Scout party and more

38

All species and genera


On November 5, employees of the Main Intelligence Directorate of Russia (GRU General Staff of the RF Armed Forces) and soldiers and officers of all military intelligence units of all types and branches of all military structures of the Russian Federation celebrate their professional holiday. Naturally, on the eve of the holiday, a lot of materials appear relating to this sphere of activity of the RF Armed Forces.

Scout party and more




Many times in conversations with officers and simply with people who are interested in the problems of the army and fleet, I came across a very reasonable question. Why do we talk a lot about the threat of the third world war, about a sharp increase in the danger of its beginning due to any mistake made by one or two people or a computer in general, and at the same time, the media is full of materials about MTR, airborne forces, marines, reconnaissance and special forces?

Indeed, with all due respect to the special forces or paratroopers (regardless of whether it is the Airborne Forces or the Marines), whose fighters are for the most part better prepared than the rest of the soldiers and officers, it is not particularly difficult to destroy the airborne troops or RDGs in their rear.

A motorized rifle company, with appropriate reinforcement, will “drive” an enemy reconnaissance group during any training of scouts. Just because the difference in weapons and equipment is enormous. And today the intelligence systems are such that it’s unlikely that intelligence officers will be able to sit in any caches. A reinforced regiment will throw the Marine Corps into the sea or destroy the airborne battalion in a fairly short time.

The 20 century was remembered for the fact that it was in this century that mankind first saw what a war of annihilation is. Classical wars associated with the seizure of territory or the change of political regime in a state are a thing of the past. Two world wars, and subsequent military conflicts, were primarily the destruction of the population of the participating countries. To understand this is quite simple. Look at the casualties among civilians and military personnel.

Third world is quite possible


The post-war period for a long time was “peaceful” simply because those who were personally affected by the war were alive and ruled by countries. Who saw and experienced all its “charms” and understood what could happen in the future if there were more advanced weapons and equipment.

But time is running out. A generation of great-great-grandchildren of those people has already been born. And the power passed to those for whom the Second World War is just story. Moreover, a story that can be easily turned and made quite beautiful and smooth. No horrors, shit and filth of war. That is what we see firsthand. Both here and in the West.

It’s hard not to pay attention to the fact that modern youth is ready to kill. She grew up on computer games and movies about Rambo and the like. Look at Ukraine, look at Syria. Look at Europe. They are ready to kill, but not ready to be killed. In the game they do not die.

Changing the ethnic composition of European countries, entering the legal political scene of nationalists, open fascists and other radicals is already a fact. What we see today in Europe is very reminiscent of the European society of the 30 of the last century. It seems to me that in years through 10-15 we will witness truly terrible events. And given that we are always the "enemy of Europe", most likely, we will become participants in these events.

This is the reason that most media materials, most topics at international forums, meetings and other platforms for discussion are connected with the real danger of another major war. With the danger of a sharp decrease in the population of planet Earth, and even the destruction of humanity as such.

But most media deliberately ignore a completely different concept of war, which is actively used today by the leading countries of the world.

Why is the world media paying so much attention to the MTR and intelligence special forces


The danger of a third world war does not provide an answer to the question that was posed at the beginning of this material. On the contrary, it pushes us to increase interest in global means of destruction. TO arms containment. To that armament and to those units and formations, the very existence of which “reassures” any aggressor.

Remember the cries of the Ukrainian military, which began only with the announcement of the decision of the Russian Defense Ministry to recreate the divisions in the western direction. Remember the panic in the Baltic States and Poland over the deployment of modern weapons in the Kaliningrad region. And the appearance of modern air defense and missile defense systems in Syria ...

War is just a continuation of diplomacy. And, accordingly, the "dead ends" in the negotiations of diplomats are always eliminated by the military. So, if we simplify international relations as much as possible, the modern world is arranged. And the interests of various states today extend only to neighboring countries, but also far from their own borders. Understanding of this fact led to the concept of limited war. And for such a war, airborne units and special forces are most suitable.

In general, the use of troops in combat operations has been practiced for a long time. True, in the form in which the airborne assault was originally conceived, namely, as a massive use of units and even formations to capture important strategic areas behind enemy lines, today it is impossible to use the assault force. Such an operation will be accompanied by huge losses, and the likelihood of its success is doubtful for the reasons that I mentioned at the beginning of the material.

Today, landing is used to solve local, tactical problems. DRG or paratrooper units suddenly land in any area, destroy enemy targets or personnel and return to base even before the enemy’s reaction appears.

Recall the recent history of Soviet intelligence


Memories are always different from reality. Perhaps this is the structure of human memory. Even participants in events over the years recall the past in different ways. We believe scientists, historians, eyewitnesses, analysts, experts. We “recall” the reality already lacquered by all these people (more often than not).

Memories of the war. Not about that - Great and domestic. About the other, about the Afghan war. We remember the two battalions of the 345 RAP that were the first to be deployed to Bagram on 14 on December 1979. We remember the battalion of captain Khabarov from the 56 DSB, who on December 25, with a sudden throw from Khairaton, took control of the Salang pass. We remember the planes of the 103 Airborne Division and the battalion 345 RAP, which arrived on December 25-26 in Bagram and Kabul.

This then went the columns of motorized rifles, tankers, sappers and other military people. It was then that these units and formations established control and conducted active hostilities against the Mujahideen. It was then that Soviet soldiers and officers showed miracles of heroism, won, died in battles on the territory of the DRA. But the first were the paratroopers.

But there were other soldiers and officers that even many Afghans know little about. These are special forces units of the GRU of the USSR. I’m not afraid to call Afghanistan the first combat baptism of units of the GRU Special Forces.

Remember how much material has been written about the assault on Amin’s palace. There is probably no person who does not know that the KGB special forces units “Thunder” and “Zenith” stormed the dictator’s palace (these groups worked inside the Taj Beck Palace).

And against this background, very little is known about the “Muslim battalion” of the GRU, which also participated in this operation. True, it was difficult to distinguish between Soviet and Afghan soldiers during the assault. Major Khalbaev’s fighters were not only outwardly Afghans (special selection), but they were also dressed in Afghan uniforms. Yes, and Chirchik tan differs little from Kabul.

The first company of the Special Forces, which was introduced into the 40 army, was the “Kabul company” as part of the 4 intelligence and communications groups. The company was introduced to the DRA in February 1980. It was this company that became the source of invaluable experience for the special forces. And it was this company that pushed the Soviet command to the decision to strengthen special forces in Afghanistan.

Then there were two battalions of GRU special forces, which many had only heard of. But the participants in that war, especially those who often visited the Tashkurgan-Puli-Khumri highway or in the Panjshir Gorge, saw them. They were then called simply separate SMEs. The 1 motorized security forces controlled the route to Puli-Khumri, and the 2 was stationed in the gorge.

Later, in March of the 1985 of the year, the motorized infantry brigades joined the 2-x brigades of the Special Forces of the GRU (15-I - KTurkVO and 22-I - SAVO). In total, on the territory of Afghanistan in the 1985 year there were 8 battalions of Special Forces. The total number of RDGs that could be formed simultaneously reached 80.

There was another company that had army subordination, 897 ORR. She formally was not part of GRU divisions, but acted in close contact with GRU detachments. The fighters of this particular company were the very specialists who controlled the specials. equipment "Realia-U" and attached to perform combat missions.

We often talk about reconnaissance fighters. However, most of the operations carried out by regular SP groups were simply not possible without reinforcement. And these are sappers, radio operators, grenade launchers, flame throwers, “Flame” calculations (AGS-17). Even reconnaissance units and reconnaissance groups are sometimes composed of companies. And there was artillery, aviationtank crews.

Happy holiday, scouts!


In principle, you can remember a lot. I deliberately limited myself to a story about Afghanistan. Although the use of paratroopers and reconnaissance in the Caucasus during the 1 and 2 th Chechen wars, in the operation to force peace in Georgia in 2008 was no less. And as always, units and subunits of the airborne forces, marines and reconnaissance went ahead. At the forefront of attack.

The concept of a limited war, a local war, in a limited territory is used quite actively today. Until recently, such a war gave some countries the opportunity to influence world politics almost everywhere. The United States and NATO accomplished their tasks precisely by force. They overthrew governments, destroyed states, seized territories. It was simply impossible to resist the military machine of NATO or the United States.

But today there are countries that can do this. Moreover, as it turned out, these are not only the “giants” of world politics like China or Russia, but also some other countries that managed to grow their teeth and fists during the “reign” of the Americans. And the DPRK example showed the world that even without a superweapon, you can successfully put in place the same Americans. Today, the prestige of service in intelligence, in special forces, in the MTR, in the rapid reaction units has grown in all the armies of the world.

The love of our people for the soldiers of the MTR, for the special forces, for the airborne forces, for the marine corps, as, indeed, for the army in general, arose not just like that. This is love for the winners, for the heroes. We are genetically imprisoned for victory. Trite, but the slogan “Victory or death” is about us, about Russians of all nationalities. And intelligence, no matter what kind or type of aircraft it is, it is always the first. Always the most. That is why there are more than 700 Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia in the ranks of GRU scouts!

Happy holiday, scouts, commandos and all those who at least once performed such tasks during their service!
Our news channels

Subscribe and stay up to date with the latest news and the most important events of the day.

38 comments
Information
Dear reader, to leave comments on the publication, you must sign in.
  1. +8
    5 November 2019 05: 19
    "Victory or death"
    Only victory !
    Happy Holiday!
  2. +12
    5 November 2019 05: 25
    so that a motorized rifle company would drive a reconnaissance group to begin with, it needs to be discovered. identify her tasks. and if she is not alone? and if in this direction distracting actions and while it is driven by another main task performs? in intelligence, all oh how not easy)
    Happy Holidays!
    1. +3
      5 November 2019 09: 43
      Behind the enemy's eye yes eye needed !!! The main thing is that vision does not fail, and the hearing does not fail, and the technique reliably helps! Health and Honor! hi
  3. +2
    5 November 2019 05: 49
    Our scouts are against their spies.
  4. +2
    5 November 2019 06: 15
    Missing text from 5:49, do not judge strictly, restore laziness.
  5. +9
    5 November 2019 06: 33
    Happy Holiday! Health and good luck!
  6. +6
    5 November 2019 07: 40
    Happy Holidays !!!
    Hooray, hooray, Hooray !!!
    I wish you all health, veterans and those who are now "in the cold", and your loved ones!
    Well, well-being, of course!
  7. +2
    5 November 2019 08: 54
    I give the encryption: all intelligence on the holiday !!!!!!! ..... only tiiiho, we do not need a flower in the window))))))
  8. +3
    5 November 2019 08: 54
    Congratulations!
  9. +7
    5 November 2019 09: 09
    A reinforced regiment will throw the Marine Corps into the sea or destroy the airborne battalion in a fairly short time.
    I do not agree Sasha. Igor Strelkov proved that a relatively small detachment of people, limited in technology, can hold back quite large enemy forces. The main thing is motivation. And the motivation of the MTR forces is higher than that of motorized rifles. hi
    1. +2
      5 November 2019 13: 05
      a relatively small detachment of people, limited in technology, can hold back sufficiently large enemy forces. The main thing is motivation.

      According to experts, the number of special forces from all troops participating in hostilities is 20%, but at the same time they perform 80% of combat missions.
      Of course, these guys have motivation, but other factors should not be forgotten: special weapons, equipment, reconnaissance, target designation and communications, etc.
  10. +3
    5 November 2019 09: 16
    We removed the vulture from the holiday! What a loss of secrecy)
  11. +5
    5 November 2019 09: 22
    Happy Holidays !!!
    Good health to you and success in the service. drinks
  12. The comment was deleted.
  13. +4
    5 November 2019 09: 33
    Happy holiday!
  14. +7
    5 November 2019 14: 13
    Author:
    Alexander Staver
    A motorized rifle company, with appropriate reinforcement, will “drive” an enemy reconnaissance group during any training of scouts.

    Sorry, but this is complete nonsense, because according to NATO standards, the destruction of one RDG requires at least one battalion of ground forces. And even that is not a fact that they will be able to surround and destroy the entire group.
    A reinforced regiment will throw the Marine Corps into the sea or destroy the airborne battalion in a fairly short time.

    What does this have to do with the actions of the RDG, if they are forbidden at all to engage in clashes with any enemy, if they are not detected? And military intelligence officers in battalions are not landing - this is generally from another opera, which has nothing to do with the actions of the brigade (individual companies).
    However, most of the operations carried out by regular SP groups were simply not possible without reinforcement. And these are sappers, radio operators, grenade launchers, flame throwers, and Flame calculations (AGS-17).

    It is strange that you do not know that the brigade staff has its own special radio communications detachment, its own engineer-sapper company, special armament unit, and even a radio-technical reconnaissance company, and the entire composition of brigade scouts owns all types of weapons of motorized rifle units, and even weapons of foreign armies. So, to fulfill the tasks of the brigade of the Special Forces, no one except the army aviation or air force units is needed at all, if only because it is to keep the entire course of the operation secret. However, they can do without aviation, because taught secretly overcoming the state border of probable opponents.
    Happy holiday, scouts, commandos and all those who at least once performed such tasks during their service!

    I sincerely join your congratulations to all military intelligence officers and wish them success in the interest of defending the homeland!
    "There are only stars above us!"
    1. 0
      5 November 2019 18: 22
      Quote: ccsr
      Author:
      Alexander Staver
      A motorized rifle company, with appropriate reinforcement, will “drive” an enemy reconnaissance group during any training of scouts.

      Sorry, but this is complete nonsense, because according to NATO standards, the destruction of one RDG requires at least one battalion of ground forces. And even that is not a fact that they will be able to surround and destroy the entire group.
      A reinforced regiment will throw the Marine Corps into the sea or destroy the airborne battalion in a fairly short time.

      What does this have to do with the actions of the RDG, if they are forbidden at all to engage in clashes with any enemy, if they are not detected? And military intelligence officers in battalions are not landing - this is generally from another opera, which has nothing to do with the actions of the brigade (individual companies).
      However, most of the operations carried out by regular SP groups were simply not possible without reinforcement. And these are sappers, radio operators, grenade launchers, flame throwers, and Flame calculations (AGS-17).

      It is strange that you do not know that the brigade staff has its own special radio communications detachment, its own engineer-sapper company, special armament unit, and even a radio-technical reconnaissance company, and the entire composition of brigade scouts owns all types of weapons of motorized rifle units, and even weapons of foreign armies. So, to fulfill the tasks of the brigade of the Special Forces, no one except the army aviation or air force units is needed at all, if only because it is to keep the entire course of the operation secret. However, they can do without aviation, because taught secretly overcoming the state border of probable opponents.
      Happy holiday, scouts, commandos and all those who at least once performed such tasks during their service!

      I sincerely join your congratulations to all military intelligence officers and wish them success in the interest of defending the homeland!
      "There are only stars above us!"

      Happy holiday, colleague! drinks For some reason, the abbreviation RDG pisses me off, where is it from, I wonder? Here the RSHG (reconnaissance assault group) were in the RDR of some divisions, where there were not reconnaissance platoons, but airborne assault platoons, and I cannot imagine the RDG. I went through the article correctly, I support good
      1. +1
        5 November 2019 18: 44
        Quote: Doliva63
        and RDG - I can’t imagine

        This is a generalized name for reconnaissance and sabotage groups, although they usually use a more abbreviated name - reconnaissance group (WG).
        Quote: Doliva63
        I went through the article correctly, I support

        The author is poorly aware of the specifics of the reconnaissance units and their difference from the airborne units and other airborne units, and it is very different at least in terms of special training for reconnaissance units. And not so much in the physical aspect, but in that set of knowledge and skills, without which they simply would not fulfill the tasks.
        1. 0
          5 November 2019 19: 41
          Quote: ccsr
          Quote: Doliva63
          and RDG - I can’t imagine

          This is a generalized name for reconnaissance and sabotage groups, although they usually use a more abbreviated name - reconnaissance group (WG).
          Quote: Doliva63
          I went through the article correctly, I support

          The author is poorly aware of the specifics of the reconnaissance units and their difference from the airborne units and other airborne units, and it is very different at least in terms of special training for reconnaissance units. And not so much in the physical aspect, but in that set of knowledge and skills, without which they simply would not fulfill the tasks.

          For that matter, I asked where they are such reconnaissance and sabotage groups that you are talking about?
          1. +1
            5 November 2019 20: 37
            Quote: Doliva63
            Where are they the intelligence and sabotage groups you are talking about?

            Such groups are in the Special Forces brigades, because it provides for special armament in the form of portable nuclear weapons.
            It all depends on the task of the group - if the task is to carry out a sabotage, then it will be considered an intelligence and sabotage group.
  15. +3
    5 November 2019 14: 15
    It is clear that Soviet and Russian intelligence officers of all kinds and families had to be able and should be able to work with weapons of non-Soviet and non-Russian production. Usually trained to work with US-made weapons. And that means that in the title photo there will most likely be neither Soviet nor Russian intelligence officers. In the photo, the guys are working with Heckler & Koch models, order, G3A3. It is not clear here, maybe who issued the state secret, or maybe who just chose a beautiful photo. It happens. Even sometimes the regional administrations confuse the colors of the Russian flag.

    And, Happy Holidays, Russian scouts!
    1. -1
      5 November 2019 18: 26
      Quote: L-39NG
      It is clear that Soviet and Russian intelligence officers of all kinds and families had to be able and should be able to work with weapons of non-Soviet and non-Russian production. Usually trained to work with US-made weapons. And that means that in the title photo there will most likely be neither Soviet nor Russian intelligence officers. In the photo, the guys are working with Heckler & Koch models, order, G3A3. It is not clear here, maybe who issued the state secret, or maybe who just chose a beautiful photo. It happens. Even sometimes the regional administrations confuse the colors of the Russian flag.

      And, Happy Holidays, Russian scouts!

      Yeah, I also thought about G-3. laughing
  16. +4
    5 November 2019 16: 32
    Happy Holidays!
  17. +2
    5 November 2019 17: 22
    Military intelligence is not only the Special Operations Directorate of the GRU, but also depending on the sphere of action, the forces and means involved:
    information (information sphere (infosphere));
    ground;
    air;
    sea;
    space;
    special;
    artillery;
    engineering;
    road;
    electronic;
    and so on..

    All involved with the holiday !!!
    1. 0
      5 November 2019 18: 36
      Quote: vladimirvn
      Military intelligence is not only the Special Operations Directorate of the GRU, but also depending on the sphere of action, the forces and means involved:
      information (information sphere (infosphere));
      ground;
      air;
      sea;
      space;
      special;
      artillery;
      engineering;
      road;
      electronic;
      and so on..

      All involved with the holiday !!!

      That's right, but one point: what you called the Special Forces of the GRU and special intelligence from your list are one and the same, don't you? laughing drinks
  18. -1
    5 November 2019 18: 15
    Falling, what a wild mess in the author’s head, horror! laughing
    But thank you for the congratulations! And - with a holiday, colleagues drinks
  19. -1
    5 November 2019 18: 43
    "... special forces units of the GRU Ministry of Defense of the USSR."
    I remember it was the GRU of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces, it is the 2nd Main Directorate of the General Staff, but I don’t remember my GRU at the USSR laughing
    Although, as a young man, it happened that he introduced himself - Lieutenant K., the Ministry of Defense. For entourage, so to speak laughing drinks
    1. +1
      6 November 2019 12: 29
      Quote: Doliva63
      but I don’t remember my GRU at the USSR Ministry of Defense

      So it was not in the post-war period, because even before the war the Intelligence Directorate was withdrawn from the defense people's commissariat, then during the war there was a division into two structures with different subordination. But all this eventually ended up with another reorganization in 1947, and only then the GRU was returned to the General Staff after 1952:
      The structure of foreign intelligence in the postwar period
      In 1947, foreign intelligence underwent another reorganization, which was dictated not by considerations of expediency, but rather by Stalin's desire to once again reshuffle the "KGB deck".
      By a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 30, 1947, an Information Committee was created under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, which was entrusted with political, military and scientific-technical intelligence. He combined the 1 Directorate of the former MGB, created in March 1946, or the external intelligence of the security agencies, and the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Soviet Army. External counterintelligence remained in the hands of the MGB and was subordinate to L. Beria.
      In fact, foreign intelligence became subordinate to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, and in 1949 it was directly subordinate to it and Molotov became the head of KI. The system of the functioning of foreign intelligence introduced the institution of chief residents, who appointed ambassadors and envoys.
      In the post-war period, the Information Committee under the USSR Council of Ministers consisted of line units (the American, English, French, German departments, the Scandinavian countries department, the Chinese department, etc.), the department of scientific and technical intelligence, the strategic intelligence department, and also support units intelligence activities (department of operational technology, communications, encryption, etc.)
      The Information Committee was headed by its Chairman (Molotov, Zorin), but in fact, the work of KI was led by his deputy.
      1. 0
        6 November 2019 12: 40
        So what structure organized the landing in Bulgaria to prevent a military coup in 1949 a few hours before "X"?
        _____
        All involved - Happy Holiday !!!
        1. +1
          6 November 2019 13: 30
          Quote: Karen
          So what structure organized the landing in Bulgaria to prevent a military coup in 1949 a few hours before "X"

          I did not hear about this, but as some sources write, after the death of Dimitrov, supporters of Stalin’s ideas won in the internal party struggle, and they resolved the personnel issue with their opponents during the trial.
          1. 0
            6 November 2019 13: 40
            A man stayed at our place for a week after the sanatorium in Arzni, who talked about his service, before his arrest in the 60th ... The reason to believe him was his left hand bitten with dog fangs ... He said that he had seized such a thing from the banderlog ... until the pursuer showed up, and he was already able to shoot the enemy, and then the dog ...
  20. +1
    5 November 2019 19: 47

    Colleagues have amused)
  21. +2
    5 November 2019 19: 57
    Petrov and Boshirov congratulate Boris J. and Teresa M. on Scout's Day! This is not Brexit stir up!
  22. +2
    5 November 2019 19: 57
    WITH THE HOLIDAY OF ALL WHO SERVED AND SERVES IN MILITARY EXPLORATION! HEALTH, WELL-BEING AND PEACEFUL SKY! I have the honor!soldier
  23. 0
    6 November 2019 03: 06
    I would very much like for admins or moderators to be able to insert pictures from the phone !!!
    My uncle is reading your site. He is a former intelligence commander of the 345th Airborne Regiment, and there are many distinguished people here. Is it really difficult to make updates to hang short congratulations?
  24. 0
    6 November 2019 03: 09
    Uncle Sanya! And all respected comrade officers! Happy military intelligence day! The most important thing - you health, long life and prosperity !!! All the best to you gentlemen Officers !!!
  25. 0
    6 November 2019 09: 58
    Congratulations to all involved in the day of military intelligence!
    It’s only strange that they remembered about November 5, but forgot about October 24 ......
  26. 0
    6 November 2019 10: 59
    Happy Holidays!
  27. 0
    8 November 2019 15: 08
    There were conscripts in intelligence too, but of course this is not the same level. I do not agree with the author that ordinary SMEs can handle trained intelligence fighters, unless this is certainly a level ground on the ground. The loss of personnel of the advancing unit is more than 40% guarantee of a choked attack. A trained shooter can do this without having heavy weapons. Sniper can blind both tank and bmp

"Right Sector" (banned in Russia), "Ukrainian Insurgent Army" (UPA) (banned in Russia), ISIS (banned in Russia), "Jabhat Fatah al-Sham" formerly "Jabhat al-Nusra" (banned in Russia) , Taliban (banned in Russia), Al-Qaeda (banned in Russia), Anti-Corruption Foundation (banned in Russia), Navalny Headquarters (banned in Russia), Facebook (banned in Russia), Instagram (banned in Russia), Meta (banned in Russia), Misanthropic Division (banned in Russia), Azov (banned in Russia), Muslim Brotherhood (banned in Russia), Aum Shinrikyo (banned in Russia), AUE (banned in Russia), UNA-UNSO (banned in Russia), Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People (banned in Russia), Legion “Freedom of Russia” (armed formation, recognized as terrorist in the Russian Federation and banned)

“Non-profit organizations, unregistered public associations or individuals performing the functions of a foreign agent,” as well as media outlets performing the functions of a foreign agent: “Medusa”; "Voice of America"; "Realities"; "Present time"; "Radio Freedom"; Ponomarev; Savitskaya; Markelov; Kamalyagin; Apakhonchich; Makarevich; Dud; Gordon; Zhdanov; Medvedev; Fedorov; "Owl"; "Alliance of Doctors"; "RKK" "Levada Center"; "Memorial"; "Voice"; "Person and law"; "Rain"; "Mediazone"; "Deutsche Welle"; QMS "Caucasian Knot"; "Insider"; "New Newspaper"