Domestic tank guns. Against "Tigers" and "Panther"
In the initial period of the war tank guns ZIS-5, L-11, F-32 and F-34 easily penetrated the armor of German tanks, and also surpassed German 50- and 75-mm tank guns in their ballistics.
The picture changed in the 1943 year - the booking of the main German T-III and T-IV tanks increased, as well as the Tiger and Panther heavy tanks with long-barreled 75 and 88-mm guns appeared on the front. Soviet tank guns in the fight against them proved ineffective. Medium and heavy tanks needed new guns of greater power. To save time, it was decided to base the gun, which has already been mass-produced. There was nothing to choose here: 107-millimeter guns were stopped as early as 1941, and 95-millimeter guns did not advance further than the test stage. There remained only 52K - anti-aircraft 85-millimeter cannon arr. 39 year.
T-34-85 tanks with D-5T cannons attack at Split, near Odessa, 1944
Work on the 85-millimeter tank D-5 was launched in January 43 year, they were led by Petrov. In the gun was used the barrel with ballistics 52K, and the cradle and some other elements were taken from an experienced 122-millimeter tank howitzer U-9. The composition of the barrel gun included a free pipe, welded jacket and screw-on breech. A wedge vertical shutter having a copy-type semi-automatic is similar in arrangement to the F-34 shutter. They produced two versions of the D-5 cannon: the tank D-5T and the self-propelled D-5C (also designated the D-5C-85). The D-5T cannons in 43 were armed with heavy tanks KV-85 and EC-1 (EC-85). However, to install the D-5T in the medium T-34 tanks, it was necessary to increase the diameter of the spherical shoulder strap, which was not done in 43, as the management of the Central Artillery Design Bureau (TsACB) made a promise to create an 85-mm cannon that could be mounted in T-34 without changing the shoulder strap. But they could not realize it and for the ZIS-С-53 gun they increased the diameter of the shoulder strap to 1600 mm (from mm 1420). The X-NUMX mm D-85 cannon was mounted on a T-5 with increased turret and shoulder strap for several months on 44. During operation, the D-34C and D-5T revealed several design flaws, most often the lifting mechanism was broken.
In the summer and autumn of 43, they conducted competitive tests of 85-mm tank guns designed for T-34 tanks: LB-1, C-50 and C-53. All of these guns had ammunition and ballistics guns 52K.
Installation scheme of the ZIS-С-53 gun in the turret of the T-34 tank mod. 1944
1 - gun armor protection; 2 - cradle bracket to install a machine gun; 3 - machine gun; 4 - sight; 5 - cradle key; 6 - gun wedge; 7 - gun breech; 8 - electrostatus electromagnet; 9 - articulated sight suspension; 10 - lateral level; 11 - sleeve; 12 - aiming angle flywheel; 13 - trigger cord; 14 - the left shield of the fence; 15 - electric release lever; 16 - lifting mechanism; 17 - gun and machine gun switches; 18 - stopper fastening guns in a hiking; 19 - bracket; 20 - cradle bracket to install the sight; 21 - cradle flange for attachment to the gun's armor protection; 22 - cradle; 23 - gun barrel
Tests have shown that the best of them is the gun C-53. By decree of the State Defense Committee of 01.01.1944, this gun was adopted. However, already at the beginning of the 44 of the year, during the ground tests, significant defects in the C-53 cannon recoil device were revealed. By the joint efforts of the Central Design Bureau and Plant No. 92, the gun was finalized and put into gross production, assigning the ZIS-С-53 index to it (“ZIS” - the Stalin Plant Index No. 92; “С” - the TsAKB Index).
The CACB in 1945 developed a modification of the ZIS-S-53, which was supplied with a gyroscopic single-plane stabilizer - ZIS-S-54, but this system did not go into series.
ZIS-C-53 was installed on most T-34-85 and T-44.
The production of the X-NUMX mm D-85 cannon has been going on for two years: 5 cannons were launched in 43, and 283 in 44. The C-260 gun was produced only in the 53 year - 44 units, and its modification ZIS-C-11518 only in 53-m - 45 units.
The 85 mm gun, which has 52K ballistics in power, was the ultimate for the T-34, but weak for heavy ICs. In this regard, in the year 1943, under the leadership of Petrov, the design bureau of the Motovilikhinsky plant began to design the 122-millimeter tank gun (they took the 122-mm A-19 cannon as a base). Instead of a free pipe having a casing, a monoblock barrel was inserted. The piston valve was replaced with a horizontal wedge valve having mechanical semiautomatic. In addition, the gun was equipped with a muzzle brake. The gun had a separate-cartridge loading. The new gun was assigned the D-25Т index (the letter "T" stands for tank, the self-propelled version was used for the D-25С, which does not have a muzzle brake).
The D-25T tank cannon was equipped with TS-17, TS-21, TSX2-21 TShXNNXX-2, TSH-27K and TSH27-2K telescopic sights. There was also a lateral level. The firing range when using a telescopic sight reached 27 thousand meters, and when using the side level - 5 thousand meters. A prototype of the D-15T was manufactured at the end of November on 25 of the year. At the end of the year, 43 serial D-45Ts were produced, in 25, the 1944; in 2394 —1945.
The D-25T cannon was adopted by assigning it the designation “122-mm tank gun model 1943 of the year”. It was installed on the EC-2, EC-3 tanks, and in the post-war years on the EC-4.
The installation scheme of the gun D-25T in the tower of the tank EC-2
1 - rollback brake; 2 - drive to the telescope lens flap; 3 - telescope holder; 4 - bracket for mounting the headrest; 5 - the schedule of filling the knurled; 6 - tray stopper; 7 - trigger; 8 - lateral level; 9 - hole in the mobile armored for coaxial machine gun DTM; 10 - right gun trunnion; 11 - right bracket installation of the gun; 12 - machine gun mounting bracket; 13 - machine gun shop; 14 - DTM machine gun; 15 - cradle basting; 16 - Nakatnik cylinder; 17 - rollback brake cylinder; 18 - shutter handle; 19 - breech; 20 - closing mechanism; 21 - lever manual descent drummer; 22 - headrest sight; 23 - left bracket installation of the gun; 24 - left gun trunnion; 25 - gun mask; 26 - hole in the mask for the sight; 27 - hole in the movable armor for the sight; 28 - movable armor shock absorber; 29 - gun cradle
Technical characteristics of the tank gun ZIS-S-53:
Caliber - 85 mm;
Barrel length - 54 caliber;
The angle of vertical guidance is from -5 to + 25 degrees;
The weight of the swinging part - 1150 kg;
Rate of Fire - 5-6 shots per minute;
Weight of armor-piercing projectile - 9,2 kg;
The initial speed of the armor-piercing projectile - 800 m / s;
Penetration normal along the distance:
500 m - 110 mm;
1000 m - 100 mm;
Normal armor penetration for sabot projectile at a distance of 500 m - 140 mm
Technical characteristics of tank gun D-25T:
Caliber - 122 mm;
Barrel length - 48,6 calibers;
The angle of vertical guidance is from -3 to + 20 degrees;
The weight of the swinging part - 2400 kg;
Rate of Fire - 2-3 shots per minute;
Weight of armor-piercing projectile - 25 kg;
The initial speed of the armor-piercing projectile - 800 m / s;
Penetration normal along the distance:
500 m - 155 mm;
1000 m - 145 mm.
According to the materials of the article by Alexander Shirokorad, the magazine "Equipment and weapons"
The picture changed in the 1943 year - the booking of the main German T-III and T-IV tanks increased, as well as the Tiger and Panther heavy tanks with long-barreled 75 and 88-mm guns appeared on the front. Soviet tank guns in the fight against them proved ineffective. Medium and heavy tanks needed new guns of greater power. To save time, it was decided to base the gun, which has already been mass-produced. There was nothing to choose here: 107-millimeter guns were stopped as early as 1941, and 95-millimeter guns did not advance further than the test stage. There remained only 52K - anti-aircraft 85-millimeter cannon arr. 39 year.
T-34 arr. 1944 of the year. Gun ZIS-S-53, caliber 85 mm
Production of T-34-76 tanks. Foreground 76,2 mm F-34 cannon model 1940 of the year
Disguised Soviet tank T-34-76 with an F-34 cannon on the east bank of the Don during the defense of Stalingrad
Work on the 85-millimeter tank D-5 was launched in January 43 year, they were led by Petrov. In the gun was used the barrel with ballistics 52K, and the cradle and some other elements were taken from an experienced 122-millimeter tank howitzer U-9. The composition of the barrel gun included a free pipe, welded jacket and screw-on breech. A wedge vertical shutter having a copy-type semi-automatic is similar in arrangement to the F-34 shutter. They produced two versions of the D-5 cannon: the tank D-5T and the self-propelled D-5C (also designated the D-5C-85). The D-5T cannons in 43 were armed with heavy tanks KV-85 and EC-1 (EC-85). However, to install the D-5T in the medium T-34 tanks, it was necessary to increase the diameter of the spherical shoulder strap, which was not done in 43, as the management of the Central Artillery Design Bureau (TsACB) made a promise to create an 85-mm cannon that could be mounted in T-34 without changing the shoulder strap. But they could not realize it and for the ZIS-С-53 gun they increased the diameter of the shoulder strap to 1600 mm (from mm 1420). The X-NUMX mm D-85 cannon was mounted on a T-5 with increased turret and shoulder strap for several months on 44. During operation, the D-34C and D-5T revealed several design flaws, most often the lifting mechanism was broken.
In the summer and autumn of 43, they conducted competitive tests of 85-mm tank guns designed for T-34 tanks: LB-1, C-50 and C-53. All of these guns had ammunition and ballistics guns 52K.
1 - gun armor protection; 2 - cradle bracket to install a machine gun; 3 - machine gun; 4 - sight; 5 - cradle key; 6 - gun wedge; 7 - gun breech; 8 - electrostatus electromagnet; 9 - articulated sight suspension; 10 - lateral level; 11 - sleeve; 12 - aiming angle flywheel; 13 - trigger cord; 14 - the left shield of the fence; 15 - electric release lever; 16 - lifting mechanism; 17 - gun and machine gun switches; 18 - stopper fastening guns in a hiking; 19 - bracket; 20 - cradle bracket to install the sight; 21 - cradle flange for attachment to the gun's armor protection; 22 - cradle; 23 - gun barrel
Tests have shown that the best of them is the gun C-53. By decree of the State Defense Committee of 01.01.1944, this gun was adopted. However, already at the beginning of the 44 of the year, during the ground tests, significant defects in the C-53 cannon recoil device were revealed. By the joint efforts of the Central Design Bureau and Plant No. 92, the gun was finalized and put into gross production, assigning the ZIS-С-53 index to it (“ZIS” - the Stalin Plant Index No. 92; “С” - the TsAKB Index).
The CACB in 1945 developed a modification of the ZIS-S-53, which was supplied with a gyroscopic single-plane stabilizer - ZIS-S-54, but this system did not go into series.
ZIS-C-53 was installed on most T-34-85 and T-44.
The production of the X-NUMX mm D-85 cannon has been going on for two years: 5 cannons were launched in 43, and 283 in 44. The C-260 gun was produced only in the 53 year - 44 units, and its modification ZIS-C-11518 only in 53-m - 45 units.
The 85 mm gun, which has 52K ballistics in power, was the ultimate for the T-34, but weak for heavy ICs. In this regard, in the year 1943, under the leadership of Petrov, the design bureau of the Motovilikhinsky plant began to design the 122-millimeter tank gun (they took the 122-mm A-19 cannon as a base). Instead of a free pipe having a casing, a monoblock barrel was inserted. The piston valve was replaced with a horizontal wedge valve having mechanical semiautomatic. In addition, the gun was equipped with a muzzle brake. The gun had a separate-cartridge loading. The new gun was assigned the D-25Т index (the letter "T" stands for tank, the self-propelled version was used for the D-25С, which does not have a muzzle brake).
EC-1 with a gun D-5T (Object 237)
EC-2 arr. 1944 of the year. X-NUMX mm D-122T gun
The D-25T tank cannon was equipped with TS-17, TS-21, TSX2-21 TShXNNXX-2, TSH-27K and TSH27-2K telescopic sights. There was also a lateral level. The firing range when using a telescopic sight reached 27 thousand meters, and when using the side level - 5 thousand meters. A prototype of the D-15T was manufactured at the end of November on 25 of the year. At the end of the year, 43 serial D-45Ts were produced, in 25, the 1944; in 2394 —1945.
The D-25T cannon was adopted by assigning it the designation “122-mm tank gun model 1943 of the year”. It was installed on the EC-2, EC-3 tanks, and in the post-war years on the EC-4.
The installation scheme of the gun D-5T in the tower of the tank EC-1
EC-2 arr. 1944 of the year. X-NUMX mm D-122T gun
1 - rollback brake; 2 - drive to the telescope lens flap; 3 - telescope holder; 4 - bracket for mounting the headrest; 5 - the schedule of filling the knurled; 6 - tray stopper; 7 - trigger; 8 - lateral level; 9 - hole in the mobile armored for coaxial machine gun DTM; 10 - right gun trunnion; 11 - right bracket installation of the gun; 12 - machine gun mounting bracket; 13 - machine gun shop; 14 - DTM machine gun; 15 - cradle basting; 16 - Nakatnik cylinder; 17 - rollback brake cylinder; 18 - shutter handle; 19 - breech; 20 - closing mechanism; 21 - lever manual descent drummer; 22 - headrest sight; 23 - left bracket installation of the gun; 24 - left gun trunnion; 25 - gun mask; 26 - hole in the mask for the sight; 27 - hole in the movable armor for the sight; 28 - movable armor shock absorber; 29 - gun cradle
Technical characteristics of the tank gun ZIS-S-53:
Caliber - 85 mm;
Barrel length - 54 caliber;
The angle of vertical guidance is from -5 to + 25 degrees;
The weight of the swinging part - 1150 kg;
Rate of Fire - 5-6 shots per minute;
Weight of armor-piercing projectile - 9,2 kg;
The initial speed of the armor-piercing projectile - 800 m / s;
Penetration normal along the distance:
500 m - 110 mm;
1000 m - 100 mm;
Normal armor penetration for sabot projectile at a distance of 500 m - 140 mm
Technical characteristics of tank gun D-25T:
Caliber - 122 mm;
Barrel length - 48,6 calibers;
The angle of vertical guidance is from -3 to + 20 degrees;
The weight of the swinging part - 2400 kg;
Rate of Fire - 2-3 shots per minute;
Weight of armor-piercing projectile - 25 kg;
The initial speed of the armor-piercing projectile - 800 m / s;
Penetration normal along the distance:
500 m - 155 mm;
1000 m - 145 mm.
According to the materials of the article by Alexander Shirokorad, the magazine "Equipment and weapons"
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