis Borges. Translation by Vladimir Reznichenko

Military museums of Europe. Today our story about European military museums will be dedicated to the collection weapons and the armor of the Royal Armory in Madrid, which arose from the will of King Philip II. According to this document, the armor and weapons collected in it after his death were forbidden to be sold to pay for the deceased's earthly and spiritual debts, as was customary at that time. The chamber has become the legacy of the future Philip III and his successors and has become an integral part of the treasures of the Spanish crown, and today it is one of the pearls of the Spanish historical heritage.

In this photo on the right is a XNUMXth-century spearman, not a knight. He has a bourguignot helmet and there is no full plate leg cover

Philip II decided to keep it for two reasons. Firstly, he well understood that it best demonstrates the strength and power of the Austrian imperial house, and in addition perpetuates the memory of Emperor Charles V, whom he admired. Secondly, this luxurious weapon was of great material value, so it should be preserved at least as capital. Well, his successors only enriched her with their personal acquisitions and military trophies.

The main core of the current collection is the arsenal of Emperor Charles V, which contained the weapons of his father, King of Castile Philip I, and his ancestors: Ferdinand the Catholic and Emperor Maximilian I of Austria. To them, Philip II added his personal arsenal and collection of medieval weapons from the royal treasures of Trastamar del Alcázar de Segovia. The collection covers the entire XVI century, and is international in nature. This is due to the fact that orders for armor and weapons by the Spanish kings were placed mainly in the south of Germany and in the north of Italy - in areas that were controlled by the Spanish crown and where famous families of gunsmiths Helmschmids, Grosschedel and Negroly worked. Also in the royal arsenal fell and trophies. For example, those obtained at the battle of Pavia (1525), Mulberg (1547) or Lepanto (1571), embassy gifts from the Italian dukes of Mantua and Urbino, as well as gifts from Japan sent to Philip II as king of Portugal.

Although the arsenals of Charles V and Philip II brought glory to the collection, the reign of Philip III and Philip IV (1605-1621-1665) also enriched it with products of the 1604th century - diplomatic or family gifts. These include, for example, gifts that were sent in 1614 and 1603 by King Charles I of England from England and Duke Carl Emanuel I of Savoy in XNUMX.

During the reign of Philip IV, the armor had already lost all value, but they continued to be given as souvenirs, in particular, plate sets donated to him by his aunt, infante Isabella Clara Eugenia, the governor of the Netherlands, and his brother, cardinal infante don Fernando, governor Milan. The reign of Philip III and Philip IV increased the collection of firearms and knives, and among the latter there were many samples that were forged in the city of Toledo.

In 1884, a fire destroyed the arsenal building, built in 1560 by Philip II. Alfonso XII (1857-1874-1885) ordered the construction of his current building, the work on which was completed after his death at the behest of his wife, Queen Regent Maria Cristina de Habsburg.

So the collection of the Royal Armory in Madrid is a real treasury of weapons, which collected a lot of absolutely stunning examples of armor and weapons. Well, now let's get acquainted at least with some of them ...

The ceremonial sword of the Spanish monarchs. Around 1490. Length 134 cm. Crosshair width 27 cm. Weight 1835 g. Blade with almond-shaped section. The top is decorated with an image of a bunch of arrows (obverse) and emblems of Queen Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. respectively. On the obverse of the crosshair is the motto “TANTO MONTA” (“Double Support”), which belonged to Ferdinand, and on the reverse of the crosshairs there is an appeal: “MATER DEI ME MEMENTO MEI” (“Mother of God Remember Me”). In the inventory list of the Royal Armory of 1594, where he, respectively, is described as "An old sword in the arm is wide." Until the 1488th century, it was used in court ceremonies, such as knighting, oaths, or during the entry of monarchs into cities. In this case, the sword was carried in front of the royal motorcade with its tip pointed up. The privilege of wearing it belonged to Count Oropes since 1, when Ferdinand II granted it to Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, XNUMXst Earl of Oropesa

Bourguignot helmet of Emperor Charles V. Work of Filippo Negroli (1510-1579). Year of manufacture 1533. Weight: 3600 g. Helmet is one of the masterpieces of Renaissance art. The work of Milanese Filippo Negroli, considered the most outstanding figure of the XVII century for the high artistic and technical quality of his work and the rethinking of classical antiquity. Curly hair on the head masterfully connects with a beard on the chin of the helmet, shining with gold against the background of polished metal. These helmets have been known since the 1532th century BC, but they had a mask with eyes and a nose that completely hid their faces. The helmet of Charles V was also supposed to have a similar mask, as indicated by three holes and a small protrusion located above the lip. But for some reason it was not made. The helmet had a predecessor: a helmet forged by Filippo Negroli himself for Francesco Maria della Rover, Duke of Urbino, in XNUMX, which is currently kept in the Vienna Armory of the Castle of Hovburg

Armor and helmet of Maria della Rovere, Duke of Urbino (1490 - 1538), work by Filippo Negroli (Vienna Armory)

As a lover of exclusive weapons, the emperor also wanted to have a similar helmet. According to the agreement, Filippo Negroli was obliged to improve the helmet of the Duke of Urbinsky by adding a chin to the cheeks and gilding “hair on his head and beard”. In addition, the order of the Golden Fleece had to be depicted on the gorget of the helmet. On the helmet there is an inscription: • IAC • PHILIPPVS • NEGROLVS • MEDIOLAN • FACIEBAT • M • D • XXX • III (Milan Jacopo Filippo Negroli did this in 1533). As a result, Charles V appeared to his subjects as a classic antique hero, and we can conclude that the knightly armor of this time for noble people became something like very expensive and prestigious clothes, the fashion for which was constantly changing.

Negro helmet, rear view

Side view, clearly visible place for the facial mask

Helmet of the Duke of Urbino

Armor of King Charles V. Work of the master Coleman Helmschmid (1470-1532), Augsburg, circa 1525. This armor is one of the most famous in the Royal Armory of Madrid. This is part of the headset known as KD by the initials that are visible on its left shoulder, following an ancient tradition according to which the armor received its own names depending on their decoration. The use of initials was aimed not only at establishing the identity of its owner, but also associated with the traditions of antiquity. The most striking example is this armor, since the initials of KD mean Carolus Divus, that is, Charles the Divine - a title characteristic of Roman emperors. Coleman made it around 1525 when he defeated Francis I at the Battle of Pavia, and in 1526 he married Isabella of Portugal. When Charles V entered Seville on the occasion of his wedding, Divus Carolvs was inscribed on a triumphal arch, and then it was used many times throughout Europe. Since Karl, then certainly Divus!

The necklace also depicted a necklace of the Order of the Golden Fleece, founded in 1430 by Philip the Good (1419-1467), the Duke of Burgundy and the great-grandfather of the emperor, for the glory of God, and the defense of the Christian faith and the brotherhood of the knights, as it was the most honorable award of the era of chivalry

Charles V. Armor Front View

Armor, side view. The size of the shoulder pad and the letters KD shown on it are clearly visible.

Another fantastic bourguignot in the shape of the head of a dolphin emperor Charles V. Master Colman Helmschmid (c. 1470-1532), Augsburg, c. 1530. Weight 1705. At that time, the Dolphin was considered a good adviser, a symbol of Christ, the protector of people and the guarantor of immortality.

The famous Roman armor, Giobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino (1514-1574), transferred to Philip II in gratitude for the award of the Golden Fleece Order. Master Bartolomeo Campi (? -1573), Pesaro. C. 1546. According to Campi, work on this armor took two months. It has the following inscription: BARTOLOME • CAMPI • AVRIFEX • TOTIVS • OPERIS • ARTIFEX • QVOD • ANNO • INTEGRO • INDIGEBAT • PRINCIPIS • SVI • NVTVI • OBTEMPERANS • GEMINATO • MENSE / PERFEC / PIСАВRI ANNIOM • ANNeo • ANNО • ANNО • ANNО • , jeweler, author of the work, finished it two months later, obeying the wishes of his prince, even when he would have needed a whole year / Pesaro, 1546). On the back, he repeats his initials • B • C / • F • (Bartholomeus Campi Fecit), while on one of the pieces of the skirt, he inserts the Greek inscription IOΛBIOS MNǑSΛBIOS (“Happy and prosperous”)

Rear view

Shoulder pads

Elbow pad

Turkish helmet of Ali Bach, Turkish Admiral fleet at the battle of Lepanto. Height 30 cm. Width 22 cm. Weight 1570 g. Came to the Royal Armory in 1582 as a trophy. Currently, he has lost some of his former splendor, especially due to the lack of headphones decorated with rubies, turquoise and diamonds, which were absent at the end of the 1594th century. Meanwhile, it is known that it had thirty rubies, depicting flowers of five and six petals, which is currently visible in the places where they were. In addition, its original appearance was clearly documented in the inventory of the Royal Armory of 1603-XNUMX.

Helmet of Philip I the Fine. Master Filippo Negroly, c. 1495-1500. Height 24,5 cm. Width 21,5 cm. Weight: 3560 g

Horse armor by Cohlman Helmschmid (c. 1470-1532), Augsburg, circa 1517-1518. Probably belonged to Emperor Maximilian I of Austria. Biblical tradition and classical mythology intertwined in it. Engraved, chased, carved jewelry with rich gilding stood out effectively against the backdrop of raspberry fabric

Breastplate: The right half is dedicated to Hercules, starting with the scene in which the hero kills the snakes sent by the Hero or Juno when he was eight or ten months old. Then three of his twelve exploits are shown: the fight with Antei, with the Lernean hydra and the Cretan bull. On the left side is shown story biblical samson. On the front of the bib, Delilah cuts his hair, in which was his incredible strength. He then knocks down the columns of the temple to destroy the Philistines, carries the gates of the city of Gaza, and fights the lion. Kruper armor ends with the head of a dolphin, alluding to the power of long hair, in this case, ponytail

Left half armor

The armor of Philip II (1527, 1556-1598), the work of Wolfgang Grosschedel (1517-1562), Landshut, 1551. The gunsmith became his favorite instead of Desiderius Helmschmid, the family armor of the Spanish royal house on the paternal side, who made his first armor for Prince Philip. But then the master didn’t please Philip, and he began to order armor from Grosschedel. In this “armor”, Philip II six years later won his first military victory as king, winning the battle of San Quentin on August 10, 1557, on the day of San Lorenzo. From then on, this armor will always be associated with this victory, in honor of which he ordered the construction of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de Escorial

Author's note: photos from the Royal Armory website in Madrid are freely available.

To be continued ...

Comments

[1959ain]

After the reconquest, Spain was the world's smithy of arms, and then lost its advantage.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

You weren’t bothered by the lines where the mayor of Milan is mentioned among the three donors!
The era described in the article took place under the sun of the Milanese armored !!!
So if you describe Spain as a power of gunsmiths, you need to take the Hamburg Empire as a whole, and this is a third of Europe!

[fuxila]

Sealed up, thinking about their daily bread, the empire of the Habsburgs, not Hamburgs.

[3x3zsave]

But you can always determine from what Vlad is typing, in the Word the spelling is not as imbecile as T9 on the Android.
Although, maybe he meant McDonald's?

[DMB 75]

Thank you for the article, and special thanks for the photo! A big request to the author is also interesting to write with an abundance of photo material about Russian armor ...

[3x3zsave]

Alas, my friend, this is available only to the elite, and the author, alas, is not included in this cohort ...

[sivuch]

Actually, I wasn’t.
1st place - Northern Italy Milan, Venice, Brescia
2 place - the south of Germany Nuremberg, Augsburg, Passau, Solingen
3rd place - it’s even hard to say either Tyrol or really Spain with its Toledo
4th place - all other

[1959ain]

Quote: sivuch

Actually, I wasn’t

Spain was, its guns and infantry building, buried the chivalry of Europe, in the battle of Pavia.

[sivuch]

So it was about weapons, not tactics, and, moreover, in the context of the article, more about cold and armor. As for the production of firearms, here I know worse, but, in my opinion, Italy was in the forefront here too. Even in Liège (which also belonged to the Empire), a lot of firearms were riveted.
In general, von Winkler needs to be re-read

[1959ain]

So it was about weapons, not tactics, and, moreover, in the context of the article more about cold and armor

Spanish thirds, brought fashion and infantry weapons, cold steel weapons and armor.

[Catfish]

Friends, all good morning and good mood!
Vyacheslav, the helmet with the "beard" killed on the spot, but the armor of the master Kolman Helmschmid looks really luxurious.

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

Thank you Konstantin on good parting words, mutually!
Coleman's armor really struck with its elegance!
Just yesterday we discussed what a woman finds in the codpiece! But the most important thing is the golden beard and curly-haired hair !!! Eco before bootex and slickon boobs is another 5 centuries old, and men order bald hairs and beards made of iron, ampotents - sulfics hang pictures (yes, codpiece pops up just to get a bigger picture) !!!
Now seriously! Vyacheslav Olegovich, thanks for the selection of photos and the article, we look forward to continuing!
Good luck to everyone!

[Lexus]

Breathe deeply, brothers! Complete the article with your excellent comments. No one will disturb. Thank you very much Vyacheslav for the article. What a beauty!

[3x3zsave]

Will come from another account. The surest way is to ignore the subject

[Pane Kohanku]

Will come from another account. The surest way is to ignore the subject

it is unfortunate that this happened. It should not have come to this. Let's live in peace. Topics for conversation will always be common. for a normal discussion.

[Krasnoyarsk]

Quote: lexus

What a beauty!

No doubt, indescribable beauty. The skill of the blacksmiths is amazing! I can’t imagine how this can be done manually, without stamping, etc.
But what is his, armor, practical, combat, application? I believe - zero. Full armor on a knight, like a necklace, necklace, etc. jewelry on a lady, have no practical use. Only a decoration.

[Han Tengri]

Quote: Kote pane Kohanka

But the most important thing is the golden beard and curly-haired hair !!!

Greetings, Vladislav! The main thing is that the "golden beard and curly hairs", and the codpiece, too, should be covered with pure gold and that the layer thereof should be thicker.

[Free wind]

Hello dear ladies and gentlemen. If you look closely at the holes for face protection, on a mustachio-hairy helmet, the thickness of the metal is about 3-4 mm. At that time, protection was impenetrable. You can fight these gavrikas by nosing the horse for a start. Dear author, please answer the question what bracket is attached on the chest, on the right side of the armor. Thank you in advance for your attention.

[Talgarets]

This is a spear hook. As I understand it, served as the center of rotation for the "vertical aim" of this weapon.

[Free wind]

I assumed this, but a little high for a spear, the spear and armpit will not crawl, with this arrangement.

[Talgarets]

There still a metal blamba will interfere. Probably the spear was pressed to the hook from below. Although, on most of the armor that I saw, the spear is clearly on top of the hook and is clamped under the armpit.

[Free wind]

Suppose this device is for a spear. But with this arrangement, you can only attack an opponent who is on the left of the rider. You won’t wave your sword, this piece of iron will interfere. It turns out that this is tournament armor and only for a spear, even though the stand is removed. But then again, the piece of iron is too high.

[kalibr]

Quote: Free Wind

the piece of iron is too high.

A leather loop can be put on the shaft and hooked on this piece of iron? There were different "systems".

[Talgarets]

I didn’t think about that ...

[Trilobite Master]

Quote: kalibr

leather loop can be worn

The hook was, first of all, for a firm emphasis on the spear in order to transfer all the energy of the horse and rider to the target. The strap is not suitable for this. It does not seem to me that it is located too high. Normally located, just for these purposes. Simply, if you put a person in the armor, some of its details will slightly change the relative position and everything will be fine.

[Engineer]

The piece of iron is a fokr, a basic hook.
For a spear battle, the focra swiveled to the right. The spear really leaned only from above, the arm provided lateral support. For sword fighting, the focre was thrown forward and left (see Charles 5 armor). So he did not interfere or interfere significantly less.
In height, I, like you, cannot explain why the hook is so high. But you can see the grooves on the hinge along which the focre can be lowered a notch.
On Philippe’s armor, 2 height adjustments are not visible for the fokra, but there is also enough space under the arm for enough spear

[Undecim]

Why did everyone decide that lance rest is too high?

This is the three-quarter armor of the same Coleman Helmschmid. Lance rest at the same height.

[Undecim]

Milanese armor by Matthew Bisanz. The height is the same.

[Pane Kohanku]

Milanese armor by Matthew Bisanz. The height is the same.

I can’t deny myself the pleasure of uploading a photo of Milanese armor from the Museum of Knighthood in Polotsk.
The remake, but executed, as they say, in individual conditions, looks good.

[Undecim]

Somehow he looks artisanal, as if his village blacksmith sculpted.

This one looks quite good for its 5000 euros.

[Pane Kohanku]

This one looks quite good for its 5000 euros.

Is this a sculpted blacksmith of an urban-type settlement, in which there is even a church, a post office and "Magnet"? yes, they obviously smack, as you said, with such a feeling. On the other hand, everything was done by enthusiasts and for enthusiasts. Therefore, one should only wish them good luck in their future deeds!

[Undecim]

On the other hand, everything was done by enthusiasts and for enthusiasts.
Apparently - the budget of enthusiasts is limited, so they saved on polishing.
Carbon steel polishing is a time consuming and financially expensive process.

[Pane Kohanku]

Carbon steel polishing is a time consuming and financially expensive process.

Well, who of us, if not you, should know about this best of all, Viktor Nikolaevich!

enthusiast budget is limited

I think not too strong. No, if you dump a bunch of dough, you can stir up anything, with blackjack and more. But how much do the budgets of the reenactors generally allow?

[Undecim]

There are different people among the reenactors. Accordingly, budgets are also different.

[Pane Kohanku]

There are different people among the reenactors. Accordingly, budgets are also different.

At one time, my friend was fond of online MMO-RPG, I won’t call the game. Among the players there were rumors that one of the players donated some astronomical amounts weekly .... in my head does not fit, to be honest .. there the amounts were comparable with the annual income of poor families .....
Therefore, it is better to donate to "live" armor, and not to virtual!

[kalibr]

Just at the level of our people, who believe that the knights were clumsy and emptied themselves.

[Engineer]

Why did everyone decide that lance rest is too high?

The axillary neckline on Karl’s cuirass is closed. Therefore, visually looks a bit high. It seems to me like that, and that's it)

[Engineer]

But with this arrangement, you can only attack an opponent who is on the left of the rider.

In a spear battle, tournament or real, you ALWAYS need to attack the enemy with your left hand (to your left). This is a fundamental technique. In such a strike, the spear goes to a bend-kink, since it deviates strongly from the longitudinal axis. If you imagine that the enemy is on the right, then you need to hold the spear almost straight. In this case, not a single force will keep you in the saddle if the spear does not break.
The skill of equestrian spear strike involves breaking the spear for the safety of the owner. Therefore, for scrapping in the tournament, additional points were awarded.

[Liam]

Quote: Engineer

In a spear battle, tournament or real, you ALWAYS need to attack the enemy with your left hand (to your left).

What about left-handed people?

[Engineer]

By memory.
The congress on the left (spear on the right) was prescribed in the tournament regulations. So the southpaw had to act like an orthodox. In battle, the same left-hander most likely did not change his hand since training in both styles (separately for the tournament separately for the war) is ineffective.
In the earlier era, there were no barriers and the knights could come together on the dangerous side - right to right.

But due to the scarcity of sources, the case in the picture is considered an exception.

[3x3zsave]

This "plaque" covers the area of ​​the axillary artery. The damage to this vessel by means of the then medicine was not stopped. Lethal outcome within 15 minutes.

[Pane Kohanku]

Fatal outcome within 15 minutes.

You must have read - I remember Alexander Tyurin, "Final stop: Mercury". There, in the near future, the dying were put on a drug cartoon with intricate plots ... somehow inspired, you know .. introduced a dying man from a ruptured artery .... dictating a will ...

[3x3zsave]

No, I haven't. My relationship with Tyurin's work ended with "Fuehrer of the Lower World"

[Pane Kohanku]

My relationship with Tyurin's work ended with "Fuehrer of the Lower World"

I read three works from him. "Super-subhuman" very much even "went", as they say.

[Han Tengri]

Quote: Talgarets

Probably the spear was pressed to the hook from below.

The meaning of the hook is to remove the load from the hand holding the spear. And to press the spear to the hook from below, during a collision, is some kind of refined masochism, it is already so heavy.

[kalibr]

Quote: Free Wind

Dear author, please answer the question what bracket is attached on the chest, on the right side of the armor.

Good morning, dear Alexander! This bracket is an emphasis for a spear. It was heavy and it was very difficult to gallop with it, holding it under the arm (cushioning spears). Therefore, they came up with a spear hook on which the spear rested. There is he - spear armor. No - pistol armor or infantry, or for a foot tournament match. Everything is simple!

[Han Tengri]

Quote: Free Wind

You can fight these gavrikas by nosing the horse for a start.

"Gavriki", in these helmets, did not go to war. This is a tournament option, or, simply, "for beauty". Ponty, in general.

[Lamata]

Just awesome !!! Rahmet.

[Korsar4]

The figure on the bib is interesting. Hercules and Samson line up the big picture.

[bubalik]

Shoulder pads

,,, something like that.

[Lamata]

and at first I took the shoulder pad for the helmet.

[Trilobite Master]

Sergey, what the hell is so many-sided? Where did it come from? As I understand it, from some movie?

[Free wind]

A series of films about Ridik, science fiction.

[Trilobite Master]

Oh, thanks. Thought some kind of fantasy with swords and dragons. I wanted to see some light nonsense today, so I asked.

[3x3zsave]

Quote: Trilobite Master

light nonsense

H \ f "Viking"?

[Trilobite Master]

Looked...
This is not light nonsense, but heavy, one might say, the hardest.
This little Eragon is some kind of Narnia ...

[3x3zsave]

Maybe Warcraft?

[Trilobite Master]

Also looked like it
Now my wife has turned on the "Omega Option". I sit, got involved.

[Phil77]

At your service! STS.18.20- * Pacific Frontier *, 21.00- * Pacific Frontier-2 *. By the way, there are armor in the films! True on controlled machines.

[3x3zsave]

That's what I look familiar mug! Bravo, Alexander!

[bubalik]

Trilobite Master
Today, 14: 14

Michael ! As you already answered, the series of films about Ridik.
I could not write right away, because under the leadership of my beloved second half, I had to make an excursion into a piece of France, which in Russia is a large, red store on "A"

[seti]

Thank. Very interesting.

[Olgovich]

According to this document, the armor and weapons collected in it were forbidden after his death sell to pay for the earthly and spiritual debts of the deceased, toak it was taken at that time.

If they were selling, then how did the armor of the father, grandfather, etc.

The main core of the current collection is the arsenal of Emperor Charles V, in which were weapons his father, King of Castile Philip I, and his ancestors: Ferdinand Catholic and Emperor Maximilian I of Austria. To them, Philip II added his personal arsenal.

However, for the same reasons and at about the same time, the Moscow Armory was organized as a treasury of the great Moscow princes and tsars.

Armor, side view. Shoulder size and letters on it are clearly visible.

Letters okay, but there are real ones epaulettes in metal on shoulders!

The famous Roman armor Giobaldo II della Rovere

Magnificent muscles abdominal pres в metal caused, apparently, the enthusiasm of the ladies and the envy of the competitors!

True, frivolous short shorts somewhat blur the impression ...

Interesting!

[Kote Pan Kokhanka]

According to the fashion of those years, pantyhose with bows and ruffles poured there !!!

[Olgovich]

Quote: Kote pane Kohanka

According to the fashion of those years, pantyhose with bows and ruffles poured there !!!

Well, and where are they without?

but I won’t calm down about the embossed METAL abdominal press: people are tormented, swaying, and here it’s for you: I hid my beer belly for my reservation and force!

[Trilobite Master]

I look at all this splendor and understand why I do not like the Renaissance, or rather, why I am not interested in it. Somehow it lacks the harsh brutal laconicism inherent in the Middle Ages, there is no such dominant goal - to survive and win at any cost. Some "bad excesses" appear, absurd arguments about the value of human life, healthy men, instead of breaking each other's heads, as expected, engage in humanism.
The last real king, the knight king, was Richard III of England, who honestly received an ax with his steel helmet, so that the battle crown - his only decoration - flew off and died like a warrior, in battle and not in bed with bugs and a kilogram arsenic in the stomach or from some shameful disease that Columbus awarded Europe.
But thanks to the author anyway. It is unlikely that I would get to these photos on my own, and here also with explanations.

[Korsar4]

Here is the question, why is the Renaissance legendary?

And what time is closer to us?

[Trilobite Master]

Quote from Korsar4

Why is the Renaissance legendary?

For the same reason, why all the other past tenses. That's more interesting.
Or do you mean some special legends?

Quote from Korsar4

And what time is closer to us?

Of course, the Renaissance. Enlightenment is even closer. And in general, the less time is removed from us, the closer it is to us, the more people who live in it are like us. Accordingly, and vice versa.
My craving for the Middle Ages is a matter of personal taste, nothing more. At the same time, I do not like the Early and Late Middle Ages so much, I like the High most.

[Korsar4]

Ilyin also thought about this.

About legends - I meant the colorfulness of the Renaissance compared with the gloomy Middle Ages, approaching the Dark Period, in the interpretation of the standard short course of history.

[3x3zsave]

That's it, that the colorfulness of the Renaissance is nothing more than a legend. Perhaps. there was no more severe era in European history.

[Liam]

Renaissance is about culture and science. Not at all about politics, mores and morality.

[3x3zsave]

You are partly right if you mean art by the term "culture".

[Liam]

This is precisely what he had in mind. It cannot be denied that a giant leap occurred in these areas then.
And the rest. The horrors of the 30 year war in relation to the civilian population could be surpassed only after 300 years. And Hitler was needed for this

[Trilobite Master]

Quote: 3x3zsave

the colorfulness of the Renaissance

Not a legend at all. It was a very colorful time. And the fact that despite humanism continued to kill with even greater willingness and effectiveness, so one does not interfere with the other. So, with jokes and jokes with thoughts of humanism and equality, having read Boccaccio and Machiavelli ... Fine.

[3x3zsave]

In general, I'm not about the destruction of their own kind, but about the standard of living, the system of values ​​and relations in the system "individual - society - state"

[Liam]

Well, such crisis phenomena as war reflect quite well system of values ​​and relationships in the "individual - society - state" system
The fruits of the Renaissance in this system could not appear immediately. Those times and that society was much more "inert" in the sense of change. But the technological breakthrough and the industrial revolution, as well as social changes, the ideas of humanism, equality before God and law, Illuminism, which gained turnover in the 18th century was all based on the foundation of the Renaissance

[3x3zsave]

What do you think, where does the border between the epochs under discussion go?

[Liam]

If you are talking about the Renaissance, then it began and ended in Italy. If to simplify everything, then in Italy this era lasted from the end of the 14th century and ended by the middle / end of the 16th century. In Europe - with a lag of +50 years. Mid 15-mid 17 centuries

[3x3zsave]

Thank you, why exactly?

[Liam]

If schematically and simplified, there are several moments that contributed to the beginning, strengthening, spread and end of the era. Chronologically, this is a crisis of the 14th century (100 years of war, plague and mass extinction, which led to the decline of medieval relations) - great geographical discoveries - the fall of Byzantium and the massive emigration of the learned elite from there to Europe, which brought with it the forgotten works of ancient Greek and Roman artists and thinkers - globalization of the world and the shift of the "center of gravity" of the world from the Mediterranean to the west and north of Europe - the emergence of Lutheranism - the loss of the influence of the popes and the role of Italy in general - the creation of strong centralized states (France, England, Spain)

[3x3zsave]

Hmm ... Interesting, in principle, in chronology and factology - I agree. However, it seemed to me that the papacy began to lose the influence of a century and a half earlier.

[Liam]

Well, I said that everything is simplified. The main blow to the role of the Pope is the reformation. 95 theses of Luther-1517. The separation of the English Church-1534. After the Westphalian world in 1648, religion ceased to play a serious role in the political affairs of Europe.
The role of Italy as a generator of the Renaissance faded away along with the crisis of Italy itself, 16/17 centuries - the loss of a central role in trade with China and the East due to the Ottoman Empire and new trade routes.
We can say that the Renaissance was born in the crisis of the 14th century and died in the crisis of the 17th century, the Thirty Years War.

[3x3zsave]

My respect, dear! It seems that I finally found an interlocutor who is interested in macrohistorical processes.

Quote: Liam

The main blow to the role of the Pope

Here, let me disagree. The reformation is the result of the global dissatisfaction of society with spiritual power. The institution of the papacy, however, lost trust and respect much earlier, recall the "Avignon captivity"

[Liam]

Middle Ages - Great Oblanyan Era)
By the way. Many "black" myths about the Middle Ages from the series of the rights of the first night, chastity belts, etc. are a product of the Renaissance. The colors were thickened to emphasize the superiority and advancement of their era.
The papacy had "moral" problems, and before that it was natural. But politically, the most tangible blows were all the same

[3x3zsave]

Middle Ages - Great Oblanyan Era)
By the way. Many "black" myths about the Middle Ages from the series of the rights of the first night, chastity belts, etc. are a product of the Renaissance. The colors were thickened to emphasize the superiority and advancement of their era.
I categorically agree! I will subscribe to each letter !!!

[Liam]

One of the most enduring myths about that era is that medieval people thought the earth was flat)

[Engineer]

You touched on an interesting topic.

there is no such dominant goal - to survive and win at all costs.

The 15-16 centuries were a period of relative warming. This fact, along with the introduction of progressive farming methods, caused a 2-3-fold increase in productivity. Now one could think about the soul and humanism. Under beer and wine, the production of which has also increased.

The last true king, the knight king, was Richard III of England,

Maximilian Habsburg? Karl the Bold? Basil the Dark? Sebastian I Deseyado - generally the clearest example
And Carl XII at an even later time
And here I am most interested in the Dark Ages

[Trilobite Master]

Quote: Engineer

Maximilian Habsburg? Karl the Bold? Basil the Dark? Sebastian I Deseyado - generally the clearest example
And Carl XII at an even later time

It's not that.
Maximilian had more fun than worked, Karl the Brave was also some kind of clown, and did not survive Richard. Basil, before his blinding, still somehow pulled on a knight, but not after, and Sebastian was just a kid with pants on the straps, and he even disappeared into the middle of nowhere, and during a general chorus.
Only if Karl XII ... But also - there is no sort of medieval brutality in him.
So Richard is only Richard!

[Engineer]

Yes, you are harsher than the most medieval standards)

[3x3zsave]

Yes, Michael, he is!

[Pane Kohanku]

Yes, you are harsher than the most medieval standards)

Denis, it’s still his mandarins over! Under tangerines, Michael’s brutality grows by 80 percent, and intelligence - by 95!

[kalibr]

Quote: Trilobite Master

So Richard is only Richard!

I probably agree. But I also really like Maximilian the First.

[Trilobite Master]

Quote: kalibr

Maximilian I also really like.

Of course, an interesting and significant character in the history of Europe. But I somehow relate it, rather, to the New Age. Although they were almost the same age with Richard - Maximilian was five years younger, but I had a strong impression that these were children of different eras.

[kalibr]

Quote: Trilobite Master

but I have a strong impression that these are children of different eras.

Of course!

[Liam]

Quote: Engineer

15-16 centuries were a period of relative warming

They say it was the beginning of MLP. The warming period is the previous 3-4 centuries

Quote: Engineer

This fact, along with the introduction of progressive farming methods, caused a 2-3-fold increase in productivity. Now one could think about the soul and humanism.

What are these methods? They really thought about soul and humanism because they got rich. But this happened for other reasons. They got rich because of the tragedy-plague. Survivors turned out to be heirs of wealth which before that had to be divided into 5/6/7 family members who died. And now everything belonged one to two survivors. So they no longer thought only about their daily bread, but also about their soul and body. Also, the role of women changed because of this. The percentage of surviving women was more than men. And there were a lot of rich and relatively independent women.
Ordinary people also began to live in relative prosperity. After the epidemic, there was simultaneously a lot of wealth and a shortage of workers. The salaries of workers soared and they also began to add butter to bread and "dress better."
And then, after the winding up. At the end of the 16th century, the salary was the same as at the beginning of it, the land was the same, the harvests too. And the population returned to the early days. And the output is again universal impoverishment, uprisings, crises and a 30 year war like the crown of the process

[3x3zsave]

The beginning of the MLP - 1312. I'm afraid you will not find mutual understanding with Denis, due to the fact that he is an admirer (excuse me, Denis, I do not know to what extent) of the works of Jared Diamond, who, as I recently learned, generally denies MLP fundamentally.

[Liam]

MLP is a rather controversial argument really. The prevailing scientific opinion is that it was a nonlinear phenomenon and mainly concerned only Europe. Its northern part to be more precise. Interruptions in the "work" of the Gulf Stream.
But the fact that the 15/16 centuries were not warm is for sure

[3x3zsave]

Come on, come on! But the rise of the Great Prairies on the North American continent, by the way, does not belong to this time?

[3x3zsave]

Good. Then why did the crops disappear in the Mississippi floodplain? Around the same time.

[Liam]

The American prairies were born for the same reasons as, for example, the Mongolian, Kazakh or Siberian steppes, the remoteness of the oceans, the presence of barriers to moisture (mountain ranges) and altitude. Glaciers are unacceptable.

[Engineer]

admirer (sorry, Denis, I don’t know to what extent) the works of Jared Diamond

Neophyte, but not militant)

[3x3zsave]

Well, good! Public recognition of "neophyte" is a good sign in itself. The symbol of unburned consciousness

[Engineer]

They say it was the beginning of MLP. The warming period is the previous 3-4 centuries

Wikipedia indicates that MLP began in the early 14th century.

Relative warming began only in the 1440s

From there.

What are these methods?

For example, regular application of manure to arable lands

The yield ratio in medieval Europe was usually 1: 3 ("self-third"), or, at best, 1: 4 ("self-quarter"); this is the minimum yield at which it makes some sense to engage in arable farming, because it is enough to feed the population. It should be noted that with a harvest in "one-third" the amount of sown grain does not triple annually, but doubles, because every year one of every three harvested grains must be set aside for a new sowing. This also means that out of three acres of arable land, one must be used for seed production. In the second half of the XIII century. Western European yields began to increase significantly. The main reason for this was the growth of cities, whose trade and craft population stopped growing grain and instead bought it from peasants. The emergence of a rich urban market for grain and other agricultural products prompted Western European landowners and peasants to produce a surplus of commodities through more intensive use of labor and abundant manure. At the end of the Middle Ages, Western European yields rose to self-to-toe

This is what is sought immediately. I hope you will not demand references to the monograph on Sunday?)

.Ricent because of the tragedy of the plague.

Here, in principle, I disagree; this is the collapse of the economy. First of all, the city-trade and craft centers are dying. Vicious circle-- Active population is decreasing (first of all), the economy is falling, the population is getting poorer, the economy is falling, the population is getting poorer. Any economic downturn has a cumulative effect.

The woman’s role also changed because of this. The percentage of surviving women was greater than men. And there were a lot of rich and relatively independent women.

I did not notice any rudiments of emancipation from the word at all. Of course, I could be wrong but I would be grateful for any sources

[3x3zsave]

On the last point, Denis: what is emancipation?

[Engineer]

Any signs that a woman may play an independent role independent of the man
First of all, public (participation in the self-government of urban communities, etc.) of a character.

In the German city of Cologne, there were four exclusively female workshops. In addition, women could work along with men in most other workshops. Here is an excerpt from the charter of the workshop of silkwomen, adopted in 1469.
“Our ancestors - the burgomaster and the council of the city of Cologne ... established a women's silk-weaving workshop, approved it on other laws and regulations, and gave the statutes to the weavers indicated, attaching a city seal to it; this charter contained a clause that if the burgomaster and council find it in something that does not correspond to the common good, then they have the right at any time to expand or reduce it as necessary. The charter was given at the suggestion and the lowest request of our dear and faithful burghers and residents from among the weaving silk products, instituted by them due to the fact that the craft that they had been doing for a number of years in an honorable and laudable manner began to fall into marked decline, with on the one hand, due to some innovations, on the other hand, due to the fact that they still have no written laws similar to those possessed by other crafts; in addition, the charter was given to the glory of the almighty God and our city, in the name of the common good, and, finally, so that the merchant, both his own and the newcomer, would not risk being deceived ... ” [7, C. 113-114]

http://xn--d1aigtgr.xn--p1ai/?p=5908

The increasing economic role of women is evident, I do not argue.
But was this process initiated by the plague? Doubtful

[3x3zsave]

Stop! Denis, I asked about the emancipation in your understanding, and not about the gender superiority of the leadership of a single guild of the second half of the 16th century of the city of Cologne.

[Engineer]

So here

Any signs that a woman may act in an independent role independent of the man, especially of the public (participation in the self-government of urban communities, etc.) character.

[3x3zsave]

But what about the fact that women in the middle of the 13th century had a significant role in the business life of France? Or on the subject that Parisians were more free to pull out than their husbands at the beginning of the 15th?

[Engineer]

The problem is the changes that happened to the Renaissance. LIam says the role of women has increased in the 14th century because of the plague. I doubt.
Questions
increased role or not? if increased then which? If so, when and why?

[3x3zsave]

Here, I also laugh very much. Somehow the plague bacterium was not noticed in gender addictions.

[Liam]

Firstly, if strictly scientific, the plague saga of the 14/15 centuries is not one epidemic. It repeats itself every 10/15 years for about a century. Almost every generation had its own epidemic. But the fact is that every time there was a plague by the way )
As for women. You probably know, like me, that the life expectancy of women is higher now than that of men. Moreover, all over the world and all peoples. And there are completely biological reasons for this. The body of women is more adapted to different diseases than men, the immune system etc. Nature has endowed them with this quality because the main burden of procreation is on them.
Therefore, their immunity, including to the plague, developed faster and survival was higher. Moreover, their lifestyle was more settled than that of men and they had much less contact with carriers of infection

[kalibr]

Quote: Engineer

Questions
increased role or not? if increased then which? If so, when and why?

Has grown. But on Sunday it’s a long time to look for links and it’s hard to write a lot. The main thing - has increased!

[Engineer]

This I can write. The economic role has grown, yes. As can be seen from my example, the importance of artisans and workshops is growing. There are traditionally female crafts- the role of specifically these women is growing. But again, this increased role is associated with the general development of productive forces in my opinion, and not with the plague
Anyway, we were fixated on women. Rewind one step back.
I formulated the idea that by the Renaissance agricultural productivity increased Yes or no?
I kind of just quoted the common place of a lot of work.

[kalibr]

Quote: Engineer

formulated the idea that by the Renaissance the productivity of agricultural Yes or no?

Of course yes!

[Liam]

It is enough to look at the most "visual" moments. For example, the appearance of faces (and bodies) of women in the works of artists, engravers, sculptors, etc. And compare with those in the works of ancient or medieval times. Women become heroines of literary texts, the same Boccaccio. In social, political life. Jeanne d'Arc, etc., etc.

[Liam]

Yes, any works of European historians specializing in the Middle Ages. You will find extensive data and facts. Both in terms of population, and about productivity, and about the number of taxes and how many shops and workshops and what were in any city in Europe, how many taxes they paid, notarial deeds of inheritance , to whom what and how much and so on and so on. The urban archives of cities are crammed with cubic meters of these medieval folios.

[3x3zsave]

Stop-stop-stop, comrades! I beg you very much! Although today is a day off, let's be reasoned? Links please in both cases. Desirable in Russian, but English and Spanish will do.
Guys, I’m not encouraging a conflict, I’m just curious!

[Liam]

Please. I hope that they just will not be deleted again because of the link.
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6157/427.summary

[3x3zsave]

Thank! I will definitely get acquainted!

[Liam]

The plague and its consequences served as the first impetus for the emancipation of women. And more affected women from wealthy families. Which had something to inherit and how to ensure their independence. For the poor, the first step to emancipation was the emergence of Protestants and their spread of literacy in the poor. began to teach girls, which was not before

[3x3zsave]

Sorry, you are wrong. In the Middle Ages, "literacy" among the urban population of the third estate was distributed "fifty-fifty", in terms of gender. In the second estate, in general, the female component prevailed.

[Liam]

It will not be difficult to say which schools (universities) for peasant girls existed in the Middle Ages and in which countries? Some examples if possible

[3x3zsave]

It will be difficult. And you know why? Because, in principle, I am against a similar tonality of dialogue.

[Liam]

De gustibus non est disputandum.
Good evening!

[3x3zsave]

I agree with this, markers are different.
And all the best to you!

[Undecim]

16:48. My respect, dear! It seems that I finally found an interlocutor who is interested in macrohistorical processes
22:30 p.m. I agree with this, markers are different.
And all the best to you!
It took five hours, forty-eight minutes for the interlocutors to find out that their views on macrohistorical processes vary greatly.

[Korsar4]

Views to infinity can be clarified even when communicating with a well-known person.

And on the net everything can be much faster.

And you won’t add up to all the ideas about history and geography.

[3x3zsave]

"There was love without joy,
Parting will be without sorrow. "

[kalibr]

Quote: Liam

Which was something to inherit and how to ensure their independence. For the poor, the first step to emancipation was the emergence of Protestants and their dissemination of literacy in the poor too. Girls began to educate the literacy, which had not happened before

That's right!

[Engineer]

Because of the plague?
And welfare increased due to the plague? THAT is from the 14th century? For me, this is the main paradox. Well, it just contradicts my ideas completely. And time and reason cause me complete bewilderment, I wrote why.

[Liam]

Such complex processes can never be explained by just one reason. This is not serious. But that the plague and radical population reduction in a very short period of 2 times made huge economic and social changes is an undeniable fact.
Paradoxically, the quality of food and clothing of the "commoners" after the plague in the 14/15 centuries was incomparably higher than in the 16/17/18 centuries Livestock breeding was booming, even ordinary people began to eat a lot of meat, the textile industry began to develop at an unseen rate until then ...

[Engineer]

I dug in the direction indicated by you. Here is a very good article
https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/sbroadberry/wp/britishgdplongrun8a.pdf
A quick review shows that you were right about a high standard of living in the 14-15th centuries (the afterlife) and its further decline in the 16th century. But here is information for several evenings of thoughtful reading.
Thank you for the discass. I knew that I was poorly versed in the economy of the Middle Ages, but I did not think that my understanding was fundamentally wrong.

[Pane Kohanku]

Some "bad excesses" appear, absurd arguments about the value of human life, healthy men, instead of breaking each other's heads, as it should be, engage in humanism.

I have long wanted to say this, but there was no reason. And here I will support, Michael! unfortunately, colleagues (and the esteemed Author!), this is precisely what is more a work of art, and not the reservation whose owner made history on the battlefields with a sword in his hands. Therefore, the remnants of rusty chain mail from the museum of local lore will be dearer to me than such armor from the main halls. Unfortunately, I still have my own utilitarian hatred for such armor - it is impossible to photograph in the Hermitage ... In the Artillery a little easier, but also not a fountain.

Richard III of England, who, in the most honest way, received an ax with his steel helmet, so that the battle crown - his only decoration - flew away and died like a warrior, in battle and not in a bed with bedbugs and a kilogram of arsenic in his stomach or from some shame the disease that Columbus awarded Europe.

A study of the remains of a cocky hunchback discovered not so long ago showed that the king really had severe scoliosis ... and he suffered from worms!

[NF68]

Chic products.

[Looking for]

"Philip II, six years later, won his first military victory as king, winning the Battle of San Quentin on August 10, 1557" History knows no such battle. There is the Battle of Saint-Quentin on August 10, 1557 - a battle between Spanish and French troops during the Eighth Italian War (1551-1559). By the way, the winner was not Philip !!. But the Duke Emmanuel of Savoy.

[kalibr]

History knows the battle of San Quentin - Battle of St. Quentin (1557) - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org ›Battle of St. Quentin (1557)
The Battle of Saint-Quentin of 1557, was a decisive engagement, during the Italian War of 1551-1559, between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg empire at Saint-Quentin in Picardy.
Here is "Sant" - really should have been written. It's just that you and I read differently ... So "look better".

[3x3zsave]

Gracefully "sent", Vyacheslav Olegovich! I don't know how to do that yet, the difference in experience affects!

[kalibr]

Quote: 3x3zsave

Gracefully "sent", Vyacheslav Olegovich! I don't know how to do that yet, the difference in experience affects!

Dear Anton! Well, from 95 to 18 years old I taught PR and studied it myself. I shoveled books, wrote 6 books myself. When you are 65 years old, you will remember your present years with a laugh. I remember - oh, I was stupid ... Ignorant. It's hard to remember those missed opportunities. But it was.

[3x3zsave]

When you are 65 years old
With my lifestyle, I won’t live.
I remember - oh, stupid, I was ... Ignorant. It’s hard to remember those missed opportunities. But it was.
Vyacheslav Olegovich, you can’t regret the past! Not at all !!! This is a defeatist psychology.

[Korsar4]

And "will not live" - ​​a positive psychology? In one message - a contradiction. I don't approve.

[3x3zsave]

Of course, positive! I, with an accuracy of 90%, know what I'm going to die from and with about the same accuracy I know how to bury me. Is this not a reason for a confident step into the future?

[Korsar4]

Confident step is good. Hamlet, wounded by a poisoned sword, could be himself. But this is a short time span.

And so - "Memento Mori" - a good phrase. Especially when combined with triumph.

[3x3zsave]

You're offended, Sergei! In my understanding: Hamlet is the only negative character in this play. Well, maybe Horatio on backing vocals, but his "nasty" lies in the "area of ​​assumptions."

[Korsar4]

Just reached some, not yet deep, but not superficial layers.

Are the killer king and queen positive?

I probably like a language full of aphorism more like it. One instruction from Polonius Laertes is worth it.

And the assessment of the characters, probably, would not give.

[3x3zsave]

You see, even in the presentation of Saxon Grammar, Amelet does not cause positive emotions. I am afraid that initially the narrative was generally a nid.

[Korsar4]

What is a nid, sorry?

[Undecim]

What is a nid, sorry?
This is the genre of Skaldekvad - Skald poetry. A blasphemous verse to which sometimes even magical power was attributed.

[Pane Kohanku]

A blasphemous verse to which sometimes even magical power was attributed.

can I link, Viktor Nikolaevich? I want to develop communication skills. at the same time and pump magic.

[Undecim]

You can search, although it will be difficult to find a nid.
Question - how will you read? For example.
Hramtangar lætr hanga
hrynvirgil mer brynju
Höðr á hauki troðum
heiðis vingameiði;

ritmœdis knák reiða
ræðr gunnvala bræðir
gelgju seil a galga
Geirveiðrs, lofi at meira.

[kalibr]

And it’s possible easier. From the book of Kondratiev ... Hula to the crow, see Network.

[Undecim]

I, with an accuracy of 90%, know what I'm going to die from and with about the same accuracy I know how to bury me.
Pride takes away from a person a lot of vital energy and strength, is a source of many destructive emotions and thoughts, refers to one of the deadly sins.

[Korsar4]

Anton sounded something of Lermontov’s. But maybe these are personal moments that for some reason burst to the surface.

[Undecim]

Anton sounded something of Lermontov’s.
Though the sounds of fun run along my strings
They do not run from the heart;
But there's a secret cell in a broken heart
Where black thoughts live.

[3x3zsave]

Hmm ... More likely cicatricial.

[Korsar4]

This year they managed without baptismal frosts.

[3x3zsave]

In this case, if we follow the channel of the dialogue, Shpakovsky and I can declare a set of "sinners" in the company (he has despondency, I have pride)

[Korsar4]

This is already coming out of the penitential procession of Henry of the Third Valois. You have to choose the role of Shiko, and find a suitable zucchini.

True, Monday morning is hardly suitable for this.

[Undecim]

Shpakovsky and I can announce a recruitment to the company of "sinners"
Do not be.
Confess your sins to God - and you will be forgiven; confess to them people - and you will be ridiculed.

[kalibr]

Quote: Undecim

Confess your sins to God - and you will be forgiven; confess to them people - and you will be ridiculed.

A good phrase will have to be remembered!

[Pane Kohanku]

Do not be.

I'm the first, take the rest after me! I borrowed from the day before yesterday, I do not know anything!

Confess your sins to God - and you will be forgiven; confess to them people - and you will be ridiculed.

and if in the Middle Ages you confess them to the "man of God" - will you go to the stake?

[Pane Kohanku]

I, with an accuracy of 90%, know what I'm going to die from and with about the same accuracy I know how to bury me.

Man, you think wrong. You know, when the young entertainer and heirloom Woody Allen was asked in an interview with Playboy magazine how he wants to die, he replied: “I would like to be buried under the bodies of Italian actresses”. Better to visualize your own desires!

[3x3zsave]

"They lived happily ever after and died in one day and one hour. From orgasm."

[Pane Kohanku]

"They lived happily ever after and died in one day and one hour. From orgasm."

Voooot! I will subscribe to every word!

[kalibr]

Quote: 3x3zsave

You can not regret the past! Not at all !!! This is a defeatist psychology.

You said it well. But it happens ...

[3x3zsave]

It happens, Vyacheslav Olegovich, it happens to everyone! But for an individual weighed down with a brain, in this situation there are three options: 1. Accept the imperfection of the Universe, smile and live on, 2. Shoot himself, grieving over the imperfection of the Universe. 3. Get angry with the Universe and become a "bighead"

[Pane Kohanku]

And the fourth option - to remake part of the universe for yourself in your own cozy corner? Although this will undoubtedly have to accept the provisions of paragraph 1.

[3x3zsave]

And the fourth option is to remake part of the universe for yourself in your own cozy corner
At the Skvoreshnik?

[Pane Kohanku]

At the Skvoreshnik?

no, it’s probably not worth it to leave your dreams so radically into the world ... Although .. but you get three meals a day and a fashionable outfit!

[kalibr]

Quote: Pane Kohanku

in your own cozy corner

Ivory tower!