РўРѕРї-5 РЅР ° РёР ± РѕР »РµРµ СЌС„ С „ективны С ... 155-РјРј СЃРЅР ° СЂСЏРґРѕРІ
155-millimeter shells, like the artillery caliber of the same name, are one of the most popular in the world. They are produced by a variety of countries, many of which, keeping pace with the times, have made these ammunition adaptable. Introducing the top 5 version of the most successful 155-mm shells in terms of efficiency.
Since the end of the 20 century, most NATO armies have adopted the 155 mm weapon as a universal standard. 155-mm is a compromise between range and destructive force, and the use of only one caliber simplifies logistics. It was in this caliber that the M109 howitzer was made - the most common indirect support weapon in Western countries. In addition, the relatively low speed of the initial shot allows to increase the survival rate of the electronic filling in guided projectiles.
Krasnopol M1 and M2 are modifications of the Russian guided artillery shell under the 155-mm "NATO standard". The design of the projectile uses semi-active guidance on a target illuminated by a laser. The bottom gas generator allowed to reduce the length of the projectile.
Laser guidance has a number of tactical drawbacks: the gunner must constantly “highlight” the target throughout the shot; bad weather and terrain can make it difficult to keep a target; hitting moving targets can also be problematic, as they can go beyond line of sight. In addition, armored vehicles are now equipped with equipment that allows you to determine whether an object is in the radiation zone of laser observation devices.
Nevertheless, shells of this type were successfully used in battle by both India (Krasnopol) and the United States (Copperhead).
The maximum firing range of Krasnopol is 25 km. Compared to the Escalibur, the range is almost half lower. However, due to the possibility of laser guidance, the ammunition is capable of hitting both stationary and moving targets. For foreign deliveries, the DHY307 laser target design system developed in France was used. The undoubted advantage of Krasnopol is the price, which is almost two times lower than the cost of the US-Swedish shell.
The projectile was supplied to various countries, including India and the People's Republic of China, as well as the production of ammunition under license in China.
Two Chinese shells GP1 and GP6, the production of which on the basis of Russian development was launched by the Chinese Norinco, should also be attributed to Krasnopol. GP1 has a maximum range of 20 km (GP6-25 km) and a stated probability of getting 90% at maximum range. The use of these shells recorded in Libya.
The M982 Excalibur is perhaps one of the world's most famous guided projectiles. The development of ammunition was launched in the 1992 year. The projectile is manufactured by Raytheon Missile Systems and BAE Systems Bofors, in addition to the USA, Sweden actively participated in the development. Due to the special design, which uses a bottom gas generator, the range of the Escalibur can reach 60 km.
The projectile uses a combined control system (satellite GPS and inertial). Combined warhead. Initially, the cost of the projectile was excessively high, about 258 000 dollars per unit. However, then, by about 2016, the cost was reduced to 63 thousand per shell. The projectile shows a high level of accuracy - already at the initial stage of application in 92% of cases at a distance of 40 km, the maximum deviation did not exceed 4 meters. Currently, the fifth version of this ammunition is being developed: it is intended for marine artillery pieces. However, its GPS guidance is now designated as a drawback - after allegations that "Russians are breaking GPS signals."
Adjustable Top Gun shells (top photo in the material) manufactured by the Israeli company IAI, in fact, are not shells, and this is their plus and minus. This is a conversion kit that can turn any NATO standard 155-mm projectile into a munition relatively cheaply. It works on the principle of GPS. Due to this, the CVO of the projectile is less than 10 meters.
The development of Top Gun has been around since 2010. Conversion kits with a control unit cost from 20 000 dollars per unit, which is significantly lower than the cost of most munitions that can be adjusted. The module is screwed instead of the fuse, therefore, performs its functions. TopGun is equipped with small pull-out rudders. They are controlled by miniature avionics built into the module.
Avionics performs an accurate calculation of the position of the projectile in space and plans the optimal course for the exact hit of the projectile at the target. The coordinates of the target are laid in the module in advance, i.e. before the shot.
Improving conventional unmanaged 155-mm artillery shells also plays an important role. The new projectile of the Norwegian company Nammo due to a different, more streamlined shape and modern processing methods at a distance of 20 km was able to reduce the deviation from the target from +/- 80 m to +/- 30 m.
In addition to increased accuracy, the HE-ER also has an improved fragmentation effect against a wide range of targets on the battlefield. It has a modular design, equipped with a screw-on removable unit, which allows you to change the range of distances at which the projectile can be released.
155mm BONUS - 155-mm artillery shell, jointly Bofors from Sweden and Nexter from France. It is designed for indirect long-range destruction of armored vehicles. The BONUS base shell contains two submunitions that descend over the battlefield on winglets and attack the programmed targets on an area up to 32 000 square meters.
With a decrease, the submunition rotates, scanning the territory using multi-frequency infrared sensors, which compare the detected vehicles with a programmable target database. Each of the submunitions contains a high penetration warhead capable of destroying heavy armored vehicles, including Tanks. The ammunition also has a design that increases its range to 35 kilometers.
BONUS is currently used in several countries, including Finland, France, Norway and Sweden, the United States is preparing to purchase this ammunition.
A similar device has the German SMArt 155. Its main difference is that it descends by parachute, and does not plan on a system of winglets. In addition to the Bundeswehr, the armies of Switzerland, Greece and Australia also have it in their arsenal.
Since the end of the 20 century, most NATO armies have adopted the 155 mm weapon as a universal standard. 155-mm is a compromise between range and destructive force, and the use of only one caliber simplifies logistics. It was in this caliber that the M109 howitzer was made - the most common indirect support weapon in Western countries. In addition, the relatively low speed of the initial shot allows to increase the survival rate of the electronic filling in guided projectiles.
Krasnopol: laser-guided guided missiles
Krasnopol M1 and M2 are modifications of the Russian guided artillery shell under the 155-mm "NATO standard". The design of the projectile uses semi-active guidance on a target illuminated by a laser. The bottom gas generator allowed to reduce the length of the projectile.
Laser guidance has a number of tactical drawbacks: the gunner must constantly “highlight” the target throughout the shot; bad weather and terrain can make it difficult to keep a target; hitting moving targets can also be problematic, as they can go beyond line of sight. In addition, armored vehicles are now equipped with equipment that allows you to determine whether an object is in the radiation zone of laser observation devices.
Nevertheless, shells of this type were successfully used in battle by both India (Krasnopol) and the United States (Copperhead).
The maximum firing range of Krasnopol is 25 km. Compared to the Escalibur, the range is almost half lower. However, due to the possibility of laser guidance, the ammunition is capable of hitting both stationary and moving targets. For foreign deliveries, the DHY307 laser target design system developed in France was used. The undoubted advantage of Krasnopol is the price, which is almost two times lower than the cost of the US-Swedish shell.
The projectile was supplied to various countries, including India and the People's Republic of China, as well as the production of ammunition under license in China.
Two Chinese shells GP1 and GP6, the production of which on the basis of Russian development was launched by the Chinese Norinco, should also be attributed to Krasnopol. GP1 has a maximum range of 20 km (GP6-25 km) and a stated probability of getting 90% at maximum range. The use of these shells recorded in Libya.
M982 Excalibur: GPS-guided missiles
The M982 Excalibur is perhaps one of the world's most famous guided projectiles. The development of ammunition was launched in the 1992 year. The projectile is manufactured by Raytheon Missile Systems and BAE Systems Bofors, in addition to the USA, Sweden actively participated in the development. Due to the special design, which uses a bottom gas generator, the range of the Escalibur can reach 60 km.
The projectile uses a combined control system (satellite GPS and inertial). Combined warhead. Initially, the cost of the projectile was excessively high, about 258 000 dollars per unit. However, then, by about 2016, the cost was reduced to 63 thousand per shell. The projectile shows a high level of accuracy - already at the initial stage of application in 92% of cases at a distance of 40 km, the maximum deviation did not exceed 4 meters. Currently, the fifth version of this ammunition is being developed: it is intended for marine artillery pieces. However, its GPS guidance is now designated as a drawback - after allegations that "Russians are breaking GPS signals."
TopGun: conversion modules for standard 155-mm shells
Adjustable Top Gun shells (top photo in the material) manufactured by the Israeli company IAI, in fact, are not shells, and this is their plus and minus. This is a conversion kit that can turn any NATO standard 155-mm projectile into a munition relatively cheaply. It works on the principle of GPS. Due to this, the CVO of the projectile is less than 10 meters.
The development of Top Gun has been around since 2010. Conversion kits with a control unit cost from 20 000 dollars per unit, which is significantly lower than the cost of most munitions that can be adjusted. The module is screwed instead of the fuse, therefore, performs its functions. TopGun is equipped with small pull-out rudders. They are controlled by miniature avionics built into the module.
Avionics performs an accurate calculation of the position of the projectile in space and plans the optimal course for the exact hit of the projectile at the target. The coordinates of the target are laid in the module in advance, i.e. before the shot.
HE-ER Nammo 155 mm: advanced standard shells
Improving conventional unmanaged 155-mm artillery shells also plays an important role. The new projectile of the Norwegian company Nammo due to a different, more streamlined shape and modern processing methods at a distance of 20 km was able to reduce the deviation from the target from +/- 80 m to +/- 30 m.
In addition to increased accuracy, the HE-ER also has an improved fragmentation effect against a wide range of targets on the battlefield. It has a modular design, equipped with a screw-on removable unit, which allows you to change the range of distances at which the projectile can be released.
Bofors 155mm BONUS / SMArt 155: homing missiles to defeat heavy armored vehicles
155mm BONUS - 155-mm artillery shell, jointly Bofors from Sweden and Nexter from France. It is designed for indirect long-range destruction of armored vehicles. The BONUS base shell contains two submunitions that descend over the battlefield on winglets and attack the programmed targets on an area up to 32 000 square meters.
With a decrease, the submunition rotates, scanning the territory using multi-frequency infrared sensors, which compare the detected vehicles with a programmable target database. Each of the submunitions contains a high penetration warhead capable of destroying heavy armored vehicles, including Tanks. The ammunition also has a design that increases its range to 35 kilometers.
BONUS is currently used in several countries, including Finland, France, Norway and Sweden, the United States is preparing to purchase this ammunition.
A similar device has the German SMArt 155. Its main difference is that it descends by parachute, and does not plan on a system of winglets. In addition to the Bundeswehr, the armies of Switzerland, Greece and Australia also have it in their arsenal.
- Evgeny Kamenetsky
- BAE Systems, IAI, Nammo, Kalashnikov Concern
Information